Activity no.

To understand unconsciousness. In your own words discuss and explain unconsciousness. Give one
situation regarding state of unconsciousness.

Unconsciousness is apparent to a person who is not oriented, does not follow commands, or
needs persistent stimuli to achieve a state of alertness. Unconsciousness is a result of head injury,
stroke, drug overdose, alcohol intoxication, or hepatic and renal failure. It is mainly a neuronal
dysfunction from a decrease in the supply of glucose or oxygen to the brain. As the persons state of
alertness and consciousness decreases, changes occur in the pupillary response, eye opening response,
verbal response and motor response. A classic example of this is when a person with diabetes undergo
hypoglycemia or low blood sugar due to missed meals, this person may experience unresponsiveness,
dizziness, confusion and later on unconsciousness which may lead to coma.

Activity no. 2

To understand fainting. In your own words discuss briefly what is fainting.

Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain. It's also
known as "passing out" or "syncope." Low blood pressure or dilated blood vessels are two common
causes of syncope. The heartbeat is erratic. Blood can pool in the feet or legs as a result of abrupt
changes in posture, such as standing up too quickly. Other non-life-threatening factors of fainting
include, overheating, dehydration, heavy sweating and exhaustion.

Activity no. 3

To understand shock. In your own words discuss and explain briefly shock and what causes shock.

Shock is a condition in which widespread perfusion to the cells is inadequate to deliver oxygen
and nutrients to support vital organs and cellular function. Shock develop rapidly or slowly depending on
the underlying cause but it affects all the body systems. During shock, the body struggles to survive
calling on all its homeostatic mechanisms to restore blood flow. The primary underlying
pathophysiologic process of shock were classified as hypovolemic (due to fluid loss), cardiogenic
(impairment of heart muscle), circulatory (displacement of blood volume), and anaphylactic (severe
allergic reaction). Regardless of the cause shock physiologic response of shock includes hypoperfusion of
tissues, hypermetabolism and activationmof the inflammatory response.

Activity no 4

Explain and discuss briefly the three major functions of blood in the human body

Blood makes up 7% to 10% of the normal body weight and amounts to 5-6L of volume.
Circulating through the vascular system and serving as the link between body organs, blood carries
oxygen absorbed from the lungs and nutrients absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to the body cells
for cellular metabolism. Blood also carries hormones, antibodies, and other substances to their sites of
actions or use. In addition, blood carries waste products produced by cellular metabolism to the lungs,
skin, liver, and kidneys where they are transformed and eliminated.

Activity no. 5

To understand burns. Discuss and explain the three classification of burns.

1. Superficial (1st degree)

In superficial burns, the epidermis is destroyed or injured and a portion of the dermis
maybe injured. It is mainly caused by sunburns and low-intensity flash. The symptoms of
superficial burns include tingling, supersensitivity or hyperesthesia and pain that is
soothed by cooling. The wounds may appear red, blanches with pressure, dry, minimal
to no edema and possible blisters. Patients may recover within a week with no signs of
scarring however has a peeling action.

2. Partial (2nd degree)

Partial-thickness burn involves destruction of the epidermis and the upper layers of the
dermis and injury to the deeper portions of the dermis. Capillary refill follows tissue
blanching and hair follicles remain intact. This is mainly caused by scalds and flash flame
contact. Symptoms include pain, supersentivity and sensitive to cold air. The wound may
appear blistered, mottled red base, broken epidermis, weeping surface and edema.
Person may recover in 2-4 weeks with some scarring and depigmentation contractures.

3. Full thickness (3rd degree)

A full thickness burn involves total destruction of epidermis and dermis and in some
cases, destruction of the underlying tissue, muscle, and bone. It is mainly caused by
flame, prolonged exposure to hot liquids, electric current, and chemical contact. Wound
color ranges from pale white to red, brown or charred black. The burned area is painless
and lacks sensation because nerve fiber are destroyed. The wound appears leathery;
hair follicles and sweat glands are destroyed. Grafting is necessary in this degree. Also,
loss of digits or extremity is possible.