EXPERIMENT 1

ANALYSIS OF IRON, MANGANESE AND CHLORIDE IN TAP WATER

Name : I Gusti Agung Indira Pradnyaswari

NRP : 03211840000015

Lab. Assistant : Habib Fatchurosadhi

Lecturer : Welly Herimurti, ST, MSc.

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, PLANNING AND GEO

ENGINEERING

SEPULUH NOPEMBER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2020
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of Laboratory Works

The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the amount of Fe, Mn, and Cl 2 in tap
water.

1.2 Principle of Laboratory Works

The principle of iron analysis is based on determination of soluble iron using
spectrophotometry, and knowing the amount of iron by calculation from calibration curve.

While manganese analysis is done by heating and oxidizing with persulfate by

titration method, giving the sample a violet color. The sample’s absorbance will then be
measured using spectrophotometer. The reaction that occurs is:
Mn + K2S2O8 → KMnO4 + SO2
In chloride analysis, the amount of chloride in water sample is determined using
argentometric Mohr’s method. The equilibrium calculation is based on solubility constant.
Chromate ion (CrO4) is used as an indicator at solutions of pH 6-10 and will form red
precipitate of AgCrO4.

1.3 Basic Theory

High amount of Fe and Mn in drinking water can lead to noncompliance regulations.
Based on The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) the concentration limit of the
𝜇𝑔 𝜇𝑔
concentration of Fe and Mn are 200 ⁄𝐿 and 50 ⁄𝐿. Although has went through several
treatment process of drinking water low concentration of Fe and Mn is still emerge in the
water because of the contamination from the pipe. The amount of pH and dissolved oxygen
in water is the parameter of determining contamination of Fe and Mn (Prasad & Danso-
Amoako, 2013).

Iron is one of the unwanted molecules in water. Bitter and metallic characteristic taste
are common characteristic of the presence of iron in water. It also oxidized precipitate that
can turn Fe into non soluble form. The oxidation process occurs while the water that
containing significant quantities of iron appears clear when drawn and change quickly upon
exposure to air. It involves the conversion of ferroin ion to ferric ion. Not only that, when tap
water that contains iron directly contacted with another thing, it may leave reddish stain. The
emerge of iron in tap water occurs from corrosion of pipe and dissolution process of iron
stones in nature. Besides impacted taste and odor, the emerge of iron can also lead to turbidity
of water. It is caused by iron bacteria growth leading of the clogging of pipes. Since the
parameter is turbidity, so we can measure the amount of iron by its absorbance level, using
spectrophotometer (Adebayo, et al., 2011).

A great many methods of determining iron have been developed. Precipitation

methods are commonly used where quantities are relatively large, as in some industrial
wastes. However, in water supplies the amounts present are normally so small that
colorimetric procedures are more satisfactory. The colorimetric procedures have a major
advantage in that they are usually highly specific for the ion involved, a minimum of
pretreatment is required. Iron many also be determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy
or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (Sawyer, et al., 2003).

Iron and manganese are primarily nuisance chemicals with characteristic staining
properties, although high levels can impart a bittersweet or metallic taste to drinking water.
The drinking water standard for iron is 0.3 milligrams per liter (mg/l), and the standard for
manganese is 0.05 mg/l. Typical values of dissolved iron and manganese in groundwater are
less than 10.0 mg/l and 2.0 mg/l, respectively (Lemley, et al., 2005).

Manganese is considered to be the 12th most abundant element in the biosphere. Its
concentration in earth crust reaches as high as 0.098%. It is widely distributed in soil, water,
sediment and biological materials. Manganese has cumulative properties. Various methods
for the determination of manganese with chromogenic organic reagents have been reported.
The reagents suggested for determination of manganese include: toluidine blue, Mordant
brown 33, phenoxazine, eosin (Rustamov & Abbasova G. G., 2014).

Among the various methods of volumetric analysis, precipitation titrations are based on
the formation of compounds of limited solubility. In particular, titrimetric methods based on
 the use of silver nitrate as precipitating reagent are termed as argentometric titrations. The
endpoint of the titration is observed using potassium chromate as an indicator, which gives
brown-red silver chromate precipitate when all chloride ions have reacted with the silver
ions. Mohr’s method remains one of the oldest titration methods and is still used in many
laboratories. During the titration, the precipitation of silver chloride occurs
Ag2+ + Cl– = AgCl
and the endpoint of this titration is observed by the appearance of silver chromate
2Ag+ + CrO4 2– = Ag2CrO4
as the new equilibrium solid phase, when all chloride ions have reacted with the silver
ions. Mohr’s method remains one of the oldest titration methods and is still used in many
laboratories. This challenge examines the slight difference that exists between the observed
endpoint and the actual chemical equivalence in titration along with the magnitude of errors
that this discrepancy may cause (Meija, et al., 2016).
Manganese concentration in water is primarily controlled by pH and redox
conditions, where solubility increases under acidic as well as under anaerobic conditions. In
neutral conditions, the redox potential has a stronger influence on manganese mobility than
pH. The concentration of manganese under aerobic conditions - typical of shallow aquifers
and surface water - is generally low and as a rule do not reach detection limits. The reason is
that in aerobic conditions, manganese is found in its stable oxidized form, generally as MnO2,
which is highly insoluble. Spectrophotometric methods play an important role in manganese
determination for several decades. Aromatic amines, azo dyes, oximes, porphyrins and other
reagents have been used for the colorimetric determination of manganese. The measurement
is generally fulfilled applying the light absorption by permanganate or utilizing a relatively
large scale of reagents, for example formaldoxime and PAN. Manganese can be determined
by spectrophotometry with previous oxidation of Mn(II) in a strong basic medium, using 3,
3 ′ , 5.5 ′ -tertramethylbenzidine as a chromogenic reagent (Nadaska, et al., 2012)
Chlorinity is one of the most fundamental quantities associated with water quality,
and it is directly related to the salinity of sea water and often used to determine the salinity.
In recent years, physical methods of determining salinity, such as coulometry, measurements
of conductivity, refractive index, or density, have become more popular because of their
speed. Nevertheless, chemical measurements of chlorinity still remains an important and
independent method of characterizing water quality. Various chemical methods have been
reported for chlorinity determination: the gravimetric method with AgCl precipitates, various
volumetric precipitation titrations with silver (I) or mercury (II) ions, and a recent
spectroscopic method utilizing the Raman scattering band of OH stretching of water. The
analytical methods recommended in the Standard Method for the Examination of Water and
Waste Water and the Official and Standardized Method of Analysis are: (1) argentometric
titration with silver nitrate using potassium chromate indicator, (2) titration with mercuric
nitrate using s-diphenylcarbazone indicator, and (3) potentiometric titration using a glass and
a silver-silver chloride electrode (Hong, et al., 2010).
 CHAPTER II
WORK SCHEME

1. Iron Analysis by Spectrophotometry Method

25 ml of water sample

Pour into 100 ml Erlenmeyer Flask

1 ml concentrated HCl

Add into Erlenmeyer Flask

0.5 ml Hydroxylamine

- Add into Erlenmeyer Flask

- Heat sample until volume reduces to 15-20 ml
- Cool and dilute with distilled water until volume of 25 ml

5 ml Ammonium Acetate Buffer

Add into Erlenmeyer Flask

1 ml Phenanthroline Monohydrate

- Add into Erlenmeyer Flask

- Measure absorbance in spectrophotometer with wavelength
510 µm

Result

2. Manganese Analysis by Persulfate Method

25 ml of sample

Pour into 100 ml Erlenmeyer Flask

3 drops of concentrated Nitric Acid

Add into Erlenmeyer Flask

AgNO3 solution

Titrate against solution sample until sediments form

± 1 spoonful spatula of K2S2O8

 - Heat sample to near boiling point and add K2S2O8
before sample boils
Result - Observe color change after boiling, violet color
indicate presence of Mn
- Measure absorbance by spectrophotometer with
wavelength 540 µm
3. Chloride Analysis by Mohr’s Argentometric Method

25 ml of sample
Pour into 100 ml Erlenmeyer Flask

0.5 ml of K2CrO4 indicator

Add into Erlenmeyer Flask and shake well

1 spoonful spatula of ZnO

Add into Erlenmeyer Flask

1/35,45 N AgNO3

- Titrate against sample until red color first forms

- Calculate amount of chloride present

Result
 CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION

3.1 Analyzing Fe in Tap Water

PICTURE STEP EXPLANATION

The sample is taken from

Take two Erlenmeyer
Flasks 100 ml. Put 25mL
tap water sample in first
flask and distilled water
in the second flask.
Gebang’s tap water. The
coordinate is (-7.2810402,
112.7876958) at 06.32
AM. The distilled water in
this laboratory work is use
for blank solution.

The purpose of addition

of HCl into the solution is
Add 1mL of because it can change the
Hydrochloric Acid into chemical forms of iron,
each sample with dissociation of unreactive
measuring pipette iron (III) hydroxides and
complexed iron species to
free iron
In acid solution,
hydroxylamine reduces
Add 0.5 mL ferric ion to the ferrous
Hydroxylamine ion. Next, the
(NH2OH.HCl) with hydroxylamine being
measuring pipette into oxidized to nitrous oxide.
each sample Or we can call
Hydroxylamine as
reducing agent
 The heating process aim
Heat the sample that
to make the reaction
already mixed with HCl
reacts rapidly because the
and NH2OH.HCl until
higher the temperature,
the volume reduces into
the reaction kinetics will
±𝟏𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝑳
increase.

The purpose of addition

Cooled down the solution
of distilled water is to
and dilute with distilled
reduce the turbidity and
water until the volume
decrease the concentration
reach 25mL
of solution.

Buffer solution addition is

Add 5 mL Ammonium
to maintain the pH so that
Acetate Buffer into each
it will not increase or
Erlenmeyer flask
decrease too much.

Add 1mL
Phenanthroline Works as specific reagent
Monohydrate solution for measuring Fe(II) in
into each Erlenmeyer water.
flask

Solutions that were

analyzed using this
Put the sample and
method have to be
distilled water into
measured with a spectrum
cuvette. Observe in
in certain wavelength that
spectrophotometer with
corresponds to the
𝟓𝟏𝟎𝝁𝒎 wavelength
compellent color of the
solution.
 Determine the
Calculate concentration
concentration using
of absorbance with
calibration curve’s
calibration curve
formula.
3.2 Analyzing Mn in Tap Water
PICTURES STEP EXPLANATION

The sample is taken from

Take two Erlenmeyer
Gebang’s tap water. The
Flasks 100 ml. Put
coordinate is (-7.2810402,
25mL tap water sample
112.7876958) at 06.32
in first flask and
AM. The distilled water in
distilled water in the
this laboratory work is use
second flask.
for blank solution.

Add three drops of

To get rid of Cl- for not
Nitric Acid (HNO3) with
inhibit the Mn2+
drop pipette

Titrate with AgNO3 Because AgNO3 reacts

until the sediments pop with Cl- and form
up for the first time precipitate
 K2S2O8 is used for
Heat it on the stove.
oxidizing agent and form
Add K2S2O8 before it
KMnO4 and gives violet
boils
color.

If there is any violet color,

After it boils, observe
there are Manganese ion in
the color changes of
the solution. If it shows
solution. The indicator
clear color, there is no
of Mn is violet color in
Manganese ion in the
solution.
sample.

3.3 Analyzing Cl2 in Tap Water

PICTURES STEP EXPLANATION

The sample is taken from

Take two Erlenmeyer
Gebang’s tap water. The
Flasks 100 ml. Put
coordinate is (-7.2810402,
25mL tap water sample
112.7876958) at 06.32
in first flask and
AM. The distilled water in
distilled water in the
this laboratory work is use
second flask.
for blank solution.
 Add 0.5mL K2CrO4 as K2Cr2O4 use as indicator of
indicator. Mix well Cl2 in sample solution

Add 1 spatula of ZnO ZnO physical appearance

powder is white, powder

AgNO3 is clear and

colorless liquid. In our
Titrate with AgNO3
experiment, the sample did
solution until reddish
not appear reddish color.
sediment emerged for
So it means that the
the first time
concentration of Cl2 is
low.

Calculate the amount of

The final results of titration
Cl2 with this formula:
𝒎𝒈 with AgNO3 is it formed
Cl2 ( ⁄𝑳) = precipitate that sink at the
𝒃×𝑵×𝟑𝟓.𝟒𝟓
1000 × bottom of the flask.
𝒎𝑳 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
3.4 Discussion
This laboratory works was held in Water Purification Laboratory in
Environmental Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember on
March, 6th 2020. This experiment is called “Analysis of Iron, Manganese and
Chloride in Tap Water”. The purpose of this laboratory works is to determine the
amount of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Chloride (Cl) that is dissolved in the water
sample. The determination of iron is done by using spectrophometric method, while
detecting manganese is using persulfate method, and for chloride determination is
using Mohr’s argentometric method. Tools and equipment used in this experiment
include 100 ml size Erlenmeyer flasks, measuring pipette, propipette, metal spatula,
electric stove and spectrophotometer. Materials used are concentrated hydrochloric
acid (HCl), hydroxylamine (NH2OH.HCl), ammonium acetate buffer (NH4C2H3O2),
phenanthroline monohydrate, concentrated nitric acid, silver nitrate (AgNO 3),
persulfate, potassium dichromate and zinc oxide. The sample itself, was taken in
March 6th 2020 in Gebang Area, with coordinate (-7.2810402, 112.7876958) at
06.32 am.
Firstly, 25 ml of outlet sample is added each to three 100 ml size Erlenmeyer
flasks. Since there are three analyses in this experiment, three separate flasks are
used. Outlet sample is turbid, slightly yellow in color and at room temperature. The
three analyses—analysis of iron, manganese and chloride are done separately.
3.4.1 Iron Analysis by Spectrophotometry Method
Presence of iron in water impacts a bitter and metallic characteristic taste and
oxidized precipitate. This process is called oxidation and it involves the conversion
of ferrous ion to ferric ion. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 0.3
mg/l as maximum concentration limit of iron in drinking water (Adebayo, et al.,
2011). Iron and manganese are common metallic elements found in nature. Iron and
manganese are primarily nuisance chemicals with characteristic staining properties,
although high levels can impart a bittersweet or metallic taste to drinking water
(Lemley, et al., 2005). A great many methods of determining iron have been
developed. A great many methods of determining iron have been developed.
Precipitation methods are commonly used where quantities are relatively large, as in
some industrial wastes. However, in water supplies the amounts present are normally
so small that colorimetric procedures are more satisfactory (Sawyer, et al., 2003).
The first step is to take the water sample and put it into Erlenmeyer flask (each
flask 25mL) and also distilled water as blank solution. Next step is added 1 mL of
hydrochloric acid into each sample. The purpose is to make acidic condition in the
sample to speed up upcoming reactions. It loosens ferric hydroxide to form Fe3+.
After addition of HCl there is no change of color in the sample. Ferrous iron reacts
with 1,10-phenanthroline to form an orange colored complex in direct proportion to
the ferrous iron concentration. Soluble iron consists primarily of ferrous iron, but
can also contain a small portion of ferric iron. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride is use
ad soluble iron reagent which converts any dissolved ferric iron to ferrous
(Chemetrics, 2018). Next step is to add 0.5 mL Hydroxylamine. It is a clear liquid
with no odor and cause no physical change to the sample. The purpose of
hydroxylamine is to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and also to reduce interfering compounds.
The next step is to heat up the solution until the volume of solution decrease
into ±15 − 20 𝑚𝐿. This volume reduction is just done on approximation by marking
lines on the Erlenmeyer flasks. The sample is heated until it boils and taken off the
stove when the desired volume has been reached. After heating, the sample is not
showing any change. It still clear and colorless. Then, distilled water is added to the
sample until volume reaches 25 ml (initial sample volume). Distilled water is a clear
and colorless liquid at room temperature, causing no change to the sample. The
purpose of heating and addition of distilled water is to get rid of cyanide and nitrite
that might be contained in the water sample.
Afterwards, 5 ml of ammonium acetate buffer is added to the sample. The
buffer is a clear, colorless liquid. It is added to maintain acidic condition of the
sample. No change is observed after addition of the buffer. The addition of buffer
helps the solution to keep the range of pH, so that it will not increase or decrease in
high level.1 ml of phenanthroline monohydrate, a clear and colorless liquid with no
odor, is added to the solution. After addition, the solution keeps clear and has no
color. This mean that the water sample have low amount of Fe 2+ ion. This addition
is done to bind Fe ions to easily react and help complex ions to form Fe2+. The
reaction is best at an acidic condition. Lastly, the absorbance value is measured using
spectrophotometer, set at wavelength of 510 µm. The spectrophotometer is first
calibrated nulled using blank sample. Several analytical methods have been used for
the determination of iron in water. Spectrophotometric methods for the
determination of elements are based on the absorption of visible and near ultraviolet
radiation. In order to determine a species or analyte in the solution
spectrophotometrically, it is usually converted into a colored complex (Adebayo, et
al., 2011). The result of absorbance value is -0.20 A and -0.39 A. The result is then
calculated using calibration curve, as follows.

Fe
Absorbance mg/L
y x
0.025 0.1
0.03 0.15
0.05 0.25
0.1 0.5
0.165 0.8
0.2 1
0.25 1.2
Table 3.1 Calibration Data of Fe
 Fe Absorbation Curve
0.3
0.25
y = 0.2045x + 0.0003
0.25
0.2
0.2
Absorbance
0.165

0.15
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05 0.03
0.025

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Concentration

Graphic 3.1 Calibration Curve of Fe

From the curve above, we can plot the absorbance result into the curve and calculate
the amount of iron dissolved in the water sample by:

calibration curve absorbance

concentration (x)
equation value (y)
y = 0.2045x + -0.2 -0.979462103
0.0003 -0.39 -1.908557457

So, from this calculation we know that the amount of iron contained in the outlet
sample is -0.98mg/L and -1.9mg/L. As the result, we take the average level absorbance
which is -1.44 mg/L. A negative concentration value indicates that the sample was
analyzed but that the concentration was below the determination limits of the analytical
method. Concentrations below this lower determination limit are too small to be detected
by the method. Systematic effects can also give rise to negative results. For example,
over-correcting of interference effects is sometimes encountered in the determination of
elements by atomic spectrometry and is one cause of the problem. Another common
cause is lack of fit at the low end in an estimated calibration function (Analytical
Methods Committee, 2001). The other possibilities are the cuvette hit the wall of
spectrophotometer, or the blank solution contaminated with Fe since the distilled water
is produced from the pipe which may contain iron from corrosion. The other interference
is that might be have high level of salinity so it forms colloidal substances and will affect
the turbidity that is read by spectrophotometer. Since there are no changes in color after
the addition of reacting agents, we assume that the water sample has low concentration
of Fe2+ ion (under zero). This result does qualify the standard of Indonesia Public Health
Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010, which states that concentration of iron in
water must be below 0.3 mg/L.
3.4.1 Manganese Analysis by Spectrophotometry Method
Iron and manganese are common metallic elements found in nature. Manganese
forms a black residue. The drinking water standard for manganese is 0.05 mg/l. Typical
values of dissolved iron and manganese in groundwater are less than 10.0 mg/l and 2.0
mg/l, respectively (Lemley, et al., 2005) Manganese is considered to be the 12th most
abundant element in the biosphere. Its concentration in earth crust reaches as high as
0.098%. Various methods for the determination of manganese with chromogenic
organic reagents have been reported. The reagents suggested for determination of
manganese include: toluidine blue, Mordant brown 33, phenoxazine, eosin (Rustamov
& Abbasova G. G., 2014).
The first step is to add three drops of concentrated nitric acid to 25 mL of sample
in Erlenmeyer flask. Nitric acid is steamy, clear and colorless. Adding it causes no
change to the sample. The purpose of adding HNO3 is to create acidic condition in the
sample, dissolve manganese and get rid of Cl- ions and other interfering substances.
Next, is doing titration with AgNO3 as titrant. It helps to bind the unwanted Cl- ion in
water sample. Volume of AgNO3 needed to titrate the sample is 8 mL This titration is
done to get rid of pollutant or interfering substances by binding Cl - and Ag+, forming
AgCl which forms the white sediments. After titration, the sample contains sediments at
the bottom and becomes viscous and turbid.
Then, the solution is heated until it boils. But before it boils, we should add
K2S2O8 crystal into the solution. It is aim to oxidize manganese ions of low valency into
manganese oxide and potassium permanganate. The persulfate method is suited for
 routine determinations of manganese because pretreatment of samples is not needed to
overcome chloride interference. Ammonium persulfate is commonly used as the
oxidizing agent. The oxidation of manganese in lower valences to permanganate by
persulfate requires the presence of Ag+ as a catalyst. The reaction involved in the
oxidation may be represented as follows:
2Mn2+ + 5S2O82- + 8H2O → 2MnO4- + 10SO42- + 16H+
(Sawyer, et al., 2003)
After sample boils, no color change is observed. This indicates that there is low
manganese present and the experiment is stopped.
3.4.2 Chloride Analysis by Mohr’s Argentometric Method
The most used methods for the determination of chloride concentration in water
include Mohr method, consisting in titration of chloride with a solution of silver nitrate
in excess, detectable in presence of potassium chromate as indicator (Jacoban &
Macoveanu, 2015). Chlorinity is one of the most fundamental quantities associated with
water quality, and it is directly related to the salinity of sea water and often used to
determine the salinity. Various chemical methods have been reported for chlorinity
determination: the gravimetric method with AgCl precipitates, various volumetric
precipitation titrations with silver (I) or mercury (II) ions, and a recent spectroscopic
method (Hong, et al., 2010).
The first reagent used in chloride analysis is potassium dichromate and it is added as
much as 0.5 ml to 25 ml of outlet sample in Erlenmeyer flask. K 2Cr2O4 is yellow liquid,
has odor and at room temperature. After addition sample turns light yellow. K2Cr2O4 is
added as an oxidizing agent and as an indicator to the end-point of titration. Then, 1
spoonful spatula of zinc oxide in white, fine powder form, is added to the sample.
Addition of ZnO causes the sample to turn milky yellow with sediments. The purpose of
adding ZnO is as indicator to formation of sediments by bonding impurities that can
disturb chloride analysis. Lastly, the sample is titrated with 1/35.45 N of silver nitrate
until appearance of first red color. AgNO3 is clear and colorless liquid. After titration the
sample turns slightly red. Volume of AgNO3 used for titration until first reddish color
appears are 1.6 mL and 2 mL. So, the average is 1.8 mL to make first reddish stain color
is appeared. The purpose of this titration is to form precipitate in chloride from the
samples. The end point of the titration occurs when all the chloride ions are precipitated.
Then additional silver ions react with the chromate ions of the indicator, potassium
chromate, to form a red-brown precipitate of silver chromate. Then, the amount of
chloride dissolved in sample can be determined by this formula:
b x N x 35.45
Cl2 (mg/L) = 1000 x
mL sample

Where b = volume of titrant used

N = normality of AgNO3
So, chloride concentration in outlet sample can be calculated
1.8 x 1/35.45 x 35.45
Cl2 (mg/L) = 1000 x = 72 mg/L
25
We now know that the concentration of dissolved chloride in Gebang water sample is 72
mg/L. This fulfilled the 250 mg/L standard of Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation
492/Menkes/per/IV/2010.
 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION

From this “Analysis of Iron, Manganese and Chloride” experiment, we can conclude that the
water sample from Gebang area has the following properties:
1. Iron content of -1.44 mg/L. This result qualified the standard of Indonesia Public Health
Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010, which states that concentration of iron in
water must be below 0.3 mg/L; The negative concentration may cause by human error,
high salinity in blank solution, or iron contamination in blank solution.
2. Does not contain any dissolved manganese ions due to absence of violet color in final
solution;
3. Concentration of dissolved chloride is 72 mg/L. This does fulfill the 250 mg/L standard
of Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010.
 CHAPTER V
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Explain in what form iron can be analyze with Phenanthroline method and how it
works?
2. Explain the effect of iron in drinking water!
3. Explain the function of persulfate in Manganese analysis!
4. Explain the purpose of addition of Ag+ in Manganese analysis!
5. Explain the effect of Manganese in drinking water!
6. What is the effect of high concentration of chloride in drinking water?
7. Does the excessive addition of indicator into water affected the value of chloride
analysis in Mohr method?

ANSWERS:

1. Iron must be in the form Fe2+. To become that form, water solutions must be oxidized with
Hydroxylamine (Fe3+ to Fe2+) and Phenanthroline Monohydrate (complex ions to Fe2+),
besides that, iron is already expose to atmosphere so it will be oxidized automatically.
2. Effects of iron in drinking water:
• If iron drink by someone it will damage the transportation of the oxygen to blood, damage
the intestine, and iron will accumulate in the body because our body can excrete iron, so
it will make skin go black.
• Taste will be a little bitter
• Form sediments, pollute piping and plumbing (clog the pipe)
3. Persulfate oxidize the manganese contained in the sample, through this equation
2 Mn2+ + 5S2O82- → 2MnO4 - + 10 SO42- + 16 H +
4. To bind the Cl- ion, so after that the color of the solution becomes white
5. Effects:
• It will damage the lung. Manganese make our lungs weaker so it is difficult to breathe,
causes bronchitis and pneumonia,
• It will damage the brain permanently.
6. Chlorine will accumulate in our body and become carcinogenic.
7. If too much indicator is added into the sample, there will be no difference in the result,
because the amount of reagents will limit the reaction, so it will be the same.
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