1‌ 

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A‌  ‌
Summer‌‌Training‌  ‌
Report‌‌on‌  ‌
Rajasthan‌‌Rajya‌‌Vidyut‌‌Prasaran‌‌Nigam‌‌Limited‌‌-‌‌RRVPNL‌  ‌
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132/33‌‌KV‌‌GSS‌   ‌ ‌
Substation‌‌
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BANAR‌  ‌
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A‌‌
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Summer‌‌Training‌‌Report‌‌Submitted‌  ‌
‌In‌‌Partial‌‌Fulfilment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Requirement‌  ‌
‌For‌‌the‌‌Award‌‌of‌‌Degree‌‌of‌  ‌
‌Bachelor‌‌of‌‌Engineering‌‌‌In‌  ‌
‌Electrical‌‌&‌‌Electronic‌‌Engineering‌  ‌
‌By‌‌   ‌
PRAKASH‌‌    ‌
‌Roll‌‌No.-‌‌18UEEE6028‌  ‌
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 2‌  ‌
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Submitted‌‌To:‌  ‌
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‌ epartment‌‌of‌‌Electrical‌‌&‌‌Electronic‌‌Engineering‌  ‌
D

‌M.B.M.‌‌Engineering‌‌College‌‌JODHPUR‌  ‌
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 3‌  ‌
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TABLE‌‌OF‌‌CONTENT‌  ‌

S
‌ .NO‌  ‌ T
‌ ITLE‌  ‌ ‌PAGE‌‌NO‌  ‌

‌1.‌  ‌ ‌Acknowledgement‌  ‌ ‌4 ‌ ‌

‌2.‌  ‌ ‌Abstract‌‌&‌‌Certificate‌‌   ‌ ‌6 ‌ ‌

‌3.‌  ‌ ‌Introduction‌‌   ‌ ‌8 ‌ ‌
‌4.‌  ‌ ‌Importance‌‌of‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌   ‌ ‌10‌  ‌
‌5.‌  ‌ ‌ unction‌‌&‌‌specification‌‌of‌‌various‌  ‌
F ‌13‌  ‌
equipment‌‌at‌‌132kv‌‌gss‌‌banar‌  ‌
‌6.‌  ‌ Substation‌‌   ‌ ‌33‌  ‌
‌7.‌  ‌ Protective‌‌Relay‌‌   ‌ ‌37‌  ‌
‌8.‌  ‌ Earthing‌  ‌ ‌40‌  ‌
‌9.‌  ‌ control‌‌room‌  ‌ ‌43‌  ‌
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‌10.‌  ‌ Conclusion‌  ‌ ‌44‌  ‌

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 4‌  ‌
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1:-ACKNOWLEDGMENTS‌‌
   ‌
Summer‌‌training‌‌has‌‌an‌‌important‌‌role‌‌in‌‌exposing‌‌the‌‌real‌‌life‌‌situation‌‌in‌‌an‌‌ 
industry.‌‌It‌‌was‌‌a‌‌great‌‌experience‌‌for‌‌me‌‌to‌‌work‌‌on‌‌training‌‌at‌‌Rajasthan‌‌Rajya‌‌ 
Vidyut‌‌Prasaran‌‌Nigam‌‌Limited‌‌(‌‌R.R.V.P.N.L‌‌)‌‌through‌‌which‌‌I‌‌could‌‌learn‌‌ 
how‌‌to‌‌work‌‌in‌‌a‌‌professional‌‌environment.‌‌Now,‌‌I‌‌would‌‌like‌‌to‌‌thank‌‌the‌‌ 
people‌‌who‌‌guided‌‌me‌‌and‌‌have‌‌been‌‌a‌‌constant‌‌source‌‌of‌‌inspiration‌‌ 
throughout‌‌the‌‌tenure‌‌of‌‌my‌‌summer‌‌training.‌  ‌

 ‌

  ‌ ‌

I‌‌am‌‌sincerely‌‌grateful‌‌to‌‌VIMLA‌‌CHOUDHARY‌‌(Assistant‌‌Engineer)‌‌at‌‌132‌‌ 
KV‌‌GSS‌‌Banar‌‌,‌‌jodhpur‌‌who‌‌rendered‌‌me‌‌his‌‌valuable‌‌assistance,‌‌constant‌‌ 
encouragement‌‌andable‌‌guidance‌‌which‌‌made‌‌this‌‌training‌‌actually‌‌possible‌‌.  ‌‌ ‌

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2:-ABSTRACT‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Training‌‌at‌‌132‌‌KV‌‌GSS‌‌Banar‌‌,‌‌Jodhpur‌‌gives‌‌the‌‌insight‌‌of‌‌the‌‌real‌‌ 
instruments‌‌used.‌‌There‌‌are‌‌many‌‌instruments‌‌like‌‌transformers,‌‌CT,‌‌PT,‌‌CVT,‌‌ 
LA,‌‌relays,‌ ‌bus‌‌bars,‌‌reactors,‌‌insulators,‌‌isolators,‌‌control‌‌rooms,‌‌etc.‌  ‌

There‌‌are‌‌various‌‌problems‌‌seen‌‌in‌‌substation‌‌while‌‌handling‌‌these‌‌instruments.‌‌ 
There‌‌are‌‌various‌‌occasion‌‌when‌‌relay‌‌operate‌‌and‌‌circuit‌‌breaker‌‌open,‌‌load‌‌ 
shedding,‌‌shut‌‌down‌‌of‌‌a‌‌feeder‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌a‌‌fault‌‌,‌‌shutdown‌‌of‌‌total‌‌system,‌‌ 
overheating‌‌of‌‌transformer,‌‌blasting‌‌of‌‌current‌‌transformer‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌excessive‌‌ 
current,‌‌transformer‌‌oil‌‌replacement,‌‌aging‌‌of‌‌transformer‌‌oil,‌‌   ‌
 5‌  ‌
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wireless‌‌communication,‌‌insulator‌‌classification‌‌as‌‌per‌‌current‌‌rating,‌‌conductor‌‌ 
requirement‌‌as‌‌per‌‌rating‌‌,2‌‌line‌‌and‌‌3‌‌line‌‌transmission,‌‌how‌‌to‌‌put‌‌system‌‌on‌‌ 
load‌‌and‌‌how‌‌to‌‌remove‌‌the‌‌system‌‌from‌‌load,‌‌automatic‌‌resetting‌‌of‌‌relay,‌‌ 
isolator‌‌operation‌‌on‌‌off-load.‌‌   ‌

GSS‌‌is‌‌the‌‌means‌‌of‌‌connection‌‌between‌‌generating‌‌station‌‌and‌‌consumer‌‌by‌‌ 
providing‌‌safety‌‌and‌‌reliability‌‌of‌‌the‌‌system‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌fault.‌‌This‌‌substation‌‌ 
steps‌‌down‌‌the‌‌incoming‌‌voltage‌‌power‌‌transmission‌‌to‌‌the‌‌required‌‌value‌‌and‌‌ 
then‌‌is‌‌supplied‌‌to‌‌the‌‌consumer‌‌feeder‌‌or‌‌GSS‌‌done‌‌by‌‌connecting‌‌auto‌‌ 
transformer‌‌operation‌‌and‌‌requirement‌‌of‌‌various‌‌equipment‌‌have‌‌been‌‌included‌‌ 
in‌‌detail,‌‌further‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌report‌‌is‌‌the‌‌bus‌‌bar.‌‌Arrangement‌‌of‌‌different‌‌feeder‌‌ 
level‌‌and‌‌switch‌‌yards‌‌included‌‌information‌‌of‌‌bus‌‌bar‌‌arrangement‌‌of‌‌different‌‌ 
level‌‌isolator‌‌and‌‌growing‌‌substation‌‌also‌‌power‌‌transformer‌‌circuit‌‌breaker‌‌oil,‌‌ 
filtration‌‌plant,‌‌and‌‌compression‌‌protection‌‌control‌‌room‌‌and‌‌place‌‌are‌‌leveled.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

The‌‌most‌‌important‌‌part‌‌of‌‌a‌‌G.S.S.‌‌is‌‌the‌‌battery‌‌room‌‌or‌‌most‌‌commonly‌‌ 
known‌‌as‌‌the‌‌heart‌‌of‌‌a‌‌G.S.S.‌‌without‌‌the‌‌battery‌‌system‌‌all‌‌the‌‌control‌‌panel,‌‌ 
metering‌‌and‌‌relay‌‌panel‌‌will‌‌not‌‌operate‌‌and‌‌therefore‌‌it‌‌will‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌failure‌‌of‌‌ 
substation.‌‌As‌‌the‌‌most‌‌important‌‌part‌‌of‌‌a‌‌GSS‌‌is‌‌battery‌‌room‌‌as‌‌control‌‌panel‌‌ 
operate‌‌on‌‌this‌‌supply‌‌it‌‌must‌‌be‌‌kept‌‌in‌‌spare‌‌as‌‌we‌‌have‌‌220V‌‌DC‌‌supply‌‌,and‌‌ 
each‌‌battery‌‌supplies‌‌2‌‌volt‌‌hence‌‌110‌‌batteries‌‌will‌‌be‌‌kept‌‌in‌‌parallel‌‌to‌‌supply‌‌ 
the‌‌same‌‌,hence‌‌always‌‌a‌‌backup‌‌of‌‌110‌‌batteries‌‌are‌‌always‌‌kept‌‌in‌‌storage‌‌ 
room‌‌Relay‌‌system‌‌is‌‌termed‌‌as‌‌the‌‌brain‌‌of‌‌the‌‌G.S.S.‌  ‌

As‌‌it‌‌controls‌‌the‌‌circuit‌‌breaker‌‌operations‌‌as‌‌it‌‌is‌‌very‌‌necessary‌‌to‌‌operate‌‌the‌‌ 
circuit‌‌break‌‌operation‌‌in‌‌time‌‌,we‌‌can‌‌take‌‌our‌‌time‌‌for‌‌closing‌‌on‌‌the‌‌circuit‌‌ 
breaker‌‌but‌‌during‌‌fault‌‌circuit‌‌breaker‌‌must‌‌be‌‌operated‌‌as‌‌soon‌‌as‌‌possible‌‌and‌‌ 
arc‌‌must‌‌be‌‌quenched‌‌accordingly.‌‌To‌‌get‌‌insight‌‌of‌‌the‌‌substation,‌‌how‌‌things‌‌ 
operate,‌‌how‌‌things‌‌are‌‌managed‌‌inside‌‌a‌‌substation.‌‌Practical‌‌training‌‌as‌‌a ‌‌
whole‌‌proved‌‌to‌‌be‌‌extremely‌‌informative‌‌and‌‌experience‌‌building‌‌and‌‌the‌‌ 
things‌‌i‌‌learned‌‌here‌‌would‌‌definitely‌‌help‌‌a‌‌lot‌‌in‌‌snapping‌‌the‌‌future‌‌ahead‌‌in‌‌ 
a‌‌better‌‌   ‌

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 6‌  ‌
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3:-‌‌INTRODUCTION‌‌   ‌
1.1‌‌Synopsis‌‌   ‌
Energy‌‌is‌‌the‌‌basic‌‌necessity‌‌for‌‌the‌‌economic‌‌development‌‌of‌‌a‌‌country.‌‌ 
Energy‌‌exists‌‌in‌‌different‌‌forms‌‌in‌‌nature‌‌but‌‌the‌‌most‌‌important‌‌form‌‌is‌‌ 
electrical‌‌energy.‌‌The‌‌conversion‌‌of‌‌energy‌‌available‌‌in‌‌different‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌ 
nature‌‌into‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌known‌‌as‌‌generation‌‌of‌‌different‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌nature‌‌ 
into‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌known‌‌as‌‌generation‌‌of‌‌electrical‌‌energy.‌‌   ‌
 7‌  ‌
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Various‌‌sources‌‌of‌‌energy‌‌available‌‌in‌‌nature‌‌are‌  ‌

1.‌‌Solar‌‌Energy‌‌   ‌

2.Wind‌‌Energy‌‌   ‌

3.Tidal‌‌Energy‌  ‌

4.Nuclear‌‌energy‌‌   ‌

A‌‌great‌‌demand‌‌for‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌a‌‌notable‌‌feature‌‌of‌‌modern‌‌civilization.‌‌ 
The‌‌abundance‌‌of‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌completely‌‌changes‌‌the‌‌direction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ 
tempo‌‌of‌‌civilization,‌‌living‌‌standard,‌‌and‌‌vast‌‌development‌‌of‌‌rural‌‌and‌‌urban‌‌ 
areas.‌‌Electricity‌‌has‌‌become‌‌an‌‌essential‌‌commodity.‌‌The‌‌feature‌‌of‌‌electrical‌‌ 
energy‌‌not‌‌only‌‌paralyses‌‌industries‌‌and‌‌agriculture‌‌but‌‌also‌‌upsets‌‌the‌‌lives.‌‌ 
The‌‌whole‌‌electrical‌‌system‌‌is‌‌classified‌‌as:‌‌   ‌

1‌‌Generation‌‌   ‌

2‌‌Transmission‌‌  

3‌‌Distribution‌  ‌

4‌‌Utilization‌‌   ‌

5‌‌Switchgear‌‌and‌‌protection‌‌   ‌

Turbines‌‌are‌‌moved‌‌with‌‌the‌‌help‌‌of‌‌different‌‌sources‌‌of‌‌energy.‌‌The‌‌generation‌‌ 
is‌‌coupled‌‌with‌‌a‌‌turbine‌‌to‌‌generate‌‌11KV‌‌which‌‌is‌‌further‌‌stepped‌‌up‌‌by‌‌step‌‌ 
up‌‌transformers‌‌to‌‌400KV‌‌and‌‌is‌‌then‌‌distributed‌‌to‌‌various‌‌sub-stations‌‌where‌‌ 
the‌‌voltage‌‌is‌‌reduced‌‌to‌‌220KV‌‌with‌‌the‌‌help‌‌of‌‌step‌‌down‌‌transformers.‌‌From‌‌ 
these‌‌substations‌‌the‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌distributed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌consumers‌‌after‌‌reducing‌‌it‌‌to‌‌ 
33KV.‌  ‌

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Description‌‌of‌‌Sub-‌‌Station‌  ‌

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Type:-‌‌‌Outdoor‌‌Grid‌‌Sub-Station‌  ‌

Incoming‌‌Line‌‌Voltage:-‌132‌‌KV‌  ‌
 8‌  ‌
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Outgoing‌‌Feeder‌‌Voltage:-‌33‌‌KV‌  ‌

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CHAPTER-2‌‌   ‌

4:-‌‌IMPORTANCE‌‌OF‌‌ELECTRICAL‌‌ENERGY‌‌   ‌

2.1‌‌Introduction‌  ‌

‌ nergy‌‌may‌‌be‌‌needed‌‌as‌‌heat,‌‌as‌‌light‌‌as‌‌motive‌‌power‌‌etc.‌‌the‌‌present‌‌day‌‌ 
E
advancement‌‌in‌‌science‌‌and‌‌technology‌‌has‌‌made‌‌it‌‌possible‌‌to‌‌convert‌‌ 
electrical‌‌energy‌‌into‌‌other‌‌desired‌‌form.‌‌This‌‌has‌‌given‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌a ‌‌
place‌‌of‌‌pride‌‌in‌‌the‌‌modern‌‌world.‌‌In‌‌fact‌‌the‌‌advancement‌‌of‌‌a‌‌country‌‌is‌‌ 
measured‌‌in‌‌terms‌‌of‌‌per‌‌capita‌‌consumption‌‌of‌‌electrical‌‌energy.‌‌Electrical‌‌ 
energy‌‌is‌‌superior‌‌to‌‌all‌‌other‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌energy‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌following‌‌reasons‌  ‌

‌2.2‌‌Conventional‌‌Forms‌‌And‌‌Easy‌‌Control‌  ‌

‌ lectrical‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌a‌‌very‌‌convenient‌‌form‌‌of‌‌energy‌‌as‌‌it‌‌can‌‌easily‌‌be‌‌ 
E
converted‌‌into‌‌any‌‌form‌‌of‌‌energy‌‌like‌‌heat,‌‌light‌‌mechanical‌‌etc.‌‌   ‌

2.3‌‌Greater‌‌Flexibility‌   ‌

One‌‌important‌‌reason‌‌for‌‌preferring‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌flexibility‌‌that‌‌it‌‌offers.‌‌ 
It‌‌can‌‌be‌‌easily‌‌transported‌‌from‌‌one‌‌place‌‌to‌‌another.‌‌   ‌

2.4‌‌Cheapness‌‌   ‌

Electrical‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌cheaper‌‌than‌‌other‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌energy.‌‌Thus‌‌it‌‌is‌‌economical‌‌to‌‌ 
use‌‌this‌‌form‌‌of‌‌energy‌‌for‌‌domestic‌‌commercial‌‌and‌‌industrial‌‌purposes.‌‌   ‌

2.5‌‌Cleanliness‌  ‌

‌ lectrical‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌not‌‌associated‌‌with‌‌smoke,‌‌fumes‌‌or‌‌poisonous‌‌gases.‌‌ 
E
Therefore‌‌its‌‌use‌‌ensures‌‌cleanliness‌‌and‌‌health‌‌conditions.‌  ‌

 ‌

2.6‌‌High‌‌Transmission‌‌Efficiency‌  ‌

‌ he‌‌consumers‌‌of‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌are‌‌generally‌‌situated‌‌quite‌‌away‌‌from‌‌the‌‌ 
T
centers‌‌of‌‌its‌‌production.‌‌The‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌can‌‌be‌‌transmitted‌‌conveniently‌‌ 
and‌‌efficiently‌‌from‌‌the‌‌center‌‌of‌‌generation‌‌to‌‌the‌‌consumers‌‌with‌‌the‌‌help‌‌of‌‌ 
overhead‌‌conductors‌‌known‌‌as‌‌Transmission‌‌lines.‌  ‌

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 11‌  ‌
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CHAPTER-3‌  ‌

5:-‌‌FUNCTION‌‌AND‌‌SPECIFICATIONS‌‌OF‌‌VARIOUS‌‌EQUIPMENTS‌‌AT‌‌ 
132KV‌‌GSS‌‌   ‌

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3.1‌‌Metering‌‌&‌‌Indicating‌‌Instrument‌  ‌

‌ here‌‌are‌‌several‌‌metering‌‌&‌‌indicating‌‌instruments‌‌e.g.‌‌Ammeters,‌‌voltmeters,‌‌ 
T
energy‌‌meters‌‌etc‌‌installed‌‌in‌‌a‌‌substation‌‌to‌‌keep‌‌watch‌‌on‌‌circuit‌‌quantities.‌‌ 
The‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌invariably‌‌used‌‌with‌‌them‌‌for‌‌satisfactory‌‌operation.‌‌   ‌

3.2‌‌Bus‌‌Bars‌  ‌

‌ us-bars‌‌are‌‌the‌‌important‌‌components‌‌in‌‌a‌‌substation.‌‌There‌‌are‌‌several‌‌bus‌‌ 
B
bar‌‌arrangements‌‌that‌‌can‌‌be‌‌used‌‌in‌‌a‌‌substation.‌‌The‌‌choice‌‌of‌‌a‌‌particular‌‌ 
arrangement‌‌depends‌‌upon‌‌various‌‌factors‌‌such‌‌as‌‌system‌‌voltage,‌‌position‌‌of‌‌ 
substation,‌‌degree‌‌of‌‌reliability;‌‌cost‌‌etc.‌‌the‌‌following‌‌are‌‌the‌‌important‌‌bus‌‌ 
bar‌‌arrangement‌‌used‌‌in‌‌substations:‌‌   ‌

a)‌‌Single‌‌bus‌‌bar‌‌systems‌  ‌

‌b)‌‌Double‌‌busbars‌‌systems‌‌   ‌

c)‌‌Duplicate‌‌bus‌‌bars‌‌systems‌‌   ‌

In‌‌the‌‌132KV‌‌GSS‌‌Banar‌‌,‌‌a‌‌single‌ ‌bus‌‌bar‌‌substation‌‌and‌‌duplicate‌‌bus‌‌bar‌‌ 
system‌‌has‌‌been‌‌installed.‌‌   ‌

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3.3‌‌Control‌‌Cables‌‌   ‌

The‌‌control‌‌cable‌‌and‌‌the‌‌control‌‌system‌‌are‌‌required‌‌for‌‌officiating‌‌an‌‌ 
automatic‌‌system.‌‌The‌‌cables‌‌employed‌‌for‌‌this‌‌purpose‌‌are‌‌multi-core‌‌cables‌‌ 
having‌‌10‌‌or‌‌37‌‌or‌‌61‌‌conductors‌‌run‌‌to‌‌the‌‌required‌‌points.‌  ‌

 ‌

3.4‌‌Power‌‌Transformers‌‌   ‌

A‌‌transformer‌‌consists‌‌essentially‌‌of‌‌two‌‌or‌‌more‌‌electric‌‌circuits‌‌in‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌‌ 
winding‌‌magnetically‌‌interlinked‌‌by‌‌a‌‌common‌‌magnetic‌‌circuit.‌‌An‌‌alternating‌‌ 
voltage‌‌applied‌‌to‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌winding‌‌produces,‌‌by‌‌electromagnetic‌‌induction,‌‌a ‌‌
 12‌  ‌
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correspondence‌‌emf‌‌in‌‌the‌‌other‌‌windings‌‌&‌‌energy‌‌can‌‌be‌‌transferred‌‌from‌‌the‌‌ 
ordinary‌‌circuit‌‌to‌‌the‌‌other‌‌circuit‌‌by‌‌means‌‌of‌‌the‌‌common‌‌magnetic‌‌flux‌‌and‌‌ 
the‌‌principle‌‌of‌‌mutual‌‌induction.‌‌A‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌basically‌‌a‌‌static‌‌device‌‌in‌‌ 
which‌‌two‌‌or‌‌more‌‌stationary‌‌electric‌‌circuits‌‌are‌‌coupled‌‌magnetically,‌‌the‌‌ 
winding‌‌being‌‌linked‌‌by‌‌a‌‌common‌‌time‌‌varying‌‌magnetic‌‌flux.‌‌Even‌‌though‌‌ 
the‌‌static‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌not‌‌an‌‌energy‌‌conversion‌‌device‌‌&‌‌involves‌‌only‌‌the‌‌ 
interchange‌‌of‌‌electrical‌‌energy‌‌between‌‌two‌‌or‌‌more‌‌electrical‌‌systems,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌an‌‌ 
extremely‌‌important‌‌component‌‌in‌‌many‌‌conversation‌‌systems.‌  ‌

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There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌transformers‌‌in‌‌the‌‌incoming‌‌feeders‌‌so‌‌that‌‌the‌‌three‌‌lines‌‌are‌‌ 
stepped‌‌down‌‌at‌‌the‌‌same‌‌time.‌‌In‌‌case‌‌of‌‌a‌‌220‌‌KV‌‌or‌‌more‌‌Auto‌‌transformers‌‌ 
are‌‌used.‌‌While‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌lower‌‌KV‌‌line‌‌such‌‌as‌‌less‌‌than‌‌132KV‌‌line‌‌double‌‌ 
winding‌‌transformers‌‌are‌‌used‌‌or‌‌lower‌‌KV‌‌line‌‌such‌‌as‌‌less‌‌than‌‌132KV‌‌line‌‌ 
double‌‌winding‌‌transformers‌‌are‌‌used.‌ 
 ‌
132/33‌‌kV‌‌power‌‌transformers‌‌are‌‌used‌‌for‌‌33‌‌KV‌‌Supply.‌  ‌
 ‌
MVA=31.5kV (no load)‌  ‌
 Frequency=50Hz ‌  ‌
Vector symbol=y-D1‌  ‌
kV(no load) HV 132 kV,‌‌ LV 33kV‌   ‌ ‌
Amps HV 138‌‌A ,‌‌LV 552A‌  ‌
Phase HV 3, LV 3‌   ‌ ‌
 13‌  ‌
 ‌
Mass‌‌of‌‌Oil=2360kg‌  ‌
Total‌‌Mass=‌‌12140kg‌  ‌
Volume‌‌of‌‌oil=‌‌2650Liter‌  ‌
Core‌‌&‌‌Winding‌‌Weight=‌‌5950kg‌  ‌
Guaranteed‌ ‌Max.‌‌Temp.‌‌Rise‌‌in‌‌Oil=45‌o‌c,‌‌   ‌
Winding=55‌o‌c‌  ‌
   ‌
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3.4.1Classification‌‌Of‌‌Power‌‌Transformer:‌  ‌

1.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌usages‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌Step-up‌‌transformer‌‌   ‌

3.‌‌Step‌‌–down‌‌transformer‌‌   ‌

4.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌type‌‌of‌‌construction‌‌used:‌‌   ‌

5.‌‌Core‌‌type‌‌   ‌

6.‌‌Shell‌‌type‌‌   ‌

7.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌number‌‌of‌‌winding‌‌   ‌

8.‌‌Two‌‌winding‌‌transformer‌‌   ‌

9.‌‌Three‌‌winding‌‌transformer‌‌   ‌

10.‌‌Multi‌‌winding‌‌transformer‌‌   ‌

3.4.2‌‌Terms‌‌Related‌‌To‌‌Transformer‌‌   ‌

1‌‌Primary‌‌Winding:‌‌   ‌

The‌‌winding‌‌that‌‌is‌‌excited‌‌or‌‌energized‌‌by‌‌connecting‌‌it‌‌to‌‌an‌‌input‌‌source‌‌is‌‌ 
usually‌‌referred‌‌to‌‌as‌‌the‌‌primary‌‌winding.‌‌   ‌

2‌‌Secondary‌‌Winding:‌‌   ‌

The‌‌winding‌‌to‌‌which‌‌the‌‌electrical‌‌load‌‌is‌‌connected‌‌and‌‌forms,‌‌with‌‌which‌‌the‌‌ 
output‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌taken,‌‌is‌‌known‌‌as‌‌the‌‌secondary‌‌winding.‌  ‌

‌3‌‌HV‌‌Winding:‌‌   ‌

The‌‌winding‌‌which‌‌is‌‌operated‌‌at‌‌the‌‌high‌‌voltage‌‌level‌‌is‌‌known‌‌as‌‌the‌‌HV‌‌ 
(high‌‌voltage)‌‌winding.‌‌   ‌

4‌‌LV‌‌Winding:‌‌The‌‌winding‌‌which‌‌is‌‌operated‌‌at‌‌a‌‌lower‌‌voltage‌‌level‌‌is‌‌known‌‌ 
as‌‌the‌‌LV‌‌(low‌‌voltage)‌‌winding.‌‌   ‌
 14‌  ‌
 ‌

4‌‌Regulating‌‌Winding:‌‌It‌‌is‌‌winding,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌used‌‌to‌‌regulate‌‌the‌‌voltage‌‌at‌‌ 
different‌‌levels‌‌by‌‌connecting‌‌tap‌‌changers‌‌across‌‌the‌‌winding.‌‌It‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌ 
discrete‌‌numbers‌‌of‌‌small‌‌windings‌‌with‌‌2‌‌or‌‌3‌‌terms‌‌in‌‌each‌‌and‌‌they‌‌being‌‌ 
connected‌‌in‌‌series.‌‌   ‌

6‌‌Tertiary‌‌Winding:‌‌In‌‌addition‌‌to‌‌the‌‌traditional‌‌primary‌‌and‌‌secondary‌‌ 
windings,‌‌a‌‌transformer‌‌can‌‌also‌‌have‌‌tertiary‌‌winding.‌‌   ‌

3.4.3‌‌Main‌‌Parts‌‌Of‌‌Transformer‌‌Are‌‌As‌‌Follows‌‌   ‌

1.‌‌Core:‌  ‌

I‌ t‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌terminated‌‌silicon‌‌steel‌‌in‌‌which‌‌the‌‌quantity‌‌of‌‌silicon‌‌13up‌‌to‌‌ 
4%‌‌thickness‌‌of‌‌lamination‌‌is‌‌0.35‌‌to‌‌0.50m.‌‌Normally‌‌the‌‌shape‌‌of‌‌the‌‌core‌‌is‌‌ 
rectangular‌‌and‌‌it‌‌has‌‌three‌‌legs.‌  ‌

  ‌ ‌

2.‌‌Windings:‌  ‌

‌ indings‌‌of‌‌the‌‌power‌‌transformer‌‌are‌‌an‌‌important‌‌part.‌‌It‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌super‌‌ 
W
enameled‌‌copper‌‌wires.‌‌The‌‌size‌‌of‌‌wire‌‌(diameter)‌‌depends‌‌on‌‌the‌‌capacity‌‌of‌‌ 
the‌‌transformer‌‌connection‌‌of‌‌winding‌‌is‌‌r/r.‌  ‌

 ‌

‌3.‌‌Tap‌‌changer:‌  ‌

Tap‌‌changer‌‌is‌‌a‌‌switching‌‌device‌‌by‌‌which‌‌the‌‌transformation‌‌ratio‌‌can‌‌be‌‌ 
changed‌‌by‌‌changing‌‌the‌‌position‌‌of‌‌tap‌‌changing‌‌the‌‌switch.‌‌   ‌

Tap‌‌changing‌‌system‌‌on‌‌GSS‌‌of‌‌power‌‌transformer‌‌on-load‌‌tap‌‌changer‌‌ 
(OLTC):‌‌   ‌

On‌‌load‌‌tap‌‌changers‌‌are‌‌employed‌‌to‌‌change‌‌turn‌‌ratio‌‌of‌‌transformer‌‌to‌‌ 
regulate‌‌system‌‌voltage‌‌while‌‌the‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌delivering‌‌normal‌‌load‌‌with‌‌the‌‌ 
introduction‌‌of‌‌on‌‌load‌‌tap‌‌changing‌‌the‌‌operating‌‌efficiency‌‌of‌‌electrical‌‌ 
systems‌‌has‌‌considerably‌‌improved.‌‌   ‌

Nowadays,‌‌almost‌‌all‌‌the‌‌large‌‌power‌‌transformers‌‌are‌‌fitted‌‌with‌‌an‌‌on‌‌load‌‌tap‌‌ 
changer.‌‌All‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌on‌‌load‌‌tap‌‌changing‌‌circuit‌‌posse’s‌‌impedance.‌‌This‌‌is‌‌ 
introduced‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌short-circuiting‌‌of‌‌the‌‌tapping‌‌section‌‌during‌‌tap‌‌changer‌‌ 
operation.‌‌The‌‌impedance‌‌can‌‌be‌‌either‌‌a‌‌resistor‌‌or‌‌a‌‌centre-tapped‌‌reactor.‌‌   ‌
 15‌  ‌
 ‌

4.‌‌Tanks:‌‌   ‌

 ‌

It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌metallic‌‌tank,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌filled‌‌with‌‌insulating‌‌oil.‌‌The‌‌transformer‌‌core‌‌and‌‌ 
winding‌‌assembly‌‌are‌‌surrounded‌‌by‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌in‌‌this‌‌tank.‌‌It‌‌protects‌‌the‌‌winding‌‌ 
and‌‌core‌‌from‌‌the‌‌external‌‌mechanical‌‌damages.‌‌   ‌

Rectangular‌‌tanks‌‌are‌‌similar‌‌in‌‌fabrication.‌‌However‌‌for‌‌large‌‌rating‌‌power‌‌ 
transformer,‌‌shaping‌‌of‌‌tanks‌‌becomes‌‌necessary‌‌to‌‌conform‌‌to‌‌transportable‌‌ 
profile‌‌shaping‌‌is‌‌provided‌‌by‌‌rounded‌‌corners‌‌at‌‌the‌‌ends,‌‌truncation‌‌of‌‌law‌‌ 
portion‌‌of‌‌walls‌‌from‌‌considerable,‌‌of‌‌loading‌‌in‌‌well‌‌wagon‌‌grider‌‌and‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ 
covers‌‌to‌‌reduce‌‌the‌‌height‌‌to‌‌minimize‌‌the‌‌tank‌‌oil,‌‌the‌‌tank‌‌profile‌‌may‌‌ 
closely‌‌follows‌‌the‌‌electrical‌‌clearances‌‌along‌‌the‌‌coils.‌‌As‌‌is‌‌evident,‌‌shaping‌‌ 
gives‌‌saving‌‌in‌‌tank‌‌material‌‌and‌‌oil‌‌but‌‌increases‌‌complexity‌‌and‌‌fabrication‌‌ 
costs.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Transformer‌‌tank‌‌may‌‌be‌‌classified‌‌as‌  ‌

1‌‌Plain‌‌tanks.‌  ‌

2‌‌Shaped‌‌tanks.‌‌   ‌

3Belt‌‌shaped‌‌tanks.‌‌   ‌

4‌‌Corrugated‌‌tanks.‌‌   ‌

5‌‌Stub‌‌and‌‌type‌‌tank‌‌T ‌ ‌

The‌‌transformer‌‌tank‌‌used‌‌in‌‌the‌‌GSS‌‌power‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌a‌‌rectangular‌‌box‌‌ 
(plain‌‌tank)‌‌type‌‌in‌‌shape.‌  ‌

 ‌

Transformer‌‌Oil:‌  ‌
 ‌
The‌‌tank‌‌is‌‌filled‌‌with‌‌transformer‌‌oil;‌‌&‌‌sealed.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌mineral‌‌oil‌‌obtained‌‌by‌‌ 
refining‌‌crude‌‌petroleum.‌‌It‌‌serves‌‌the‌‌following‌‌purposes:-‌  ‌
 ‌
1. Provides‌‌additional‌‌insulation‌  ‌
II.‌C
‌ arries‌‌away‌‌the‌‌heat‌‌generated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌core‌‌&‌‌oils‌‌Good‌‌transformer‌‌oil‌‌ 
should‌‌have:-‌  ‌
 16‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌
‌‌High‌‌dielectric‌‌strength.‌  ‌
‌ ‌Low‌‌viscosity‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌good‌‌heat‌‌transformation.‌  ‌
High‌‌flash/fire‌‌point‌  ‌
Free‌‌from‌‌inorganic‌‌acid,‌‌alkali‌‌&‌‌corrosive‌‌Sulfur‌  ‌
‌‌Free‌‌from‌‌smudging‌‌under‌‌normal‌‌operating‌‌condition.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌Important‌‌to‌‌ 
check‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌in‌‌regular‌‌intervals.‌  ‌
 ‌
Conservator:‌  ‌
 ‌
It‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌an‌‌airtight‌‌metal‌‌drum‌‌fixed‌‌above‌‌the‌‌level‌‌of‌‌the‌‌top‌‌of‌‌the‌‌tank‌‌ 
&‌‌connected‌‌with‌‌the‌‌tank‌‌is‌‌completely‌‌filled‌‌with‌‌oil.‌‌The‌‌conservator‌‌is‌‌ 
partially‌‌filled‌‌with‌‌oil.‌‌The‌‌function‌‌of‌‌a‌‌conservator‌‌is‌‌to‌‌take‌‌up‌‌construction‌‌ 
&‌‌expansion‌‌of‌‌oil‌‌without‌‌allowing‌‌it‌‌to‌‌come‌‌in‌‌contact‌‌without‌‌side‌‌ 
air. Transformer‌‌oil‌‌will‌‌expand due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌heat‌‌generated‌‌because‌‌of losses.‌  ‌
 ‌
Breather:‌  ‌
 ‌
When‌‌the‌‌temperature‌‌changes,‌‌expansion‌‌of‌‌contacts‌‌&‌‌there‌‌is‌‌a‌‌displacement‌‌ 
of‌‌air‌‌.‌‌When‌‌the‌‌transformer‌‌cools‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌level‌‌goes‌‌down‌‌7‌‌air‌‌is‌‌drawn‌‌in.‌‌ 
The‌‌oil‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌allowed‌‌to‌‌come‌‌in‌‌contact‌‌with‌‌the‌‌atmospheric‌‌air‌‌as‌‌it‌‌ 
may‌‌take‌‌moisture‌‌which‌‌may‌‌spoil‌‌its‌‌insulating‌‌properties.‌‌Air‌‌may‌‌cause‌‌ 
acidity‌‌or‌‌slugging‌‌of‌‌oil,‌‌so,‌‌the‌‌air‌‌coming‌‌in‌‌is‌‌passed‌‌through‌‌an‌‌apparatus‌‌ 
called‌‌breather‌‌for‌‌extracting‌‌moisture.‌‌The‌‌breather‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌a‌‌small‌‌vessel,‌‌ 
which‌‌contains‌‌a‌‌drying‌‌agent‌‌like‌‌Silica‌‌gel‌‌crystal.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Diverter‌‌tank:‌  ‌
It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌drum‌‌like‌‌structure‌‌mounted‌‌on‌‌a‌‌transformer‌‌wall‌‌filled‌‌with‌‌transformer‌‌ 
oil‌‌&‌‌connected‌‌to‌‌a‌‌conservator.‌‌It‌‌reduces‌‌arcing‌‌during‌‌tap‌‌changing‌‌ 
operation.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Radiator:‌  ‌
 ‌
It‌‌is‌‌of‌‌small‌‌thickness‌‌&‌‌large‌‌diameter‌‌plates‌‌&‌‌used‌‌for‌‌heat‌‌dissipation‌‌ 
during‌‌operation.‌‌Large‌‌diameter‌‌means‌‌large‌‌surface‌‌area‌‌and‌‌7‌‌better‌‌cooling.‌  ‌
 ‌
  ‌ ‌

5.‌‌Cooling‌‌System:‌‌   ‌
 17‌  ‌
 ‌

In‌‌a‌‌Power‌‌transformer,‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌serves‌‌a‌‌dual‌‌purpose‌‌as‌‌an‌‌insulating‌‌medium‌‌as‌‌ 
well‌‌as‌‌a‌‌cooling‌‌medium.‌‌The‌‌heat‌‌generated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌removed‌‌by‌‌ 
the‌‌transformer‌‌oil‌‌surrounding‌‌the‌‌source‌‌and‌‌is‌‌transmitted‌‌either‌‌to‌‌ 
atmospheric‌‌air‌‌or‌‌water.‌‌This‌‌transformation‌‌of‌‌heat‌‌is‌‌essential‌‌to‌‌control‌‌the‌‌ 
temperature‌‌within‌‌permissible‌‌limits‌‌for‌‌the‌‌class‌‌of‌‌insulation,‌‌thereby‌‌ 
ensuring‌‌longer‌‌life‌‌due‌‌to‌‌less‌‌thermal‌‌degradation.‌  ‌

 ‌

‌Types‌‌of‌‌cooling‌‌used‌‌in‌‌GSS‌‌power‌‌transformer:‌  ‌

1ONAN‌‌type‌‌cooling:‌‌   ‌

The‌‌generated‌‌heat‌‌can‌‌be‌‌dissipated‌‌in‌‌many‌‌ways.‌‌In‌‌case‌‌of‌‌smaller‌‌ratings‌‌of‌‌ 
transformers,‌‌its‌‌tanks‌‌may‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌dissipate‌‌the‌‌heat‌‌directly‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ 
atmospheric‌‌dry‌‌while‌‌bigger‌‌ratings‌‌may‌‌require‌‌additional‌‌dissipating‌‌surface‌‌ 
in‌‌form‌‌of‌‌tubes/‌‌radiators‌‌connected‌‌to‌‌tank‌‌or‌‌in‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌‌radiator‌‌tank.‌‌In‌‌ 
these‌‌cases,‌‌the‌‌heat‌‌dissipation‌‌is‌‌from‌‌transformer‌‌oil‌‌in‌‌atmospheric‌‌air‌‌by‌‌ 
natural‌‌means.‌‌This‌‌form‌‌of‌‌cooling‌‌is‌‌known‌‌as‌‌ONAN‌‌(Oil‌‌Natural,‌‌Air‌‌ 
Natural)‌‌types‌‌of‌‌cooling.‌  ‌

 ‌

2‌‌ONAF‌‌type‌‌of‌‌cooling:‌‌   ‌

For‌‌further‌‌augmenting‌‌the‌‌rate‌‌of‌‌dissipation‌‌of‌‌heat,‌‌other‌‌means‌‌such‌‌as‌‌fans‌‌ 
blowing‌‌air‌‌on‌‌the‌‌cooling‌‌surfaces‌‌are‌‌employed.‌‌The‌‌forced‌‌air‌‌takes‌‌away‌‌the‌‌ 
heat‌‌at‌‌a‌‌faster‌‌rate,‌‌thereby‌‌giving‌‌better‌‌cooling‌‌rate‌‌than‌‌natural‌‌air.‌‌This‌‌type‌‌ 
of‌‌cooling‌‌is‌‌called‌‌ONAF‌‌(Oil‌‌Natural‌‌Air‌‌Forced)‌‌type‌‌of‌ ‌cooling.‌‌   ‌

In‌‌this‌‌cooling‌‌arrangement,‌‌additional‌‌raring‌‌under‌‌ONAN‌‌condition‌‌viz.‌‌after‌‌ 
shutting‌‌off‌‌fans,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌available,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌of‌‌the‌‌order‌‌of‌‌70-75%.‌‌   ‌

5.1‌‌Cooling‌‌Arrangements‌‌Depending‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌type‌‌of‌‌cooling‌‌and‌‌rating‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ 
transformer,‌‌the‌‌cooling‌‌equipment‌‌can‌‌be‌‌arranged‌‌in‌‌various‌‌ways.‌‌   ‌

5.2‌‌Arrangement‌‌with‌‌Radiators‌‌Radiators‌‌are‌‌commonly‌‌used‌‌for‌‌ONAN‌‌and‌‌ 
ONAF‌‌types‌‌cooling.‌‌Radiator‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌element‌‌joined‌‌to‌‌and‌‌bottom‌‌ 
headers,‌‌elements‌‌are‌‌made‌‌by‌‌welding‌‌two‌‌previously‌‌rolled‌‌and‌‌pressed‌‌thin‌‌ 
steel‌‌sheets‌‌to‌‌form‌‌a‌‌number‌‌of‌‌channels‌‌of‌‌flutes‌‌through‌‌which‌‌oil‌‌flows.‌‌ 
These‌‌radiators‌‌can‌‌be‌‌either‌‌mounted‌‌directly‌‌on‌‌the‌‌transformer‌‌tank‌‌or‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ 
form‌‌of‌‌a‌‌bank‌‌or‌‌connected‌‌to‌‌the‌‌tank‌‌through‌‌the‌‌piper.‌‌   ‌
 18‌  ‌
 ‌

The‌‌surface‌‌area‌‌available‌‌for‌‌dissipation‌‌of‌‌heat‌‌is‌‌a‌‌multiple‌‌manifold‌‌by‌‌using‌‌ 
various‌‌elements‌‌in‌‌parallel.‌‌As‌‌oil‌‌passes‌‌downwards‌‌either‌‌due‌‌to‌‌natural‌‌ 
circulation‌‌or‌‌force‌‌of‌‌a‌‌pump‌‌in‌‌the‌‌cooling‌‌circuits,‌‌the‌‌surrounding‌‌ 
atmosphere‌‌air‌‌carries‌‌heat‌‌away.‌‌   ‌

5.3‌‌Arrangements‌‌with‌‌Fans‌‌These‌‌fans‌‌deliver‌‌large‌‌air‌‌volume‌‌at‌‌moderate‌‌ 
speed‌‌with‌‌minimum‌‌sound‌‌and‌‌low‌‌power‌‌consumption.‌‌Ring‌‌mounted‌‌fans‌‌ 
are‌‌designed‌‌to‌‌give‌‌maximum‌‌volume‌‌under‌‌free‌‌airflow‌‌condition‌‌and‌‌ 
resistance‌‌up‌‌to‌‌approximately‌‌6mm‌‌WC.‌‌   ‌

These‌‌fans‌‌generally‌‌conform‌‌to‌‌IS2312‌‌and‌‌are‌‌used‌‌for‌‌radiator‌‌cooling.‌‌Fan‌‌ 
consists‌‌of‌‌a‌‌totally‌‌enclosed‌‌continuously‌‌rated‌‌specially‌‌designed‌‌motor‌‌with‌‌ 
class‌‌B‌‌insulation‌‌and‌‌IP-55‌‌class‌‌of‌‌protection‌‌to‌‌meet‌‌fan‌‌duty,‌‌impeller‌‌ 
constructed‌‌with‌‌four‌‌broad‌‌faces.‌‌Steel‌‌sheet‌‌blades‌‌assembly‌‌on‌‌18‌‌robust‌‌ 
aluminum‌‌hubs,‌‌four‌‌arms,‌‌pressed‌‌sheet‌‌mounting‌‌ring‌‌and‌‌four‌‌rubber‌‌ 
cushions.‌  ‌

 ‌
 ‌

 ‌

6.‌‌Temperature‌‌Meters‌‌   ‌
 19‌  ‌
 ‌

There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌temperatures‌‌indicating‌‌metering‌‌power‌‌transformers,‌‌which‌‌ 
indicate‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌temperature‌‌and‌‌winding‌‌temperature.‌‌Temperature‌‌measured‌‌in‌‌ 
degrees‌‌Celsius.‌‌A‌‌complete‌‌assembly‌‌of‌‌a‌‌transformer‌‌with‌‌details‌‌of‌‌core,‌‌ 
wingding,‌‌tank‌‌connections‌‌and‌‌major‌‌accessories.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Temperature‌‌Indicator:‌  ‌
 ‌
There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌temperature‌‌indicators‌‌on‌‌the‌‌transformer‌‌tank‌‌one‌‌for‌‌oil‌‌ 
temperature‌‌measurement‌‌&‌‌another‌‌for‌‌core‌‌temperature‌‌measurement.‌‌In‌‌31.5‌‌ 
MVA‌‌Transformers‌‌when‌‌oil‌‌temperature‌‌reaches‌‌65‌o‌‌ ‌c‌‌cooling‌‌fans‌‌starts‌‌ 
automatically‌‌but‌‌when‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌temperature‌‌rises‌‌at‌‌75‌o‌c‌‌or‌‌winding‌‌temperature‌‌ 
rises‌‌at‌‌85‌o‌c‌‌the‌‌alarm‌‌circuit‌‌will‌‌be‌‌closed.‌‌Further‌‌increase‌‌in‌‌oil‌‌or‌‌winding‌  ‌
temp‌ ‌the‌‌circuit‌‌will‌‌trip‌‌automatically.‌‌Cooling‌‌fans‌‌are placed‌‌beside‌‌the‌‌ 
radiator‌‌tube,‌‌which‌‌are‌‌used‌‌for‌‌oil‌‌cooling.‌‌Generally‌‌the‌‌cooling‌‌fans‌‌start‌‌ 
automatically‌‌but‌‌when‌‌needed‌ ‌it‌‌can‌‌be‌‌started‌‌manually.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Bushing:‌  ‌
 ‌
It‌‌is‌‌fixed‌‌on‌‌the‌‌transformer‌‌tank‌‌and‌‌these‌‌connections‌‌are‌‌made‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ 
external‌‌circuits.‌‌Ordinary‌‌porcelain‌‌insulators‌‌can‌‌be‌‌used‌‌as‌‌bushing‌ ‌upto‌‌ 
voltage‌‌of‌‌33‌‌kV.‌‌Above‌‌33‌‌kv‌‌oil‌‌filled‌‌type‌‌bushings‌‌are‌‌used.‌‌In‌‌filled‌‌ 
bushings,‌‌the‌  ‌
conductor‌‌is‌‌passed‌‌through‌‌the‌‌hollow porcelain‌‌insulator‌‌which‌‌is‌‌filled‌‌with‌‌ 
oil.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

7.‌‌Conservator‌‌and‌‌Air‌‌Cell‌‌   ‌

As‌‌the‌‌temperature‌‌of‌‌oil‌‌increases‌‌or‌‌decreases‌‌during‌‌operation‌‌there‌‌is‌‌a ‌‌
corresponding‌‌rise‌‌or‌‌falling‌‌volume‌‌to‌‌account‌‌for‌‌this‌‌an‌‌expansion‌‌vessel‌ 
(conservator)‌‌is‌‌connected‌‌to‌‌the‌‌transformer‌‌tank.‌‌The‌‌conservator‌‌has‌‌a‌‌ 
capacity‌‌between‌‌the‌‌minimum‌‌to‌‌maximum‌‌oil‌‌level‌‌equal‌‌to‌‌7.5‌‌&‌‌of‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌in‌‌ 
the‌‌transformer.‌‌The‌‌atmoseal‌‌type‌‌conservator,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌filled‌‌with‌‌oil‌‌to‌‌level‌‌ 
appropriate‌‌to‌‌filling‌‌temperature‌‌and‌‌in‌‌the‌‌remaining‌‌portion‌‌is‌‌air‌‌cell,‌‌which‌‌ 
is‌‌connected‌‌to‌‌atmosphere‌‌through‌‌a‌‌breather.‌‌   ‌

As‌‌the‌‌breather‌‌is‌‌through‌‌an‌‌air‌‌cell‌‌no‌‌moisture‌‌comes‌‌in‌‌contact‌‌with‌‌oil,‌‌this‌‌ 
protects‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌from‌‌deterioration‌‌or‌‌contamination.Air‌‌cell‌‌is‌‌a‌‌flexible‌‌ 
separator‌‌filled‌‌inside‌‌the‌‌conservator.‌‌Oil‌‌being‌‌out‌‌of‌‌the‌‌air‌‌cell,‌‌the‌‌separator‌‌ 
 20‌  ‌
 ‌

is‌‌in‌‌direct‌‌contact‌‌with‌‌the‌‌atmosphere.‌‌The‌‌advantage‌‌of‌‌air‌‌deterioration‌‌or‌‌ 
contamination.‌‌   ‌

1.‌‌An‌‌efficient‌‌barrier‌‌between‌‌oil‌‌and‌‌air.‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌A‌‌protection‌‌against‌‌water‌‌vapors.‌‌   ‌

3.‌‌The‌‌suppression‌‌of‌‌any‌‌gas‌‌bubbles‌‌formation‌‌in‌‌the‌‌oil.‌‌Air‌‌cell‌‌is‌‌made‌‌ 
from‌‌coated‌‌fabric‌‌with‌‌external‌‌coating‌‌resistance‌‌to‌‌transformer‌‌oil‌‌and‌‌inner‌‌ 
coating‌‌to‌‌ozone‌‌and‌‌weather.‌  ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

8.‌‌Buchholz’s‌‌Relay‌‌   ‌

The‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌fitted‌‌with‌‌a‌‌bubble‌‌float‌‌buchholz‌‌relay.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌fitted‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ 
feed‌‌pipe‌‌from‌‌conservator‌‌to‌‌tank.‌‌Any‌‌internal‌‌fault‌‌in‌‌the‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌ 
detected‌‌by‌‌buchholz‌‌relay‌‌the‌‌gas‌‌liberated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌divided‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ 
buchholz‌‌relay‌‌without‌‌being‌‌trapped‌‌anywhere.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌
 ‌
 21‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

9.‌‌Dehydration‌‌Breather‌‌The‌‌conservator‌‌is‌‌connected‌‌outside‌‌through‌‌ 
dehydration‌‌(Silicage‌‌filled)‌‌breather‌‌to‌‌make‌‌sure‌‌that‌‌the‌‌air‌‌in‌‌conservation‌‌is‌‌ 
dry.‌‌   ‌

  ‌

 ‌
10.‌‌Oil‌‌Temperature‌‌Indicator‌  ‌

Oil‌‌temperature‌‌indicator‌‌operates‌‌on‌‌the‌‌principle‌‌of‌‌liquid‌‌expansion.‌‌The‌‌OTI‌‌ 
provided‌‌with‌‌a‌‌maximum‌‌pointer‌‌and‌‌two‌‌mercury‌‌switches‌‌are‌‌adjustable‌‌to‌‌ 
make‌‌contact‌‌between‌‌500‌‌to‌‌1200‌‌with‌‌the‌‌fixed‌‌differential‌‌of‌‌100‌‌.  ‌‌ ‌

The‌‌temperature‌‌for‌‌the‌‌alarm‌‌and‌‌trip‌‌contact‌‌setting‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌as‌‌under:-‌‌alarm‌‌ 
800‌‌to‌‌900.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

11.‌‌Winding‌‌Temperature‌‌Indicator‌‌   ‌
 22‌  ‌
 ‌

The‌‌indicator‌‌is‌‌fitted‌‌with‌‌four‌‌mercury‌‌switches,‌‌one‌‌is‌‌used‌‌for‌‌alarm,‌‌2nd‌‌is‌‌ 
for‌‌tripe‌‌and‌‌3rd‌‌is‌‌for‌‌fans‌‌on‌‌and‌‌4th‌‌pumps‌‌control.‌‌All‌‌the‌‌switches‌‌are‌‌ 
adjustable.‌‌   ‌

12.‌‌Earthing‌‌   ‌

Connecting‌‌leads‌‌from‌‌core‌‌and‌‌end‌‌frame‌‌are‌‌being‌‌terminated‌‌at‌‌the‌‌top‌‌at‌‌the‌‌ 
top‌‌of‌‌cover.‌‌By‌‌connecting‌‌them‌‌to‌‌tank‌‌cover,‌‌core‌‌and‌‌end‌‌frames‌‌being‌‌ 
earthed.‌‌For‌‌Bank‌‌earthing‌‌two‌‌number‌‌studs‌‌have‌‌been‌‌provided‌‌on‌‌the‌‌tank.‌‌   ‌

13.‌‌Terminal‌‌Bushings‌‌   ‌

It‌‌is‌‌used‌‌to‌‌isolate‌‌the‌‌leads‌‌that‌‌are‌‌coming‌‌from‌‌the‌‌transformer.‌‌The‌‌size‌‌of‌‌ 
the‌‌bushing‌‌is‌‌justified‌‌according‌‌to‌‌the‌‌operation‌‌voltage‌‌of‌‌the‌‌particular‌‌ 
winding.‌‌The‌‌active‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bushing‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌an‌‌Oil‌‌Impregnated‌‌Paper‌‌ 
(O.I.P.)‌‌a‌‌condenser‌‌core‌‌manufactured‌‌from‌‌superior‌‌grade‌‌craft‌‌paper‌‌would‌‌ 
be‌‌on‌‌an‌‌aluminum‌‌tube.‌‌   ‌

This‌‌bushing‌‌is‌‌voltage‌‌graded‌‌by‌‌suitably‌‌interposed‌‌aluminum‌‌foils‌‌forming‌‌ 
condenser‌‌layers.‌‌Thus‌‌the‌‌electrical‌‌stresses‌‌are‌‌controlled‌‌throughout‌‌the‌‌ 
thickness‌‌and‌‌along‌‌the‌‌surface‌‌avoiding‌‌any‌‌highly‌‌stress‌‌concentrations.‌‌The‌‌ 
bushing‌‌is‌‌supplied‌‌fully‌‌assembled‌‌in‌‌a‌‌wooden‌‌packing‌‌case‌‌with‌‌the‌‌busing‌‌ 
supported‌‌at‌‌an‌ ‌angle‌‌of‌‌10‌‌degree‌‌to‌‌the‌‌horizontal.‌‌The‌‌bushing‌‌should‌‌never‌‌ 
be‌‌placed‌‌horizontally.‌‌   ‌

14.‌‌Insulating‌‌Oil‌‌The‌‌insulating‌‌oil‌‌has‌‌three‌‌functions:‌‌   ‌

1‌‌Provides‌‌additional‌‌insulation‌‌   ‌

2‌‌Protects‌‌the‌‌paper‌‌from‌‌dirt‌‌and‌‌moisture‌‌   ‌

3‌‌Carries‌‌away‌‌the‌‌heat‌‌generated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌core‌‌and‌‌coils.‌‌  

The‌‌Insulating‌‌oil‌‌should‌‌have‌‌the‌‌following‌‌properties‌‌:  ‌‌ ‌

i)‌‌High‌‌Dielectric‌‌Strength.‌‌   ‌

ii)‌‌Free‌‌from‌‌inorganic‌‌acid,‌‌alkali‌‌and‌‌corrosive‌‌sulphur‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌injury‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ 
conductor‌‌or‌‌insulation.‌‌   ‌

iii)Low‌‌viscosity‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌good‌‌heat‌‌transfer‌‌   ‌

iv)‌‌Free‌‌from‌‌sludge‌‌under‌‌normal‌‌operating‌‌conditions.‌‌   ‌
 23‌  ‌
 ‌

v)‌‌Free‌‌from‌‌sludge‌‌under‌‌normal‌‌operating‌‌conditions.‌‌   ‌

vi)‌‌Good‌‌resistance‌‌to‌‌emulsion‌‌so‌‌that‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌may‌‌throw‌‌away‌‌any‌‌moisture‌‌ 
that‌‌enters‌‌the‌‌apparatus.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

3.5‌‌Lighting‌‌Arresters‌‌   ‌

They‌‌are‌‌used‌‌to‌‌protect‌‌the‌‌substation‌‌&‌‌transmission‌‌lines‌‌.‌‌Gap‌‌is‌‌adjusted‌‌in‌‌ 
such‌‌a‌‌way‌‌that‌‌50%‌‌over‌‌voltage‌‌is‌‌the‌‌operator.‌‌We‌‌will‌‌use‌‌value‌‌type‌‌ 
lighting‌‌arresters.‌‌This‌‌type‌‌is‌‌called‌‌a‌‌nonlinear‌‌diverter.‌‌   ‌

In‌‌this‌‌spark‌‌–‌‌gap‌‌&‌‌resistance‌‌disc‌‌are‌‌used‌‌.‌‌When‌‌there‌‌is‌‌less‌‌change‌‌in‌‌line‌‌ 
voltage‌‌than‌‌there‌‌is‌‌no‌‌flashover‌‌in‌‌the‌‌gap‌‌but‌‌when‌‌there‌‌is‌‌over‌‌voltage‌‌& ‌‌
rapid‌‌change‌‌in‌‌voltage‌‌then‌‌even‌‌grounding‌‌of‌‌voltage‌‌will‌‌not‌‌be‌‌possible‌‌the‌‌ 
value‌‌of‌‌flash‌‌over‌‌voltage‌‌depends‌‌on‌‌surge‌‌currents.‌‌   ‌

Operation‌‌will‌‌start‌‌when‌‌voltage‌‌will‌‌increase‌‌10%‌‌of‌‌rated‌‌voltage.‌‌   ‌

1.‌‌Rod‌‌gap‌‌arresters‌‌2.‌‌Horn‌‌gap‌‌arresters‌‌3.‌‌Multigap‌‌arresters‌‌   ‌

4.‌‌Expulsion‌‌type‌‌arresters‌‌   ‌

5.‌‌Value‌‌type‌‌arresters‌  ‌

 ‌

3.6‌‌Circuit‌‌Breakers‌‌Classification‌‌of‌‌circuit‌‌breakers‌‌   ‌

1)‌‌Are‌‌quenching‌‌(Medium‌‌Wise)‌‌   ‌

a)‌‌Air‌‌Blast‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

b)‌‌Oil‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

c)‌‌Air‌‌Blast‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

d)‌‌Vacuum‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

e)‌‌SF₆‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

 ‌

 ‌

2)‌‌Application‌‌wise‌‌: ‌ ‌
 24‌  ‌
 ‌

‌a)‌‌Generator‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

b)‌‌Transformer‌‌Line‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

c)‌‌Industrial‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

d)‌‌Distribution‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

3)‌‌Voltage‌‌Level‌‌Wise:‌‌   ‌

a)‌‌HV/EHV‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

b)‌‌MV‌‌CB‌‌c)‌‌LV‌‌CB‌‌   ‌

4)‌‌Base‌‌on‌‌Construction:‌  ‌

‌a)‌‌Dead‌‌Tank‌‌Breaker‌  ‌

‌b)‌‌Live‌‌Tank‌‌Breaker‌  ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

6.1‌‌SF₆‌‌Circuit‌‌Breaker:‌‌   ‌

In‌‌this‌‌CB,‌‌the‌‌SF₆‌‌gas‌‌is‌‌used‌‌as‌‌an‌‌quenching‌‌agent.‌‌The‌‌process‌‌of‌‌extinction‌‌ 
by‌‌the‌‌gas‌‌is‌‌shown‌‌the‌‌below‌‌block‌‌diagram‌  ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

At‌‌the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌fault:‌  ‌

 ‌
 25‌  ‌
 ‌

‌Contracts‌‌of‌‌CB‌‌open‌‌   ‌

‌ ‌| ‌ ‌
   ‌ ‌

The‌‌Valve‌‌mechanism‌‌permits‌‌high‌‌pressure‌‌SF₆‌‌gas‌‌from‌‌ 
the‌‌reservoir‌‌to‌‌flow‌‌towards‌‌the‌‌are‌‌interruption‌‌chamber‌‌ 
from‌‌the‌‌Trip‌‌Valve,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌now‌‌NO-normally‌‌open.‌  ‌

‌| ‌ ‌

 ‌

The‌‌high‌‌pressure‌‌flow‌‌of‌‌the‌‌SF₆‌‌gas‌‌rapidly‌‌absorbs‌‌ 
the‌‌free‌‌electrons‌‌in‌‌the‌‌are‌‌path‌‌to‌‌form‌‌immobile‌‌ 
negative‌‌ions,‌‌which‌‌are‌‌ineffective‌‌are‌‌charge‌‌ 
carriers.‌  ‌

|‌  ‌ ‌
 ‌

As‌‌a‌‌result,‌‌the‌‌medium‌‌between‌‌the‌‌contacts‌‌quickly‌‌builds‌‌up‌‌high‌‌ 
Dielectric‌‌Strength‌‌&‌‌causes‌‌the‌‌extinction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌arc.‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌

Specification‌‌of‌‌132kV‌‌SF6‌‌C
‌ ircuit‌‌Breaker:‌  ‌
 26‌  ‌
 ‌

Type=120-SFM-32B‌‌(3‌‌Pole)‌‌STD.‌  ‌
Rated‌‌Voltage=145‌‌kV‌  ‌
Rated‌‌Frequency=50‌‌Hz‌ 
Rated‌‌Normal‌‌Current=1600‌‌Amps‌  ‌
Rated‌‌Making‌‌Current=80‌‌k‌‌Amps‌  ‌
Rated‌‌Short‌‌Circuit‌‌Breaking‌‌Current=31.5‌‌k‌‌Amps‌  ‌
Rated‌‌Short‌‌Time‌‌Current=31.5 k‌‌Amps‌‌for‌‌3 Sec‌‌   ‌
Rated‌‌Lightning‌‌Impulse‌‌Withstand‌‌Voltage=650‌‌kv‌‌p ‌ ‌
First‌‌Pole‌‌To‌‌Clear‌‌Factor=1.5‌  ‌
Rated‌‌Gas‌‌Pressure=6‌‌kg/cm‌2‌-gm‌‌at‌‌20‌o‌c‌‌tem‌‌   ‌
Gas‌‌Weight=7.5‌‌kg‌  ‌
Total‌‌Weight=1450‌‌kg‌  ‌
Rated‌‌Coil‌‌Voltage‌‌Closing=220‌‌v‌‌(d.c)‌‌Tripping=230‌‌v‌‌(d.c)‌  ‌
Motor‌‌Voltage=230‌‌v‌‌(a.c)‌  ‌
Auxiliary‌‌Voltage=1‌‌phase‌‌230‌‌v‌‌(a.c)‌  ‌
Rated‌‌Closing‌‌Time<130‌‌m‌‌Sec‌  ‌
Rated‌‌Operating‌‌Time<130‌‌m‌‌Sec‌  ‌
Maker=M/S‌‌CG‌‌l  ‌‌ ‌
 ‌

 ‌

3.6.1.1‌‌Electrical‌‌properties‌‌of‌‌SF₆‌‌Electron‌‌affinity:‌‌   ‌

The‌‌excellent‌‌insulation‌‌properties‌‌of‌‌sulphur‌‌hexafluoride‌‌are‌‌attributable‌‌to‌‌ 
the‌‌strong‌‌electron‌‌affinity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌SF₆‌‌molecule.‌‌This‌‌is‌‌based‌‌27‌‌mainly‌‌on‌‌two‌‌ 
mechanisms,‌‌resonance‌‌capture‌‌and‌‌dissociative‌‌attachment‌‌of‌‌electrons‌‌in‌‌ 
accordance‌‌with‌‌the‌‌equations:‌‌   ‌

1)‌‌SF₆‌‌+e→‌‌SF₆‌‌   ‌

2)‌‌SF₆‌‌+‌‌e‌‌→‌‌SF₅‌‌+‌‌F  ‌‌ ‌

The‌‌process‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌equations‌‌(1)‌‌applies‌‌to‌‌electron‌‌energies‌‌of‌‌0.1‌‌eV‌‌ 
with‌‌an‌‌energy‌‌range‌‌of‌‌0.05eV‌‌and‌‌that‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌equations‌‌(2)‌‌applies‌‌to‌‌ 
an‌‌energy‌‌range‌‌of‌‌0.1‌‌eV.‌‌1.‌‌Are-quenching‌‌capacity:‌‌   ‌

On‌‌account‌‌of‌‌its‌‌thermal‌‌properties‌‌and‌‌low‌‌ionization‌‌temperature,‌‌sulphur‌‌ 
hexafluoride‌‌exhibits‌‌outstanding‌‌characteristics‌‌for‌‌the‌‌extinguishing‌‌of‌‌electric‌‌ 
arcs.‌‌The‌‌quenching‌‌time‌‌using‌‌SF₆‌‌is‌‌about‌‌100‌‌times‌‌less‌‌than‌‌that‌‌using‌‌air.‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌Dielectric‌‌Strength:‌‌The‌‌strong‌‌interaction‌‌of‌‌high-energy‌‌electrons‌‌with‌‌the‌‌ 
polyatomic‌‌SF₆‌‌reaches‌‌that‌‌of‌‌transformer‌‌oil‌‌at‌‌pressure‌‌of‌‌only‌‌3‌‌bars.‌‌   ‌
 27‌  ‌
 ‌

The‌‌breakdown‌‌strength‌‌of‌‌SF₆‌‌is‌‌independent‌‌of‌‌frequency.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌inert‌‌gas.‌‌ 
Chemical‌‌inertness‌‌of‌‌this‌‌gas‌‌is‌‌advantageous‌‌in‌‌switchgear.‌‌   ‌

The‌‌components‌‌do‌‌not‌‌get‌‌oxidized‌‌or‌‌deteriorated.‌‌The‌‌life‌‌of‌‌the‌‌metallic‌‌ 
part,‌‌Contacts‌‌is‌‌longer‌‌in‌‌SF₆‌‌gas.‌‌Hence‌‌the‌‌maintenance‌‌requirements‌‌are‌‌ 
reduced.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

3.6.1.2‌‌Operating‌‌Principles‌‌Of‌‌Sf₆‌‌Circuits‌‌Breaker:‌‌   ‌

 ‌

The‌‌SF6‌‌breaker‌‌operates‌‌on‌‌what‌‌is‌‌usually‌‌referred‌‌as‌‌the‌‌puffer‌‌principle.‌‌In‌‌ 
puffer‌‌type‌‌SF6‌‌circuit‌‌breakers‌‌,‌‌the‌‌entire‌‌breaker‌‌is‌‌filled‌‌with‌‌SF6‌‌gas‌‌at‌‌a ‌‌
single‌‌pressure‌‌of‌‌5‌‌Kg/cm2‌‌or‌‌about‌‌7‌‌bar.‌‌The‌‌breaker‌‌is‌‌a‌‌sealed‌‌unit‌‌. ‌ ‌

‌ uring‌‌the‌‌opening‌‌stroke‌‌the‌‌SF6‌‌gas‌‌is‌‌compressed‌‌and‌‌released‌‌through‌‌the‌‌ 
D
nozzle‌‌of‌‌insulating‌‌material.‌‌The‌‌compressed‌‌gas‌‌flows‌‌through‌‌the‌‌nozzle‌‌at‌‌a ‌‌
high‌‌velocity‌‌and‌‌takes‌‌away‌‌the‌‌heat‌‌produced‌‌by‌‌the‌‌arc;‌‌the‌‌arc‌‌is‌‌quenched‌‌ 
at‌‌a‌‌current‌‌zero.‌‌The‌‌high‌‌dielectric‌‌strength‌‌of‌‌gas‌‌is‌‌useful‌‌in‌‌giving‌‌good‌‌ 
with‌‌stand‌‌voltage‌ ‌SF6‌‌circuit‌‌breakers‌‌that‌‌are‌‌explosion‌‌free‌‌,‌‌can‌‌quench‌‌ 
capacitive‌‌currents‌‌,‌‌short‌‌circuit‌‌current‌‌etc.‌‌Early‌‌and‌‌are‌‌used‌‌for‌‌high‌‌voltage‌‌ 
circuit‌‌breakers‌‌for‌‌voltage‌‌above‌‌3.3‌‌KV‌‌During‌‌manufacture‌‌of‌‌the‌‌breaker‌‌ 
pole‌‌it‌‌is‌‌dried‌‌internally‌‌through‌‌pumping,‌‌the‌‌breaker‌‌pole‌‌is‌‌then‌‌pressurized‌‌ 
and‌‌also‌‌tested‌‌against‌‌leaks‌‌inside‌‌the‌‌pile‌‌there‌‌is‌‌an‌‌absorption‌‌medium‌‌for‌‌ 
the‌‌decomposition‌‌products‌‌of‌‌the‌‌gas.‌‌The‌‌breaker‌‌pole‌‌should‌‌only‌‌be‌‌opened‌‌ 
by‌‌a‌‌trained‌‌person‌‌at‌‌the‌‌manufacturing‌‌factory.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

3.7‌‌Isolators‌‌   ‌

Then‌‌carrying‌‌out‌‌inspection‌‌or‌‌repair‌‌in‌‌a‌‌substation‌‌installation.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌essential‌‌ 
to‌‌disconnect‌‌reliably‌‌the‌‌unit‌‌or‌‌the‌‌section,‌‌on‌‌which‌‌the‌‌work‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌done,‌‌ 
from‌‌all‌‌other‌‌live‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌installation‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌ensure‌‌complete‌‌safety‌‌of‌‌ 
the‌‌working‌‌staff.‌‌To‌‌guard‌‌against‌‌mistakes‌‌it‌‌is‌‌desirable‌‌that‌‌an‌‌apparatus,‌‌ 
which‌‌makes‌‌a‌‌visible‌‌break‌‌in‌‌the‌‌circuit,‌‌should‌‌do‌‌this.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌the‌‌isolating‌‌ 
switch.‌‌It‌‌may‌‌be‌‌defined‌‌as‌‌a‌‌device‌‌used‌‌to‌‌open‌‌(‌‌or‌‌close‌‌)‌‌a‌‌circuit‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ 
voltage‌‌across‌‌the‌‌terminal‌‌e.g.‌‌each‌‌pole‌‌of‌‌the‌‌isolator‌‌will‌‌result‌‌from‌‌the‌‌ 
operation.‌‌   ‌
 28‌  ‌
 ‌

Isolators‌‌are‌‌classified‌‌as:‌‌   ‌

1.‌‌Off‌‌load‌‌isolator-It‌‌is‌‌an‌‌isolator‌‌which‌‌is‌‌operated‌‌when‌‌the‌‌isolator‌‌is‌‌ 
already‌‌disconnected‌‌from‌‌all‌‌sources‌‌of‌‌supply‌‌or‌‌when‌‌the‌‌isolator‌‌is‌‌already‌‌ 
disconnected‌‌from‌‌the‌‌supply‌‌and‌‌current‌‌may‌‌be‌‌due‌‌to‌‌capacitance‌‌current‌‌of‌‌ 
bushings‌‌bus‌‌bar‌‌connections‌‌and‌‌very‌‌short‌‌length‌‌of‌‌cable.‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌On‌‌load‌‌isolator‌‌-It‌‌is‌‌an‌‌isolator,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌operated‌‌in‌‌a‌‌circuit‌‌where‌‌there‌‌is‌‌ 
a‌‌parallel‌‌path‌‌of‌‌low‌‌impedance‌‌so‌‌that‌‌no‌‌significant‌‌change‌‌in‌‌the‌‌voltage‌‌ 
across‌‌the‌‌terminals‌‌of‌‌each‌‌pole‌‌occurs‌‌when‌‌it‌‌is‌‌operated‌‌. ‌ ‌

3.8‌‌Instrument‌‌Transformer‌   ‌ ‌

Is‌‌defined‌‌as‌‌a‌‌transformer‌‌intended‌‌to‌‌feed‌‌the‌‌measuring‌‌instruments,‌‌meters,‌‌ 
relays‌‌etc.‌‌Generally‌‌protective‌‌systems‌‌are‌‌relays‌‌connected‌‌to‌‌the‌‌secondary‌‌of‌‌ 
a‌‌current‌‌transformer‌‌as‌‌they‌‌cannot‌‌withstand‌‌high‌‌currents.‌‌These‌‌IT’s‌‌help‌‌in‌‌ 
reducing‌‌these‌‌voltages‌‌&‌‌currents‌‌to‌‌acceptable‌‌levels‌‌for‌‌operation‌‌of‌‌ 
voltmeters‌‌&‌‌ammeters.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

 ‌

3.8.1‌‌Current‌‌Transformer‌‌   ‌

A‌‌CT‌‌is‌‌an‌‌instrument‌‌transformer‌‌in‌‌which‌‌the‌‌secondary‌‌current‌‌is‌‌ 
substantially‌‌reduced‌‌proportional‌‌to‌‌the‌‌primary‌‌current‌‌&‌‌differs‌‌from‌‌it‌‌by‌‌ 
the‌‌angle‌‌which‌‌is‌‌approx.‌‌direction‌‌of‌‌current‌‌.  ‌‌ ‌

These‌‌transformers‌‌are‌‌different‌‌from‌‌general‌‌power‌‌ 
transformers.‌  ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌
 29‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌
 ‌

Shown‌‌below‌‌are‌‌the‌‌major‌‌differences‌‌that‌‌are‌‌noticeable:‌  ‌

 ‌

Conventional‌‌Transformer‌‌   ‌ Current‌‌Transformer‌  ‌
Driving‌‌Function:‌‌voltage.‌‌   ‌ Driving‌‌Function‌‌:‌‌Current‌  ‌
 ‌

Secondary‌‌load‌‌impedance‌‌  CT‌‌primary‌‌current‌‌is‌‌the‌‌determining‌‌ 
determines‌‌the‌‌secondary‌‌current.‌‌   ‌ and‌‌predominated‌‌factor.‌‌   ‌
Corresponding‌‌to‌‌the‌‌secondary‌‌  Secondary‌‌current‌‌follows‌‌the‌‌ 
current‌‌the‌‌primary‌‌current‌‌flows.‌‌   ‌ primary‌‌current.‌  ‌
 ‌

3.8.1.2‌‌Function‌‌/‌‌Application‌‌of‌‌a‌‌CT‌  ‌
 30‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌

1.‌‌For‌‌Metering‌‌function‌‌: ‌ ‌

I‌ t‌‌transforms‌‌the‌‌high‌‌value‌‌Primary‌‌Current‌‌substantially‌‌low‌‌value‌‌secondary‌‌ 
current‌‌which‌‌can‌‌be‌‌fed‌‌directly‌‌to‌‌measuring‌‌instruments‌‌for‌‌measuring‌‌the‌‌ 
current‌‌&‌‌power‌‌in‌‌the‌‌main‌‌circuit.‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌For‌‌Protection‌‌Purpose:‌‌The‌‌secondary‌‌current‌‌can‌‌also‌‌feed‌‌Protective‌‌ 
Relays‌‌which‌‌operate‌‌the‌‌protective‌‌system‌‌in‌‌the‌‌main‌‌circuit‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌any‌‌ 
abnormality‌‌in‌‌the‌‌system.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Definition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌different‌‌terms‌‌related‌‌with‌‌current‌‌transformers‌‌: ‌ ‌

 ‌

a)‌‌Rated‌‌Primary‌‌Current:‌‌The‌‌value‌‌of‌‌primary‌‌current‌‌on‌‌which‌‌the‌‌primary‌‌ 
performance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌current‌‌transformers‌‌is‌‌specified.‌  ‌

‌ )‌‌Rated‌‌Short‌‌Time‌‌Current:‌‌Its‌‌defined‌‌as‌‌r.m.s‌‌value‌‌of‌‌a.c‌‌component‌‌which‌‌ 
b
the‌‌CT‌‌can‌‌carry‌‌without‌‌damage.‌‌   ‌

c)‌‌Rated‌‌Secondary‌‌Current:‌‌The‌‌value‌‌of‌‌secondary‌‌current‌‌marked‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ 
rating‌‌plate.‌‌   ‌

d)‌‌Rated‌‌Exiting‌‌Current:‌‌The‌‌RMS‌‌value‌‌of‌‌current‌‌taken‌‌by‌‌the‌‌secondary‌‌ 
winding‌‌of‌‌a.‌‌C.T.‌‌When‌‌sinusoidal‌‌voltage‌‌of‌‌rated‌‌frequency‌‌is‌‌applied‌‌to‌‌ 
secondary‌‌with‌‌primary‌‌winding‌‌open.‌  ‌

e‌ )‌‌Rated‌‌Burden:‌‌The‌‌burden‌‌assigned‌‌by‌‌the‌‌manufacturer‌‌at‌‌which‌‌C.T‌‌ 
performs‌‌with‌‌specified‌‌accuracy.‌‌   ‌

f)‌‌Current‌‌Error‌‌Ratio‌‌Error:‌‌The‌‌percentage‌‌error‌‌in‌‌the‌‌magnitude‌‌of‌‌ 
secondary‌‌current‌‌is‌‌defined‌‌in‌‌the‌‌terms‌‌of‌‌current‌‌error.‌  ‌

 ‌

 ‌

3.8.1.3‌‌Burden‌‌on‌‌C.T.‌‌   ‌

Rated‌‌burden‌‌of‌‌CTS‌‌and‌‌VT’s‌‌referring‌‌to‌‌the‌‌maximum‌‌load‌‌in‌‌volt‌‌amperes‌‌9 ‌‌
VAO‌‌which‌‌may‌‌be‌‌applied‌‌across‌‌the‌‌secondary‌‌terminals‌‌without‌‌the‌‌ratio‌‌and‌‌ 
 31‌  ‌
 ‌

phase‌‌angle‌‌error-exceeding‌‌the‌‌permissible‌‌limits.‌‌The‌‌burden‌‌depends‌‌upon‌‌ 
the‌‌number‌‌of‌‌relays‌‌and‌‌instruments‌‌connected‌‌and‌‌their‌‌individuals'‌‌burden‌‌ 
typical‌‌values.‌‌   ‌

3.8.1.4‌‌Various‌‌Types‌‌of‌‌Construction‌‌of‌‌CTs‌‌A‌‌CT‌‌has‌‌following‌‌essential‌‌parts‌‌   ‌

1.‌‌Insulation‌‌over‌‌the‌‌core‌‌by‌‌taps‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌Secondary‌‌winding‌‌having‌‌several‌‌turns‌‌would‌‌be‌‌on‌‌the‌‌insulated‌‌core.‌‌   ‌

3.‌‌Bar‌‌primary‌‌passing‌‌through‌‌the‌‌window‌‌of‌‌the‌‌core‌‌and‌‌terminals.‌‌   ‌

4.‌‌Support‌‌porcelain‌‌or‌‌epoxy‌‌insulator.‌‌   ‌

5.‌‌Synthetic‌‌resin‌‌or‌‌oil‌‌insulation.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

6.‌‌3.8.1.5‌‌CT’s‌‌For‌‌High‌‌Voltage‌‌Installations‌‌   ‌

Separately‌‌mounted‌‌post‌‌type‌‌CT’s‌‌are‌‌suitable‌‌for‌‌outdoor‌‌service.‌‌The‌‌primary‌‌ 
conductor‌‌is‌‌at‌‌high‌‌voltage‌‌with‌‌respect‌‌to‌‌the‌‌earth.‌‌Hence‌‌it‌‌is‌‌insulated‌‌by‌‌ 
means‌‌of‌‌an‌‌insulation‌‌column‌‌filled‌‌with‌‌dielectric‌‌oil.‌‌In‌‌high‌‌voltage‌‌CT’s‌‌the‌‌ 
primary‌‌and‌‌secondary‌‌windings‌‌are‌‌situated‌‌at‌‌the‌‌upper‌‌end‌‌of‌‌the‌‌unit.‌‌The‌‌ 
primary‌‌wdg.‌‌Normally‌‌being‌‌of‌‌bar‌‌type.‌‌   ‌

The‌‌top‌‌–‌‌fabricated‌‌housing‌‌is‌‌at‌‌line‌‌potential‌‌and‌‌is‌‌supported‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ 
porcelain‌‌insulator.‌  ‌

 ‌

 ‌
 ‌
 32‌  ‌
 ‌

3.8.2‌‌Potential‌‌Transformers‌‌   ‌

Potential‌‌transformers‌‌(PT)‌‌are‌‌mainly‌‌instrument‌‌transformers‌‌that‌‌are‌‌ 
basically‌‌used‌‌for‌‌the‌‌following‌‌purposes‌‌: ‌‌

 ‌
1.‌‌For‌‌stepping‌‌down‌‌the‌‌voltage‌‌for‌‌measurement‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌As‌‌line‌‌voltmeters‌‌   ‌

3.‌‌Protective‌‌relays‌   ‌ ‌

4.‌‌Tariff‌‌meters‌   ‌ ‌

 ‌
Specification‌‌of‌‌132‌‌kV‌‌P.T.:‌  ‌
 ‌
Line‌‌voltage=132‌‌kV‌  ‌
VA/Phase=750‌  ‌
Phase=1‌  ‌
Class=B‌  ‌
Frequency=50‌‌Hz*‌  ‌
Neutrally‌‌Earthed‌‌Voltage=‌  ‌
Primary-73200V‌  ‌
Secondary-63.5V‌  ‌
   ‌ ‌

 ‌

3.8.2.1‌‌Construction‌‌   ‌

The‌‌PT‌‌is‌‌mostly‌‌step‌‌down‌‌and‌‌shell‌‌type.‌‌The‌‌secondary‌‌voltage‌‌is‌‌generally‌‌ 
110‌‌V‌‌potential‌‌transformers‌‌are‌‌of‌‌two‌‌types‌‌:  ‌‌ ‌

a.‌‌Magnetic‌‌type‌‌The‌‌magnetic‌‌type‌‌PT‌‌work‌‌on‌‌the‌‌principles‌‌of‌‌power‌‌ 
transformers.‌‌The‌‌design‌‌is‌‌particularly‌‌for‌‌the‌‌system‌‌voltage‌‌of‌‌132‌‌K.V.‌‌and‌‌ 
above‌‌where‌‌it‌‌becomes‌‌increasingly‌‌more‌‌economical.‌‌   ‌
 33‌  ‌
 ‌

Main‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌PT‌‌are‌‌stated‌‌below‌‌:-‌‌   ‌

1.‌‌Core:‌‌The‌‌core‌‌may‌‌be‌‌shell‌‌type‌‌in‌‌its‌‌construction.‌‌Shell‌‌type‌‌core‌‌is‌‌ 
suitable‌‌for‌‌low‌‌voltage‌‌transformers.‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌Winding:‌‌The‌‌primary‌‌and‌‌the‌‌secondary‌‌winding‌‌are‌‌coaxial‌‌to‌‌reduce‌‌ 
leakage‌‌to‌‌minimum.‌‌The‌‌primary‌‌winding‌‌may‌‌be‌‌single‌‌coil‌‌but‌‌must‌‌be‌‌ 
subdivided.‌‌   ‌

‌3.‌‌Insulation:‌‌   ‌

Cotton‌‌type‌‌and‌‌varnished‌‌cambric‌‌are‌‌used‌‌or‌‌soil‌‌construction.‌‌Hard‌‌fiber‌‌ 
separators‌‌are‌‌used‌‌between‌‌coils.‌‌At‌‌low‌‌voltages,‌‌the‌‌transformers‌‌are‌‌usually‌‌ 
filled‌‌without‌‌above‌‌700‌‌volts‌‌being‌‌developed‌‌for‌‌use‌‌up‌‌to‌‌45‌‌K.V.‌‌   ‌

b.‌‌Capacitor‌‌voltage‌‌transformers‌‌(CVT)‌‌CVT‌‌are‌‌used‌‌for‌‌line‌‌voltmeter‌‌ 
synchroscopes,‌‌protective‌‌relays,‌‌tariff‌‌meter‌‌etc.‌‌   ‌

The‌‌supply‌‌frequency-switching‌‌transients,‌‌magnitude‌‌of‌‌connected‌‌burden‌‌etc,‌‌ 
affect‌‌the‌‌performance‌‌of‌‌CVT.‌‌The‌‌CVT‌‌is‌‌more‌‌economical‌‌than‌‌ 
electromagnetic‌‌voltage‌‌transformers‌‌when‌‌the‌‌nominal‌‌system‌‌voltage‌‌ 
increases‌‌above‌‌66‌‌KV.‌‌The‌‌carrier‌‌current‌‌equipment‌‌can‌‌be‌‌connected‌‌via‌‌the‌‌ 
capacitor‌‌voltage‌‌transformers,‌‌thereby‌‌there‌‌is‌‌no‌‌need‌‌of‌‌separated‌‌coupling‌‌ 
capacitors.‌‌The‌‌CVT‌‌are‌‌used‌‌for‌‌voltage‌‌above‌‌66‌‌KV‌‌and‌‌above.‌‌At‌‌such‌‌ 
voltage‌‌the‌‌costs‌‌of‌‌electromagnetic‌‌voltage‌‌transformer‌‌is‌‌too‌‌high.‌‌The‌‌ 
capacitor‌‌connected‌‌in‌‌series‌‌with‌‌the‌‌CVT‌‌acts‌‌like‌‌a‌‌potential‌‌divider.‌‌The‌‌ 
burden‌‌provided‌‌by‌‌the‌‌capacitor‌‌is‌‌negligible.‌‌   ‌

The‌‌construction‌‌of‌‌CTV‌‌depends‌‌on‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌‌the‌‌capacitor's‌‌voltage‌‌divider.‌‌ 
Generally‌‌HV‌‌capacitors‌‌are‌‌enclosed‌‌in‌‌porcelain‌‌housing.‌‌Schedule‌‌of‌‌ 
guaranteed‌‌data‌‌and‌‌technical‌‌particulars‌‌for‌‌4400-pf-400KV‌‌capacitor‌‌voltage‌‌ 
transformers.‌‌   ‌

3.9‌‌Insulators‌‌   ‌

The‌‌insulators‌‌serve‌‌two‌‌purposes.‌‌They‌‌support‌‌the‌‌conductors‌‌and‌‌confine‌‌the‌‌ 
current‌‌to‌‌the‌‌conductors.‌‌The‌‌most‌‌commonly‌‌used‌‌material‌‌for‌‌the‌‌ 
manufacture‌‌of‌‌insulators‌‌is‌‌porcelain.‌‌There‌‌are‌‌several‌‌types‌‌of‌‌insulators‌‌and‌‌ 
their‌‌use‌‌in‌‌the‌‌substation‌‌will‌‌depend‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌service‌‌requirement.‌‌   ‌

It‌‌is‌ ‌stronger‌‌mechanically‌‌than‌‌glass,‌‌gives‌‌less‌‌trouble‌‌from‌‌leakage‌‌&‌‌is‌‌less‌‌ 
affected‌‌by‌‌change‌‌of‌‌temperature.‌‌   ‌
 34‌  ‌
 ‌

Type‌‌of‌‌insulators‌‌   ‌

i)‌‌Pin‌‌type‌‌Insulator‌‌   ‌

ii)‌‌Suspension‌‌type‌‌insulator‌‌   ‌

iii)Strain‌‌Insulator‌‌   ‌

iv)‌‌Shackle‌‌Insulators‌‌   ‌

v)‌‌Post‌‌Insulators.‌‌   ‌

Their‌‌use‌‌in‌‌the‌‌substation‌‌will‌‌depend‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌service‌‌requirement.‌‌   ‌

3.9.1‌‌Pin‌‌type‌‌Insulator‌‌   ‌

Pin‌‌type‌‌of‌‌insulator‌‌is‌‌not‌‌economical‌‌beyond‌‌33‌‌KV.‌‌For‌‌high‌‌voltage‌‌(>33‌‌ 
kV),‌‌it‌‌is‌‌a‌‌usual‌‌practice‌‌to‌‌use‌‌suspension‌‌type‌‌insulators.‌‌They‌‌consist‌‌of‌‌a ‌‌
number‌‌of‌‌porcelain‌‌discs‌‌connected‌‌in‌‌series‌‌by‌‌metal‌‌links‌‌in‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌‌a ‌‌
starting.‌‌The‌‌conductor‌‌is‌‌suspended‌‌at‌‌the‌‌bottom‌‌end‌‌of‌‌the‌‌string‌‌while‌‌the‌‌ 
other‌‌end‌‌of‌‌the‌‌string‌‌is‌‌secured‌‌to‌‌the‌‌cross-arm‌‌of‌‌the‌‌tower.‌‌Each‌‌unit‌‌or‌‌disc‌‌ 
is‌‌designed‌‌for‌‌low‌‌voltage.‌‌If‌‌working‌‌voltage‌‌is‌‌66kv,‌‌then‌‌six‌‌discs‌‌in‌‌series‌‌ 
will‌‌be‌‌provided‌‌in‌‌the‌‌string.‌‌   ‌

3.9.2‌‌Strain‌‌Insulators‌‌   ‌

When‌‌there‌‌is‌‌a‌‌dead‌‌end‌‌of‌‌the‌‌line‌‌or‌‌there‌‌is‌‌corner‌‌or‌‌sharp‌‌curve‌‌the‌‌line‌‌is‌‌ 
subjected‌‌to‌‌greater‌‌tension.‌‌In‌‌order‌‌the‌‌lines‌‌of‌‌excessive‌‌tension‌‌are‌‌used.‌‌For‌‌ 
high‌‌voltage‌‌transmission‌‌lines,‌‌strain‌‌insulators‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌an‌‌assembly‌‌of‌‌ 
suspension‌‌the‌‌tension‌‌in‌‌lines‌‌is‌‌exceedingly‌‌high,‌‌2‌‌or‌‌more‌‌strings‌‌are‌‌used‌‌in‌‌ 
parallel‌  ‌

 ‌

CHAPTER-‌‌4  ‌‌ ‌

6:-‌‌POWER‌‌LINE‌‌CARRIER‌‌COMMUNICATION‌‌(PLCC)‌‌   ‌

 ‌

4.1‌‌   ‌

Introduction‌‌For‌‌exchange‌‌of‌‌dates‌‌&‌‌transfer‌‌of‌‌message‌‌between‌‌GSS‌‌voice‌‌ 
communication‌‌is‌‌necessary.‌  ‌
 35‌  ‌
 ‌

‌ igh‌‌frequency‌‌carrying‌‌currents‌‌audio‌‌signals‌‌are‌‌generated,‌‌transmitted‌‌& ‌‌
H
received‌‌with‌‌the‌‌help‌‌of‌‌identical‌‌carrier‌‌current‌‌equipment‌‌provided‌‌on‌‌each‌‌ 
end.‌‌Carrier‌‌current‌‌equipment‌‌comprises‌‌of‌‌following:‌‌   ‌

 ‌

1.‌‌Coupling‌‌Capacitor‌‌   ‌

It‌‌acts‌‌like‌‌a‌‌filter.‌‌It‌‌blocks‌‌power‌‌frequency‌‌(50hz)‌‌while‌‌offering‌‌low‌‌ 
reactance‌‌to‌‌carrier‌‌frequencies‌‌as‌‌it‌‌allows‌‌them‌‌to‌‌pass‌‌through‌‌because.‌‌For‌‌ 
example‌‌A‌‌2000‌‌pf‌‌capacitors‌‌offer‌‌1.5-mega‌‌ohm‌‌to‌‌50hz‌‌while‌‌if‌‌just‌‌offer‌‌ 
150‌‌ohms‌‌to‌‌500‌‌kHz.‌‌Thus‌‌the‌‌coupling‌‌capacitor‌‌allows‌‌the‌‌carrier‌‌frequency‌‌ 
signal‌‌to‌‌enter‌‌the‌‌carrier‌‌equipment‌‌bus‌‌but‌‌does‌‌not‌‌allow‌‌50hz‌‌power‌‌ 
frequency‌‌current‌‌to‌‌enter‌‌the‌‌carrier‌‌equipment.‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌Wave‌‌Trap‌‌Unit‌‌It‌‌is‌‌parallel‌‌turned‌‌consisting‌‌of‌‌c‌‌&‌‌I.‌‌It‌‌has‌‌low‌‌impedance‌‌ 
to‌‌50hz‌‌&‌‌high‌‌impedance‌‌to‌‌carrier‌‌frequencies‌‌get‌‌passed‌‌through‌‌wave‌‌trap‌‌ 
&‌‌carrier‌‌frequencies‌‌passes‌‌through‌‌coupling‌‌capacitor‌‌&‌‌reaches‌‌carrier‌‌ 
current‌‌Wave‌‌traps‌‌are‌‌mounted‌‌in‌‌outdoor‌‌switchyard.‌‌Wave‌‌trap‌‌mounted‌‌at‌‌ 
GSS‌‌is‌‌“under‌‌hung”.‌  ‌

3.‌‌Transmitter‌‌&‌‌Receiver‌‌Unit‌‌Carrier‌‌current‌‌unit‌‌acts‌‌like‌‌both‌‌transmitter‌‌ 
receiver‌‌carrier‌‌frequencies‌‌are‌‌generated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌master‌‌oscillator‌‌and‌‌can‌‌be‌‌ 
tuned‌‌to‌‌a‌‌particular‌‌frequency‌‌selected‌‌for‌‌the‌‌application‌‌output‌‌voltage‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ 
oscillator‌‌is‌‌held‌‌constant‌‌by‌‌voltage‌‌stabilizers.‌‌Output‌‌of‌‌oscillators‌‌is‌‌fed‌‌to‌‌ 
amplifiers,‌‌which‌‌increases‌‌the‌‌strength‌‌of‌‌signal‌‌to‌‌be‌‌transmitted‌‌to‌‌overcome‌‌ 
the‌‌transmission‌‌losses.‌‌Line‌‌losses‌‌vary‌‌with‌‌length‌‌of‌‌line‌‌frequency‌‌type‌‌of‌‌ 
line‌‌losses‌‌in‌‌overhead‌‌lines.‌‌Receiving‌‌unit‌‌consists‌‌of‌‌an‌‌alternator.‌‌Band‌‌pass‌‌ 
filter‌‌restricts‌‌the‌‌acceptance‌‌of‌‌uncounted‌‌signal‌‌&‌‌matching‌‌transformer‌‌or‌‌ 
matching‌‌element‌‌matches‌‌the‌‌impedance‌‌of‌‌line‌‌&‌‌receiving‌‌unit‌‌block‌‌ 
diagram‌‌of‌‌receiving‌‌of‌‌receiving‌‌unit.‌  ‌

 ‌

CHAPTER-‌‌5  ‌‌ ‌

7:-‌‌SUBSTATION‌  ‌

‌5.1‌‌Introduction:‌‌   ‌
 36‌  ‌
 ‌

Substations‌‌are‌‌an‌‌important‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌power‌‌system.‌‌The‌‌assembly‌‌of‌‌ 
apparatus‌‌used‌‌to‌‌change‌‌some‌‌characteristics‌‌(e.g.‌‌voltage,‌‌arc.‌‌to‌‌o.k.‌‌ 
frequency,‌‌p.f‌‌etc)‌‌of‌‌electrical‌‌supply‌‌is‌‌called‌‌substation.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

5.2‌‌Classification‌‌of‌‌Substation‌‌   ‌

There‌‌are‌‌several‌‌ways‌‌of‌‌classifying‌‌substations.‌‌However,‌‌the‌‌two‌‌most‌‌ 
important‌‌ways‌‌of‌‌classifying‌‌them‌‌are‌‌according‌‌to:‌‌   ‌

 ‌

1)‌‌Service‌‌requirements‌‌and‌‌   ‌

2)‌‌Constructional‌‌features‌‌   ‌

 ‌

 ‌

1.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌service‌‌requirements:‌   ‌

a)‌‌Transformer‌‌substations‌‌   ‌

b)‌‌Switching‌‌substations‌‌   ‌

c)‌‌Power‌‌factor‌‌control‌‌substation‌‌   ‌

d)‌‌Frequency‌‌changer‌‌substation‌‌   ‌

e)‌‌Converting‌‌substations‌‌   ‌

f)‌‌Industrial‌‌substations‌‌   ‌

 ‌

 ‌

2.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌constructional‌‌features:‌‌   ‌

a)‌‌Indoor‌‌substations‌‌   ‌

b)‌‌Outdoor‌‌substations‌‌   ‌

c)‌‌Underground‌‌substations‌‌   ‌
 37‌  ‌
 ‌

d)‌‌Pole-mounted‌‌substations‌  ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

CHAPTER-6‌‌   ‌

 ‌

8:-‌‌PROTECTIVE‌‌RELAY‌  ‌

6.1‌‌Introduction‌  ‌

In‌‌order‌‌to‌‌generate‌‌electric‌‌power‌‌and‌‌transmit‌‌to‌‌customers,‌‌millions‌‌of‌‌rupees‌‌ 
must‌‌be‌‌spent‌‌on‌‌power‌‌system‌‌equipment.‌‌This‌‌equipment‌‌is‌‌designed‌‌to‌‌work‌‌ 
under‌‌specified‌‌normal‌‌conditions.‌‌However‌‌a‌‌fault‌‌may‌‌occur‌‌causing‌‌the‌‌ 
system‌‌to‌‌collapse.‌‌   ‌

This‌‌fault‌‌occurs‌‌because‌‌of:‌‌   ‌

1)‌‌Over‌‌voltage‌‌due‌‌to‌‌switching.‌‌   ‌

2)‌‌Over‌‌voltage‌‌due‌‌to‌‌direct‌‌and‌‌indirect‌‌lighting‌‌strokes.‌‌   ‌

3)‌‌Bridging‌‌of‌‌conductors‌‌by‌‌birds.‌‌   ‌

4)‌‌Breakdown‌‌of‌‌insulation‌‌due‌‌to‌‌decrease‌‌of‌‌its‌‌dielectric‌‌strength.‌‌   ‌

5)‌‌Mechanical‌‌damage‌‌of‌‌equipment.‌‌   ‌

These‌‌short‌‌circuits‌‌may‌‌cause‌‌heavy‌‌damage‌‌to‌‌equipment‌‌and‌‌would‌‌also‌‌ 
cause‌‌intolerable‌‌interruption‌‌of‌‌service‌‌to‌‌customers.‌  ‌

 ‌

6.2‌‌Relays‌‌   ‌

Relays‌‌are‌‌the‌‌devices‌‌that‌‌detect‌‌abnormal‌‌conditions‌‌in‌‌electrical‌‌circuits‌‌by‌‌ 
constantly‌‌measuring‌‌electrical‌‌quantities,‌‌which‌‌are‌‌different‌‌under‌‌normal‌‌and‌‌ 
fault‌‌conditions.‌‌The‌‌basic‌‌electrical‌‌quantities,‌‌which‌‌may‌‌change‌‌under‌‌fault‌‌ 
conditions,‌‌are‌‌voltage,‌‌current,‌‌phase‌‌angle‌‌and‌‌frequency.‌‌Having‌‌detected‌‌the‌‌ 
faults‌‌the‌‌relays‌‌operate‌‌to‌‌compete‌‌with‌‌the‌‌trip‌‌circuit‌‌which‌‌result‌‌in‌‌opening‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌circuit‌‌breaker‌‌and‌‌therefore‌‌in‌‌the‌‌disconnection‌‌of‌‌the‌‌faulty‌‌circuits.‌  ‌
 38‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌

Basic‌‌requirements‌‌of‌‌protective‌‌relaying:‌  ‌

A‌‌well‌‌designed‌‌and‌‌protective‌‌relaying‌‌should‌‌have‌‌   ‌

i)‌‌Speed‌‌   ‌

ii)‌‌Selectivity‌‌   ‌

iii)Sensitivity‌‌   ‌

iv)Reliability‌‌   ‌

v)‌‌Simplicity‌‌   ‌

vi)‌‌Economy‌‌   ‌

 ‌

6.3‌‌Types‌‌of‌‌Protection‌‌   ‌

There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌types‌‌of‌‌protection‌‌known‌‌as‌‌primary‌‌and‌‌backup.‌‌The‌‌primary‌‌ 
protection‌‌is‌‌the‌‌first‌‌line‌‌to‌‌defense‌‌and‌‌primary‌‌relays‌‌clear‌‌faults‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ 
protected‌‌system‌‌as‌‌fast‌‌as‌‌possible.‌‌The‌‌reliability,‌‌not‌‌only‌‌if‌‌the‌‌protected‌‌ 
scheme‌‌but‌‌also‌‌of‌‌the‌‌associated‌‌C.T.‌‌'s,‌‌P.T.’s‌‌and‌‌the‌‌C.B.‌‌'s‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌ 
guaranteed.‌‌Therefore‌‌some‌‌sort‌‌of‌‌back‌‌up‌‌protection‌‌must‌‌be‌‌provided.‌‌The‌‌ 
backup‌‌relay‌‌operates‌‌if‌‌the‌‌primary‌‌relays‌‌fail‌‌and‌‌covers‌‌not‌‌only‌‌the‌‌local‌‌ 
primary‌‌relays‌‌to‌‌operate.‌‌Protective‌‌relays‌‌are‌‌classified‌‌depending‌‌upon‌‌their‌‌ 
construction‌‌and‌‌principles‌‌of‌‌operation‌‌such‌‌as:-Ordinary‌‌electromagnetic‌‌ 
relays‌‌consisting‌‌of‌‌moving‌‌plunger,‌‌moving‌‌iron,‌‌attracted‌‌armature‌‌hinged‌‌and‌‌ 
balanced‌‌beams‌‌types‌‌of‌‌relays‌‌are‌‌various‌‌examples,‌‌D.C.‌‌actuated‌‌such‌‌ 
replays.‌‌Electromagnetic‌‌induction‌‌or‌‌simply‌‌induction‌‌relays‌‌use‌‌the‌‌principles‌‌ 
of‌‌induction‌‌motors‌‌(whereby‌‌torque‌‌is‌‌developed‌‌by‌‌induction‌‌in‌‌the‌‌rotor)‌‌in‌‌ 
their‌‌operation.‌‌Such‌‌relays‌‌are‌‌actuated‌‌by‌‌A.C.‌‌quantities‌‌only.‌‌Electro‌‌thermal‌‌ 
relays‌‌(thermal‌‌overload‌‌protection‌‌using‌‌bimetallic‌‌strip)‌‌Physic-electrical‌‌ 
relays:‌‌Bucholy’s‌‌relays‌‌are‌‌examples‌‌of‌‌this‌‌type.‌‌Static‌‌relays‌‌employing‌‌ 
thermionic‌‌valves,‌‌transistors‌‌or‌‌magnetic‌‌amplifiers‌‌to‌‌obtain‌‌the‌‌operating‌‌ 
characteristics.‌‌Electro-dynamic‌‌relays‌‌operate‌‌on‌‌the‌‌same‌‌principles‌‌as‌‌ 
moving‌‌coil‌‌instruments.‌‌   ‌

 ‌
 39‌  ‌
 ‌

The‌‌various‌‌types‌‌of‌‌relays‌‌installed‌‌at‌‌132‌‌KV‌‌GSS‌‌are:‌‌-  ‌‌ ‌

1)‌‌Over‌‌current‌‌relays‌‌   ‌

2)‌‌Distance‌‌relays‌‌   ‌

3)‌‌Differential‌‌relays‌‌   ‌

4)‌‌Earth‌‌fault‌‌relays‌‌   ‌

 ‌

1)‌‌Over‌‌Current‌‌Relays:‌‌Directional‌‌type‌‌over‌‌current‌‌relays‌‌works‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ 
induction‌‌principles‌‌and‌‌initiates‌‌corrective‌‌measures‌‌when‌‌current‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ 
circuit.‌‌Exceed‌‌the‌‌predetermined‌‌value.‌‌The‌‌actuating‌‌source‌‌is‌‌a‌‌current‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ 
circuit‌‌supplied‌‌to‌‌the‌‌relay‌‌from‌‌a‌‌current‌‌transformer.‌‌These‌‌relays‌‌are‌‌used‌‌on‌‌ 
a.c.‌‌circuits‌‌and‌‌can‌‌operate‌‌for‌‌fault‌‌flow‌‌in‌‌either‌‌direction.‌‌But‌‌their‌‌relays‌‌are‌‌ 
unsuitable‌‌for‌‌use‌‌as‌‌a‌‌directional‌‌protective‌‌relay‌‌under‌‌short‌‌circuit‌‌conditions.‌‌ 
When‌‌a‌‌short‌‌circuit‌‌occurs,‌‌the‌‌system‌‌value‌‌falls‌‌to‌‌a‌‌low‌‌value‌‌and‌‌there‌‌may‌‌ 
be‌‌insufficient‌‌torque‌‌developed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌relays‌‌to‌‌cause‌‌its‌‌operation.‌‌This‌‌ 
difficulty‌‌is‌‌overcome‌‌in‌‌the‌‌directional‌‌over‌‌current‌‌relays,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌designed‌‌ 
to‌‌be‌‌almost‌‌independent‌‌of‌‌system‌‌voltage‌‌and‌‌power‌‌factor.‌‌Operation:‌‌Under‌‌ 
normal‌‌operating‌‌conditions,‌‌power‌‌flows‌‌in‌‌the‌‌normal‌‌direction‌‌in‌‌the‌‌circuit‌‌ 
protected‌‌by‌‌the‌‌relays.‌‌Therefore,‌‌directional‌‌power‌‌relays‌‌(upper‌‌element)‌‌do‌‌ 
not‌‌operate,‌‌thereby‌‌keeping‌‌the‌‌overcurrent‌‌element‌‌(lower‌‌element)‌‌energized.‌‌ 
However‌‌when‌‌a‌‌short‌‌circuit‌‌occurs,‌‌there‌‌is‌‌tendency‌‌for‌‌the‌‌current‌‌or‌‌power‌‌ 
to‌‌flow‌‌in‌‌the‌‌reverse‌‌direction.‌‌Should‌‌this‌‌happen,‌‌the‌‌disc‌‌of‌‌the‌‌upper‌‌ 
elements‌‌rotates‌‌to‌‌bridge‌‌the‌‌fixed‌‌contact‌‌1‌‌and‌‌2.‌‌This‌‌completes‌‌the‌‌circuits‌‌ 
for‌‌overcurrent‌‌elements.‌‌The‌‌disc‌‌of‌‌this‌‌element‌‌rotates‌‌and‌‌the‌‌moving‌‌ 
contact‌‌attached‌‌to‌‌it‌‌closes‌‌and‌‌the‌‌trip‌‌circuit.‌‌   ‌

This‌‌operates‌‌this‌‌circuit‌‌breaker‌‌which‌‌isolates‌‌final‌‌tripping‌‌of‌‌the‌‌current‌‌by‌‌ 
them‌‌is‌‌not‌‌made‌‌till‌‌the‌‌following‌‌conditions‌‌are‌‌satisfied:‌‌-  ‌‌ ‌

(a)‌‌Current‌‌flows‌‌in‌‌a‌‌direction‌‌such‌‌as‌‌to‌‌operate‌‌the‌‌directional‌‌element.‌‌   ‌

(b)‌‌Current‌‌in‌‌the‌‌reverse‌‌direction‌‌exceeds‌‌the‌‌preset‌‌value.‌‌Grading‌‌of‌‌the‌‌time‌‌ 
lags‌‌of‌‌the‌‌relays,‌‌which‌‌controls‌‌a‌‌number‌‌of‌‌switches‌‌in‌‌a‌‌feeder.‌‌These‌‌relays‌‌ 
automatically‌‌adjust‌‌their‌‌time‌‌of‌‌operation‌‌depending‌‌upon‌‌their‌‌distance‌‌from‌‌ 
fault.‌‌   ‌

There‌‌are‌‌four‌‌main‌‌elements‌‌in‌‌any‌‌distance‌‌protection‌‌as‌‌follows:‌‌-  ‌‌ ‌
 40‌  ‌
 ‌

(i)‌‌Operating‌‌elements‌‌“O”:‌‌The‌‌element‌‌brings‌‌protection‌‌into‌‌action‌‌whenever‌‌ 
a‌‌fault‌‌occurs‌‌within‌‌the‌‌protected‌‌zone.‌‌   ‌

(ii)‌‌Directional‌‌elements‌‌“S”:‌‌This‌‌gives‌‌directional‌‌features‌‌to‌‌the‌‌operation‌‌of‌‌ 
the‌‌system‌‌and‌‌is‌‌useful‌‌in‌‌networks‌‌having‌‌duplicate‌‌feeders.‌‌   ‌

As‌‌soon‌‌as‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌current‌‌enters‌‌the‌‌bus‌‌bar‌‌from‌‌the‌‌line‌‌this‌‌element‌‌ 
operates.‌‌   ‌

(iii)‌‌Distance‌‌element‌‌“Z”:‌‌This‌‌is‌‌sensitive‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ratio‌‌of‌‌the‌‌operating‌‌voltage‌‌ 
to‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌current‌‌i.e.‌‌V/‌‌if‌‌or‌‌upon‌‌fictitious‌‌impedance‌‌when‌‌looking‌‌into‌‌the‌‌ 
system‌‌from‌‌the‌‌fault.‌‌Zf=V/1f44‌‌The‌‌value‌‌of‌‌Zf‌‌is‌‌dependent‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌ 
distance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌from‌‌the‌‌relays.‌‌The‌‌principle‌‌of‌‌this‌‌element‌‌is‌‌more‌‌or‌‌ 
less‌‌like‌‌an‌‌ohmmeter.‌‌   ‌

(iv)‌‌Time‌‌delay‌‌element‌‌“T”:‌‌This‌‌element‌‌creates‌‌a‌‌time‌‌lag,‌‌the‌‌importance‌‌of‌‌ 
which‌‌has‌‌already‌‌been‌‌discussed‌‌above.‌‌This‌‌time‌‌lag‌‌depends‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌ 
distance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌point‌‌from‌‌the‌‌relay.‌‌   ‌

2)‌‌Distance‌‌Relay:‌‌   ‌

Distance‌‌protection‌‌is‌‌the‌‌name‌‌given‌‌to‌‌the‌‌protection,‌‌whose‌‌action‌‌depends‌‌ 
upon‌‌the‌‌distance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌feeding‌‌point‌‌to‌‌the‌‌fault.‌‌The‌‌time‌‌of‌‌operation‌‌of‌‌such‌‌ 
a‌‌protection‌‌is‌‌a‌‌function‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ratio‌‌of‌‌voltage‌‌and‌‌current,‌‌i.e.‌‌impedance.‌‌This‌‌ 
impedance‌‌between‌‌the‌‌relay‌‌and‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌is‌‌dependent‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌electrical‌‌ 
distance‌‌between‌‌them.‌‌An‌‌impedance‌‌relay‌‌has‌‌an‌‌operating‌‌force‌‌proportional‌‌ 
to‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌current‌‌and‌‌restraining‌‌force‌‌proportional‌‌to‌‌the‌‌line‌‌voltage‌‌at‌‌the‌‌ 
relay.‌‌As‌‌soon‌‌as‌‌the‌‌ratio‌‌of‌‌this‌‌voltage‌‌to‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌current‌‌change‌‌i.e.‌‌falls‌‌ 
below‌‌a‌‌certain‌‌value,‌‌the‌‌relay‌‌operates.‌‌This‌‌value‌‌is‌‌dependent‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌ 
distance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌fault,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌predetermined.‌‌Hence‌‌for‌‌this‌‌reason‌‌the‌‌relay‌‌is‌‌ 
discriminative‌‌and‌‌it‌‌does‌‌not‌‌operate‌‌for‌‌any‌‌fault‌‌occurring‌‌outside‌‌this‌‌ 
distance.‌‌As‌‌it‌‌is‌‌very‌‌important‌‌to‌‌localize‌‌the‌‌fault,‌‌a‌‌relay‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above‌‌type‌‌is‌‌ 
given‌‌a‌‌controlled‌‌time‌‌lag,‌‌so‌‌that‌‌the‌‌relay‌‌nearest‌‌to‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌operates‌‌first.‌‌ 
This‌‌time‌‌lag‌‌is‌‌made‌‌proportional‌‌to‌‌the‌‌distance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌by‌‌so‌‌designing‌‌ 
the‌‌relay‌‌that‌‌it‌‌has‌‌a‌‌time‌‌lag‌‌characterizes,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌dependent‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌line‌‌ 
voltage‌‌at‌‌the‌‌relay‌‌directly.‌‌Again,‌‌the‌‌time‌‌lag‌‌characteristic‌‌is‌‌inversely‌‌ 
proportional‌‌to‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌current‌‌that‌‌is‌‌passing‌‌through‌‌the‌‌relay.‌‌In‌‌case‌‌of‌‌a ‌‌
fault,‌‌there‌‌is‌‌a‌‌steady‌‌fall‌‌of‌‌voltage‌‌along‌‌the‌‌line‌‌from‌‌the‌‌feeding‌‌point‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ 
fault.‌‌This‌‌voltage‌‌gradient‌‌can‌‌be‌‌utilized‌‌for‌‌longer‌‌to‌‌be‌‌in‌‌balance.‌‌This‌‌ 
 41‌  ‌
 ‌

voltage‌‌difference‌‌will‌‌cause‌‌a‌‌current‌‌to‌‌flow‌‌through‌‌the‌‌operating‌‌coil‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ 
relay,‌‌which‌‌closes‌‌the‌‌trip‌‌circuit.‌  ‌

 ‌

‌3)‌‌Differential‌‌Relays:‌  ‌

A‌‌differential‌‌relay‌‌is‌‌one‌‌that‌‌operates‌‌when‌‌the‌‌difference‌‌of‌‌two‌‌or‌‌more‌‌ 
electrical‌‌quantities‌‌exceeds‌‌a‌‌predetermined‌‌value.‌‌Almost‌‌any‌‌type‌‌of‌‌relay‌‌ 
connected,‌‌in‌‌a‌‌certain‌‌way,‌‌can‌‌be‌‌made‌‌to‌‌operate‌‌as‌‌differential‌‌relays.‌‌There‌‌ 
are‌‌two‌‌fundamental‌‌systems‌‌of‌‌differential‌‌protection‌‌viz.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

1)‌‌Current‌‌balance‌‌protection‌‌   ‌

2)‌‌Voltage‌‌balance‌‌protection‌‌   ‌

 ‌

A‌‌current‌‌balance‌‌differential‌‌relay‌‌is‌‌one‌‌that‌‌compares‌‌the‌‌current‌‌entering‌‌a ‌‌
section‌‌of‌‌the‌‌system‌‌with‌‌the‌‌current‌‌leaving‌‌the‌‌section.‌‌Under‌‌normal‌‌ 
operating‌‌conditions‌‌no‌‌longer‌‌applies.‌‌If‌‌this‌‌differential‌‌current‌‌is‌‌equal‌‌to‌‌or‌‌ 
greater‌‌than‌‌the‌‌pick-up‌‌value,‌‌the‌‌relay‌‌will‌‌operate‌‌&‌‌open‌‌the‌‌circuit‌‌breaker‌‌ 
to‌‌isolate‌‌the‌‌faulty‌‌section.‌‌Under‌‌healthy‌‌conditions‌‌equal‌‌current‌‌flows‌‌in‌‌ 
both‌‌primary‌‌windings.‌‌Therefore‌‌the‌‌secondary‌‌voltages‌‌are‌‌balanced‌‌against‌‌ 
each‌‌other‌‌&‌‌no‌‌current‌‌will‌‌flow‌‌through‌‌the‌‌relay-operating‌‌coil.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

4)‌‌Earth‌‌Fault‌‌Relays:‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Directional‌‌type‌‌over‌‌current‌‌relays‌‌work‌‌on‌‌the‌‌induction‌‌principle‌‌and‌‌initiate‌‌ 
the‌‌char-active‌‌measures.‌‌When‌‌current‌‌in‌‌the‌‌circuit‌‌exceeds‌‌the‌‌predetermined‌‌ 
values.‌‌The‌‌actuating‌‌source‌‌is‌‌a‌‌current‌‌in‌‌the‌‌circuit‌‌supplied‌‌to‌‌the‌‌relay‌‌from‌‌ 
a‌‌CT.‌‌These‌‌relays‌‌are‌‌unsuitable‌‌for‌‌use‌‌as‌‌directional‌‌protective‌‌relays‌‌under‌‌ 
short-circuit‌‌conditions.‌‌When‌‌a‌‌short‌‌circuit‌‌occurs,‌‌the‌‌system‌‌value‌‌falls‌‌to‌‌a ‌‌
low‌‌value‌‌and‌‌there‌‌may‌‌be‌‌insufficient‌‌torque‌‌developed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌relay‌‌to‌‌cause‌‌ 
its‌‌operation.‌‌This‌‌difficult‌‌is‌‌overcome‌‌in‌‌the‌‌directional‌‌over‌‌current‌‌relay,‌‌ 
which‌‌is‌‌designed‌‌to‌‌be‌‌almost‌‌independent‌‌of‌‌system‌‌voltage‌‌an‌  ‌
 42‌  ‌
 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

 ‌

CHAPTER-‌‌7  ‌‌ ‌

 ‌

9‌‌:-‌‌EARTHING‌  ‌

7.1‌‌Introduction‌‌   ‌

Connecting‌‌an‌‌electrical‌‌equipment‌‌or‌‌apparatus‌‌to‌‌the‌‌earth‌‌with‌‌the‌‌help‌‌of‌‌a ‌‌
connecting‌‌wire‌‌of‌‌negligible‌‌resistance‌‌is‌‌called‌‌“Earthing‌‌or‌‌grounding”.‌‌The‌‌ 
provision‌‌of‌‌earth‌‌electrodes‌‌for‌‌an‌‌electrical‌‌system‌‌is‌‌a‌‌necessity‌‌for‌‌the‌‌ 
following‌‌reasons.‌‌   ‌

1.‌‌All‌‌the‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌an‌‌electrical‌‌equipments‌‌like‌‌casings‌‌of‌‌machines‌‌circuit‌‌ 
breaker,‌‌lead‌‌sheathing‌‌&‌‌armoring‌‌of‌‌cables,‌‌tanks‌‌of‌‌transformer‌‌etc,‌‌which‌‌ 
have‌‌to‌‌be‌‌the‌‌at‌‌earth‌‌potential,‌‌must‌‌be‌‌connected‌‌to‌‌an‌‌earth‌‌electrodes.‌‌This‌‌ 
current‌‌operates‌‌the‌‌proactive‌‌device‌‌&‌‌thus‌‌the‌‌faulty‌‌circuits‌‌are‌‌halted‌‌in‌‌case‌‌ 
they‌‌occur.‌‌   ‌

2.‌‌The‌‌electrode‌‌ensures‌‌that‌‌in‌‌the‌‌event‌‌of‌‌over‌‌voltage‌‌of‌‌the‌‌system‌‌due‌‌to‌‌ 
lighting‌‌discharge‌‌or‌‌other‌‌system‌‌faults‌‌which‌‌are‌‌normally‌‌“dead”‌‌as‌‌far‌‌as‌‌ 
voltage‌‌are‌‌concerned‌‌do‌‌not‌‌attain‌‌dangerously‌‌high‌‌potentials.‌‌   ‌

3.‌‌In‌‌a‌‌3-phase‌‌circuit‌‌the‌‌neutral‌‌of‌‌the‌‌system‌‌is‌‌earthed‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌stabilize‌‌ 
the‌‌potentials‌‌of‌‌the‌‌circuit‌‌with‌‌respect‌‌to‌‌earth.‌‌   ‌

In‌‌electrical‌‌installations‌‌the‌‌following‌‌components‌‌must‌‌be‌‌earthed:‌‌-  ‌‌ ‌

a)‌‌The‌‌flames,‌‌tanks‌‌&‌‌enclosed‌‌electric‌‌machines,‌‌transformers‌‌and‌‌apparatus,‌‌ 
lighting‌‌fitting.‌‌   ‌

b)‌‌The‌‌operating‌‌mechanism‌‌of‌‌the‌‌switchboards‌‌control‌‌boards,‌‌individual‌‌ 
panel‌‌boards,‌‌cubicles.‌‌   ‌

c)‌‌The‌‌structural‌‌steel‌‌work‌‌of‌‌sub-stations,‌‌metal‌‌cable‌‌jointing‌‌boxes,‌‌the‌‌ 
metal‌‌sheaths‌‌of‌‌the‌‌cables,‌‌the‌‌rigid‌‌metal‌‌conduit‌‌runs‌‌&‌‌similar‌‌metal‌‌work.‌‌   ‌
 43‌  ‌
 ‌

There‌‌are‌‌2‌‌methods‌‌of‌‌earthing:‌  ‌

‌1-‌‌Pipe‌‌earthing.‌  ‌

‌2-‌‌Plate‌‌earthing.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

7.2‌‌Earthing‌‌Arrangements‌‌132‌‌KV‌‌GSS‌‌   ‌

In‌‌a‌‌GSS‌‌or‌‌any‌‌magnitude‌‌various‌‌non‌‌current‌‌carrier‌‌equipment‌‌to‌‌be‌‌earthed‌‌ 
namely‌‌substation‌‌structures‌‌,‌‌shielding‌‌g‌‌wires‌‌or‌‌masts‌‌,equipments‌‌tanks‌‌ 
spread‌‌over‌‌large‌‌areas‌‌therefore‌‌it‌‌becomes‌‌necessary‌‌to‌‌lay‌‌a‌‌grounding‌‌bus‌‌ 
connect‌‌the‌‌various‌‌items‌‌to‌‌be‌‌earthed‌‌to‌‌be‌‌ground‌‌bus‌‌through‌‌suitable‌‌ 
connection‌‌to‌‌heave‌‌duplicate‌‌earthing‌‌is‌‌broken‌‌the‌‌sub‌‌-‌‌station‌‌may‌‌remains‌‌ 
safe‌‌under‌‌all‌‌conditions‌‌.‌‌It‌‌generally,‌‌therefore‌‌becomes‌‌desirables‌‌to‌‌form‌‌a ‌‌
ring‌‌of‌‌the‌‌earthing‌‌electrodes.‌‌Another‌‌way‌‌of‌‌looking‌‌into‌‌the‌‌sub‌‌-‌‌station‌‌ 
earthing‌‌problem‌‌is‌‌that‌‌a‌‌very‌‌low‌‌Earthing‌‌problem‌‌is‌‌that‌‌a‌‌very‌‌low‌‌earthing‌‌ 
resistance‌‌value‌‌is‌‌required‌‌resistance‌‌in‌‌a‌‌very‌‌large‌‌low‌‌earthing‌‌value‌‌is‌‌ 
required‌‌in‌‌a‌‌large‌‌areas‌‌occupied‌‌but‌‌the‌‌sub‌‌-‌‌station‌‌such‌‌can‌‌only‌‌be‌‌obtained‌‌ 
by‌‌using‌‌a‌‌number‌‌of‌‌rod‌‌&‌‌joining‌‌them‌‌in‌‌parallel‌‌. ‌ ‌

In‌‌a‌‌sub‌‌-station‌‌the‌‌earthing‌‌system‌‌invariably‌‌takes‌‌the‌‌shape‌‌of‌‌grounding‌‌ 
meat‌‌with‌‌necessary‌‌or‌‌additional‌‌rounding‌‌rods‌‌accepted‌‌in‌‌the‌‌case‌‌of‌‌very‌‌ 
small‌‌substations.‌‌Common‌‌earth‌‌electrodes‌‌should‌‌be‌‌used‌‌for‌‌both‌‌system‌‌ 
earths‌‌&‌‌equipment‌‌earth.‌‌Here‌‌also‌‌it‌‌is‌‌recommended‌‌to‌‌have‌‌a‌‌common‌‌earth‌‌ 
bus‌‌for‌‌high‌‌voltage‌‌systems.‌‌Where‌‌there‌‌are‌‌manual‌‌operating‌‌handles‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ 
system‌‌.A‌‌typical‌‌earthing‌‌arrangement‌‌for‌‌a‌‌GSS‌‌.  ‌‌ ‌

7.3‌‌Plate‌‌Earthing‌‌   ‌

In‌‌plate‌‌earthing‌‌plate‌‌either‌‌of‌‌copper‌‌of‌‌dimensions‌‌600cm‌‌*‌‌60cm‌‌*3.15mm‌‌ 
or‌‌of‌‌galvanized‌‌iron‌‌of‌‌dimensions‌‌60cm‌‌*‌‌60cm‌‌*‌‌6.30cm‌‌s‌‌burled‌‌into‌‌the‌‌ 
ground‌‌with‌‌its‌‌face‌‌vertical‌‌at‌‌a‌‌depth‌‌of‌‌not‌‌less‌‌that‌‌3mt‌‌from‌‌ground‌‌levels‌‌ 
.A‌‌small‌‌masonry‌‌brick‌‌wall‌‌enclosure‌‌with‌‌a‌‌cast‌‌iron‌‌48‌‌cover‌‌or‌‌top‌‌an‌‌RCC‌‌ 
pipe‌‌round‌‌the‌‌earth‌‌plate‌‌is‌‌provided‌‌to‌‌facilitate‌‌its‌‌identification‌‌&‌‌for‌‌ 
carrying‌‌out‌‌periodical‌‌inspection‌‌&‌‌tests.‌‌The‌‌earth‌‌wire‌‌GI‌‌wire‌‌of‌‌GI‌‌plate‌‌ 
earthing‌‌is‌‌securely.‌‌Bolted‌‌to‌‌an‌‌earth‌‌place‌‌with‌‌the‌‌help‌‌of‌‌a‌‌bolt‌‌nut‌‌& ‌‌
washer‌‌made‌‌of‌‌material‌‌&‌‌of‌‌galvanized‌‌iron‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌GI‌‌plate‌‌earthing.‌  ‌

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CONTROL‌‌ROOM‌  ‌
The‌‌control‌‌room‌‌(or‌‌the‌‌operating‌‌room‌‌)‌‌is‌‌the‌‌nerve‌‌centre‌‌of‌‌a‌‌substation.‌‌The‌‌ 
various‌‌controls‌‌performed‌‌from‌‌here‌‌are‌‌voltage‌‌adjustment,‌‌load‌‌control,‌‌emergency‌‌ 
tripping‌‌of‌‌grid‌‌etc.‌‌And‌‌the‌‌equipment‌‌and‌‌instruments‌‌housed‌‌in‌‌a‌‌control‌‌room‌‌are‌‌ 
synchronizing‌‌equipment,‌‌voltage‌‌regulators,‌‌relays,‌‌ammeters,‌‌voltmeter,‌‌wattmeter,‌‌ 
kWh‌‌meters.‌‌kVARh‌‌meters,‌‌temperature‌‌gauges,‌‌water‌‌level‌‌indicators‌‌and‌‌other‌‌ 
appliances‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌mimic‌‌diagrams‌‌and‌‌suitable‌‌indicating‌‌equipment‌‌to‌‌show‌‌ 
opened‌‌or‌‌closed‌‌position‌‌of‌‌circuit‌‌breakers,‌‌isolators‌‌etc.‌‌The‌‌instruments‌‌should‌‌ 
have‌‌scales‌‌clearly‌‌marked‌‌and‌‌properly‌‌calibrated‌‌and‌‌all‌‌the‌‌apparatus‌‌and‌‌circuit‌‌ 
should‌‌be‌‌labelled‌‌so‌‌that‌‌they‌‌are‌‌clearly‌‌visible.‌‌Battery‌‌room‌‌is‌‌also‌‌present‌‌here‌‌ 
which‌‌has‌‌secondary‌‌storage‌‌batteries‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌dc‌‌supply‌‌for‌‌protection‌‌and‌‌control‌‌ 
purposes.‌‌These‌‌storage‌‌batteries‌‌are‌‌of‌‌two‌‌types:‌‌lead‌‌acid‌‌and‌‌alkaline‌‌batteries.‌‌ 
Lead‌‌acid‌‌batteries‌‌are‌‌most‌‌commonly‌‌used‌‌in‌‌substations‌‌because‌‌of‌‌their‌‌higher‌‌cell‌‌ 
voltage‌‌and‌‌low‌‌cost.‌  ‌

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10.‌‌Conclusion‌  ‌

‌ ow‌‌from‌‌this‌‌report‌‌we‌‌can‌‌conclude‌‌that‌‌electricity‌‌plays‌‌an‌‌important‌‌role‌‌in‌‌our‌‌ 
N
life.‌‌We‌‌are‌‌made‌‌aware‌‌of‌‌how‌‌the‌‌transmission‌‌of‌‌electricity‌‌is‌‌done.‌‌We‌‌too‌‌came‌‌to‌‌ 
know‌‌about‌‌the‌‌various‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Substation‌‌system.‌‌The‌‌Rajasthan‌‌Rajya‌‌Vidyut‌‌ 
Prasaran‌‌Nigam‌‌Limited‌‌(RRVPNL)‌‌has‌‌got‌‌radio‌‌communication‌‌in‌‌microwave‌‌range‌‌ 
in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌transmit‌‌and‌‌receive‌‌data‌‌with‌‌various‌‌Substations‌‌in‌‌Uttar‌‌Pradesh‌‌to‌‌get‌‌ 
reliable‌‌transmission‌‌and‌‌distribution‌‌of‌‌electricity.‌  ‌
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