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d B
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dw
v ij 
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dq t
q(t) =  i(t)dt
i
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Example: 
NOTE: this does not mean the power is negative.  v = -1 V, i = 1 A
It depends on the numerical values of v and i = -vi = 1W 
 
 
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loop l

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node k

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d B a b c
Vac + Vba + Vcb = 0
 E• dl =   E• dl +  E• dl +  E• dl = 0
L dt c a b



   
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V BATTERY +
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dQenc
 J • dS =  I ca + I ba + I da = 0
S dt

 

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