Education in The Developing World Paper

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Education in the Developing World: A Qualitative Study about the Utilization of the Grade
11 STEM Students of Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School in terms of Internet
Service during the School Year 2020-2021
Fernando, Hyrum John B.

Ramirez, Jimclark Aries C.
Rubiano, Emmanuelle Rigor M.
Domingo, Hazel A.
Senior High School Department

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics – Engineering
S.Y. 2020-2021
EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD: A QUALITATIVE STUDY ABOUT THE
UTILIZATION OF THE GRADE 11 STEM STUDENTS OF MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL IN TERMS OF INTERNET SERVICE DURING THE SCHOOL
YEAR 2020-2021 2
Table of Contents
Title Page.........................................................................................................................................1
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................ 8
Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................... 9
Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................ 9
Scope and Delimitation ............................................................................................................. 11
Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................... 13
Methods......................................................................................................................................... 14
Research Design ........................................................................................................................ 14
Respondents and Sampling Methods ........................................................................................ 14
Instruments ................................................................................................................................ 15
Data Collection Procedure ........................................................................................................ 15
Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 16
References ..................................................................................................................................... 18
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Introduction
A novel coronavirus was identified from a pneumonia that is transmitting so fast on
People’s Republic of China on December 31, 2019. It was named by the World Health
Organization as CoViD-19 which stand for Coronavirus Disease 2019 on February 11, 2020
(World Health Organization, 2020). As The American Journal of Managed Care (2021) recorded,
three months after the discovery, the World Health Organization declared such health crisis as a
pandemic. According to Davis (2021), prior to the naming, an infected person may experience the
loss of his olfactory and/or gustatory reaction, the difficulty of breathing, severe cough, or fever.
With these symptoms present, it is more likely that an individual is positive to the virus.
As it surges the whole world, the Philippines banned flights on the 23rd of January 2020
from Wuhan to protect the country from the infectious virus. The government started to form the
Inter-Agency Task Force for Emerging Infectious Diseases to tackle the country’s prevention
against the virus, until the first CoViD-19 victim was reported on the 30th of the same month.
Intensifying its protection to its borders came to life when it banned flights coming from the whole
China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and South Korea. The flight restrictions on Taiwan was the
lifted on the 14th of the same month. To prevent any more infections as much as possible, the
classes were suspended on March 7 until such lift will be imposed. The next day, the President
declared a public health emergency state but declines declaring lockdown on the entire Manila to
prevent the cases. Only on March 15th was the declaration of enhanced community quarantine on
the entire Manila (Bautista & Lopez, 2021).
The internet started in the late 1960’s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET) has caused a huge impact to people all around the world (Computer Hope, 2019). It
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carries huge amount of data at an unbelievable speed, the speed of light how far the distance it may
take (Sample, 2018). As time passes by, transformations and improvements took place for better
service. From having a static network that an expert coder has an access to an electronic leviathan
in the present time that every human being can utilize because it is so convenient. Its improvement
did not stop because it exceeded the level of exchanging information.
One benefit of the internet is a vast source of information that promotes and utilizes
different opportunities for everyone (Maynard, 2018). According to Nguyen (2015), a large
number of studies found out that there are positive student learning outcomes in the online setup
compared to the traditional face-to-face setup. Some of the positive learning outcomes include
higher test scores, more active student participation in the class, stronger sense of community
among students, and there is a decrease in number of students who failed or dropped out of class.
Furthermore, Al Bataineh, Al Bataineh, & Harris (2016) elaborates the use of technology in
education allows the dissemination of knowledge to be dispersed instantly, making the students
more efficient in accessing and retaining information.
However, how beneficial something may be, there are instances that it may harm its users.
It was proven by Alhusban (2016) and Alhumaid (2019) separately. Alhusban (2016) claims on
the academic aspect that the introduction of technology in education has affected the students’
ability to write, notably when it comes to spelling and punctuation, grammatical accuracy, spelling,
proofreading, critical thinking, respect of coherence and linearity. Alhumaid (2019) however
claims on the socialization aspect that online education encourages the students to interact with
machines rather than human beings.

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Despite the disadvantages, the internet still managed to bypass the boundaries. An example
is the lives of human people can now be shared on their relatives without taking the time and the
distance, but by just few clicks on their internet-enabled device (Dentzel, 2014). With these things
the internet development has gone and has offered the world, it is convenient and an asset to people
who really seeks for learning or opportunities, especially in these times of the pandemic (Al
Hassan, 2015). With all these being said, the internet may be considered as the century’s greatest
development (Vîrgan, 2013). The emergence of modern technology plays a vital role in the digital
age, wherein people, ideas, services, and resources are all connected by the internet (Salac & Kim,
2016). The crucial point the internet might be facing above all its victories is reaching the rural
area in the whole world, with less infrastructures to support the service (Sample, 2018).
CoViD-19 severely affected the country that it bring pestilence to all its sectors, industries,
and even citizens when a prevention protocol called enhanced community quarantine – which
weakened the economy badly – was declared on March 15, 2020 (Talabong, 2020). The arising of
CoViD-19 has caused many countries to institute a large-scale closure of schools by March 2020
in order to reduce the transmission of virus (Viner, et al., 2020).
Education is designed to mold every aspect of a person’s life since it is the transmission of
the acquired values and knowledge of a society as defined by the contributors of the Encyclopedia
Britannica Online (2021). The World Bank (2021) stands that with education applied to a human
being he holds the power to reduce poverty, improve health, and promote equality, peace, and
stability. On the 17th century as recorded by Wright (2019) it is not mandatory for everyone to be
educated in a school since people were often taught at their home by a family member. However,
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a change was placed into life when public schools were established in the 18th century, creating
opportunities for everyone to be educated formally.
Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) educational programs have a long history dating
back to the founding of their nation-states. After independence, education became a standard
characteristic of LAC nation-states, which was enshrined in their constitutions. At this period, most
educational establishments were public and regarded as part of the civil service, including public
teachers and principals (Salto, 2015).
With the study of Musa and Ziatdinov (2012), the pre-colonial times was a great contributor
to the education in the Philippines. The Spanish, American, and Japanese periods influenced the
system of education in the country. During the Spanish period, the education in the Philippines
was made formal. Most public schools in the country are established by the Spaniards. In this
period, education was focused on teaching Christianity to Filipinos. The American period highly
influenced the education system in the Philippines. Americans have a motive to spread their
cultural values, especially in teaching their language to Filipinos; and that is why the Americans
used education as a tool in fulfilling their vision of colonizing the Philippines. The Japanese period
in education mainly focused on implementing the basic principles and guidelines in education.
Education in the present era allows every individual to have an access to education. There are also
distinct developments in the sector of education in the Philippines, and one of those is the
integration of technology and education.
Due to the ongoing pandemic, the normal return of students to classes was cancelled. With
this, The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) advised other institutions to implement
distance education methods of learning for its classes, such as the use of educational technology,
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to maximize the academic term despite the suspensions (Alipio, 2020). With those advise being in
mind, the Philippine Department of Education did not give-up on the search for having the
education continued which led the department devising the Distance Learning Modality (Malaya,
2020). The modality is divided into three ways, namely the Online, Modular, and Television/Radio
Distance Learning Modality (Pimentel-Tibon, 2020). These three modalities under the distance
learning were put into consideration because not all students has the best internet connectivity or
even the internet connectivity itself and a possibility that the ‘homework gap’ can hinder a student
to learn, achieve a satisfactory rating based on performance or even attend college can occur (Price,
Yawn, & Clark, 2020).
The online modality is available for learners with internet connection and technological
devices. It comprises of online synchronous for learners who has a good and strong internet
connection – which has the ability to attend online classes – and online asynchronous for learners
who cannot attend the synchronous online classes but has the ability to create outputs submitted
as files in a community assigned by their educators (Codamon, 2020). With this, the online
education has become more feasible technologically, economically, and operationally based on
experience as information and communication technologies continue to make advancements
(Palvia, et al., 2018).
According to Reyes-Chua, et.al., (2020), most instructors prefer to use Facebook
Messenger on online learning informally for its conveniency in alternative learning, especially
when students could not afford to be connected to the Internet to join the meeting. Google
Classroom is considered as one of the best platforms for the teachers to reach out to their students.
Some of the features of this platforms include creating virtual classrooms where the instructors
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can post their assignments, tasks, and announcements. Zoom and Google Meet are platforms with
almost the same features that allow free video call meeting where a teacher can virtually discuss
to the class and the students can interact and participate in the discussion.
Modular learning on the other hand utilizes printed materials as the medium of learning of
the students. The modules are created by a division and is distributed digitally on the country then
printed on each school. It has exercises which enables the student to practice and the teacher to
have something recorded (Malaya, Modular Distance Learning: Here’s what you need to know,
2020). Television or radiobroadcasting is also a modality that makes use of the television and radio
platforms to teach the lesson. The subjects or learning area per grade level are given their
respective schedules to maximize the airing time it has (Catiga, 2020).
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to understand and discover the usage and utilization of the internet on
students. The study was conducted among the grade 11 online distance, Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics strand students at the senior high school department of Marcelo H.
del Pilar National High School during the school year 2020-2021. The result of the study will be
used to provide feedback, improvements, and suggestions to the Department of Education with
respect the online distance learning. The following are the questions that the researchers seeks to
answer:
A. How do the students utilize the internet for academics?
B. For what services do the students use the internet?
C. How does the internet affect students with respect to their academics?
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D. What feedbacks, improvements, and suggestion plan can be provided based on the
result of the study?
Conceptual Framework
PROCESS OUTPUT
INPUT
Determining the utilization The internet utilization of

The profile of the students:
of students on their Grade 11 STEM Students
• Internet Availability
internet connection during the school year
• Device Availability
availability. 2020-2021.
Significance of the Study
This research will determine the significant contribution of the internet usage of the senior
high school students to their everyday life. This research will also benefit the following areas or
sectors.
1. Students
One of the beneficiaries of this qualitative research are the students. With this research
the students can be guided on using and can be trained and informed on utilizing the
internet correctly. This will also contribute to them as it will instill the value of time,
priority, and internet management.
2. Teachers
The teachers are also one of the beneficiaries of the research because it implicitly
provides them strategies on dealing with their students. With this, the teaching
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inaccuracies made on online learning can be corrected so that effective learning can
take place. This will also devise them of ways on connecting to their students even if
the technological gap between them is large.
3. Department of Education
The Department of Education itself benefits the study in terms of the strategies it will
produce after reading the research, specifically in terms of internet usage of students
during the school year 2020-2021. Devising more new ways and new protocols can be
produced for learning to be maximized even at the comfort of the respective homes will
be the key application of this study.
4. Telecommunication Companies
Another beneficiary of this research are the telecommunication companies because of
they are one of the main providers of internet, and by learning the time and use of
students with regards to their studies and academics, they could produce appropriate
promos which will definitely be useful to many. Not only that but it adds to their
marketing strategies as well. As reported by De Rosbo (2020), PLDT, Smart
Communications, Globe Telecom, Liberty Telecom, Bayantel, Bell Telecom (BellTel),
Digitel, Eastern Telecom (ETPI), Innove (Globe), PT&T, ABS-CBN Corp., Altimax,
Broadband Philippines, and Vega Telecom are the key telecommunications companies
in 2020. However, the hits and breaks of records of PLDT were testified by Venzon
(2021) as the leading telecommunications service provider. Smart Telco is the only
telecommunication company that was mentioned on LinkedIn’s top Philippine
Companies of 2021 as per SMART Public Affairs (2021) recorded.
5. Internet Service Providers

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The feedback given by this research will be a useful tool for the internet service
providers to improve the service they could provide. It will enable them to boost their
program more, thus healthy competition among the internet service providers and
telecommunication companies arise benefiting the country because of its upcoming
overwhelming internet speed boost. There are five telecommunication companies that
offer the best internet service according to Grit PH (2020), namely the Converge ICT
Solutions, One SKY, Philippine Long-Distance Telephone (PLDT), Globe Broadband,
and RISE. However, according to Padillo (2021), not all the forementioned internet
service providers are available nationwide like Converge although they provide one of
the best internet services in the country as of now. In Malolos, the three internet service
giants PLDT, Globe, and Converge are available and some local providers like RM-
CJJ.
6. Future Researchers
The future researchers that will refer to this study will benefit them as well, as the gaps
has been started to be filled by pieces of information. The area of study will have a
great benefit because of the discoveries that are to be made.
Scope and Delimitation
The researchers will utilize phenomenological research design as the study is more
concerned and accompanied by the experiences of people – which makes the entirety of the design
as defined by Eddles-Hirsch (2015) – during the 2020-2021 CoViD-19 lockdown series. This
qualitative research aims to determine the utilization of the student population of Marcelo H. del
Pilar National High School – Senior High School department specifically on Grade 11 Science,
YEAR 2020-2021 12
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics on the internet during the School Year 2020-2021.
The respondents will be selected from the specified population by criterion sampling. The research
covers the students under online distance learning modality during the School Year 2020-2021 as
the research requires students with internet connections.
The researchers will utilize interviews guided by the interview guide composing of ten (10)
questions to be prepared as the current community quarantine classification prohibits minors aged
17 and below to go outside of their residence to conduct surveys and meeting face-to-face classes.
The researchers will produce the interview guide prior from the validation based on the objectives
of the research. The guide will contain questions about the usage of internet and their experiences
on it. The questions on the interview guide will be validated by group of experts using validation
matrix to provide suggestions and improvements with respect to the guide. The researchers will
assure that all the ethical standards will be followed, and no protocol will be abandoned.
In gathering the data, individualized discussion will be employed depending on the
preferred time of the participants. Due to the current situation, the interview will be conducted via
Zoom app or Messenger Rooms. The video will be recorded as an evidence of the interview and
to be kept confidentially between the parties of the researcher and the participant. According to
Kalmykov (2020), with today’s age and condition, it is safer to use online conferencing apps as it
assures the safety of both the participant and the researcher, adding that the conference can be
conducted into the comforts of their own home with their agreed time. With respect to the data
analysis, the researchers will utilize the narrative analysis of qualitative data gathered since it deals
with experiences of people (Bhatia, 2018). Moreover, the researchers will utilize MAXQDA
Statistical Software as a tool for analyzing the qualitative data given.

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Definition of Terms
1. Electronic learning – commonly known as e-learning, refers to the delivery of learning
and training through digital resources (Lawless, 2018).
2. Distance Education – refers to any learning that happens wherein the instructors and
learners are separated in time and space (Fidalgo, Thormann, Kulyk, & Lencastre, 2020).
3. Internet pertains to the collection of millions of computers around the world that are
connected between each other (Puspita & Rohedi, 2018).
4. Asynchronous Online Learning is a learning modality that allows the students to view
instructional materials each week at any time they choose (Scheiderer, 2020)
5. Synchronous Online Learning is a learning modality that requires the students to
participate in an online class at a specific time (Scheiderer, 2020).
6. ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology which refers to all
communication technologies that enable users to access, retrieve, store, transmit, and
manipulate information in a digital form (Alkan & Meinck, 2016).
7. Pandemic refers to a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents
(Robinson, 2020).
8. Telecommunications sector is made up of companies that make communication possible
on a global scale through airwaves or cables (Beers, 2021).
9. ISP stands for Internet Service Provider which pertains to a company that provides access
to the internet to both personal and business customers (Twin, 2019).
10. ARPANET is short for Advanced Research projects Agency Network, where the internet
was based (Featherly, 2021).

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Methods
Research Design
The researchers will utilize phenomenological design in the conduct of the study. Bhandari
(2020) defined the design as a study of supplying meaning, trends, and theories from the
experiences from people who lived on the phenomenon. Furthermore, Neubauer, Varpio, &
Witkop (2019) defined phenomenological research design as something health professions
educations are intimidated to this type due to its nature of learning one’s life throughout his
lifetime. Moreover, phenomenology is defined by Grossoehme (2014) as seeking the purpose of
one’s life. The idea about it was coined from the work of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and
Paul Ricoeur’s works.
Respondents and Sampling Methods
The participants of the study were selected from the student population of Marcelo H. Del
Pilar National High School- Senior High School Department. The researchers will utilize the
sample size formula in order to determine the number respondents from a population of Grade 11
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics setting 0.05 margin of error. In order to select
the participants for this study, the researchers will be using the purposive sampling method,
specifically the criterion sampling. As defined by the ResearchArticles.com (2021), criterion
sampling is a sampling type under the purposive sampling where the researcher seeks its
respondent by their qualities, characteristics, or personalities they possess needed by the researcher
– collectively called criteria (s. criterion). The respondents will consist of twenty Grade 11
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics students of Marcelo H. del Pilar National
High School who is under the online learning platform, either synchronous or asynchronous
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modes. Furthermore, the researchers also seek for a respondent who has their personal smartphone
and/or laptop to further gather better data.
Instruments
The researchers will prepare a written guide for interviews consisting of items in order to
collect data from the samples. It will be composed of 10 items on the following criteria: pandemic,
online learning, internet. Bhandari (2020) defined interviews as an important part of qualitative
research because it allows conversations between the researcher and his respondents, either
virtually or by means of face-to-face. Furthermore, Adhabi and Anozie (2017) defined interviews
as a form of collecting data and responses from the sample size attempting to understand more of
human nature and living on a different point-of-view. Moreover, interviews are classified by
QuestionPro (2018) to four categories according to the setting of the interview whether it be via
email, telephonic, web or online, or by in-person. The prepared guide will be subjected to content
validity by 3 to 5 experts and will be revised based on the comments to be given by the experts
prior to use.
Note: If the study calls for preparation of two or more questionnaires, each should be
described on this part of the paper.
Data Collection Procedure
The researchers will ask for the approval of the administrative officers to ask permission
to gather data from the students at the school. Waivers will also be given by the researchers,
assuring that the information of the respondents including name and section will remain
confidential. Once approved and waivers of the participants are signed, the researchers will
YEAR 2020-2021 16
administer the questionnaires to the respondents. Each item will be explained to ensure validity of
the data to be collected.
The responses will be collected by the use of online conferencing apps. The researchers
will utilize Zoom app and Messenger Rooms. According to Byrd (2020), Zoom app is a video-
conferencing app which supports the recording of the interview but has a time limit. Its security is
safe because no one can enter unless permitted by the host even if the meeting link is already sent
to the participants. However, Messenger Rooms does not have the meeting recording feature and
can be easily accessed by cybercriminals because there is no need of permission on entering the
meeting link when sent on the participants but is free of charge and has no time limit. The former
can only be used when there is an account present, nevertheless the latter is more convenient
because it does not require of Facebook Account to enter.
In case of the unavailability of online conferencing apps because of the data accuracy,
precision, and reliability of the responses of the respondents, the researchers will utilize the one-
on-one interview if allowed by the community quarantine protocols. This method of data collection
will testify enough the reliability of the answers of the respondents and the interview itself. The
protocols while the interview will be observed at all times to prevent the spread of the virus.
However, the latter data collection procedure should only be done when the former is not possible.
Data Analysis
In order to present and analyze the data to be collected in this study, the following statistical
and non-statistical tools will be used:
a. Table. To present the profile of the respondents.

YEAR 2020-2021 17
b. Percentage. To present the rate and ranking of the utilization and purpose of internet to
each respondent of the study.
c. Weighted Mean. To describe the need and utilization of internet to different types of
students under online distance learning. Furthermore, weighted mean will be
interpreted using the interval below:
d. Thematic Analysis. To analyze the use of the respondents on the internet with respect
to academics. The researchers will utilize MAXQDA Statistical Software, a qualitative
data analyzing software to make use of the time properly and to give proper results.
YEAR 2020-2021 18
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1

Fernando, Hyrum John B.

Senior High School Department

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 2

Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................ 8

Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................... 9

Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................ 9

Scope and Delimitation ............................................................................................................. 11

Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................... 13

Research Design ........................................................................................................................ 14

Respondents and Sampling Methods ........................................................................................ 14

Data Collection Procedure ........................................................................................................ 15

Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 16

A novel coronavirus was identified from a pneumonia that is transmitting so fast on

the entire Manila (Bautista & Lopez, 2021).

did not stop because it exceeded the level of exchanging information.

more efficient in accessing and retaining information.

machines rather than human beings.

in order to reduce the transmission of virus (Viner, et al., 2020).

opportunities for everyone to be educated formally.

teachers and principals (Salto, 2015).

integration of technology and education.

Yawn, & Clark, 2020).

experience as information and communication technologies continue to make advancements

(Palvia, et al., 2018).

According to Reyes-Chua, et.al., (2020), most instructors prefer to use Facebook

respective schedules to maximize the airing time it has (Catiga, 2020).

Statement of the Problem

A. How do the students utilize the internet for academics?

B. For what services do the students use the internet?

result of the study?

Determining the utilization The internet utilization of

Significance of the Study

priority, and internet management.

the technological gap between them is large.

be the key application of this study.

Another beneficiary of this research are the telecommunication companies because of

marketing strategies as well. As reported by De Rosbo (2020), PLDT, Smart

Communications, Globe Telecom, Liberty Telecom, Bayantel, Bell Telecom (BellTel),

telecommunication company that was mentioned on LinkedIn’s top Philippine

Companies of 2021 as per SMART Public Affairs (2021) recorded.

5. Internet Service Providers

telecommunication companies arise benefiting the country because of its upcoming

Solutions, One SKY, Philippine Long-Distance Telephone (PLDT), Globe Broadband,

great benefit because of the discoveries that are to be made.

Scope and Delimitation

the research requires students with internet connections.

In gathering the data, individualized discussion will be employed depending on the

Statistical Software as a tool for analyzing the qualitative data given.

1. Electronic learning – commonly known as e-learning, refers to the delivery of learning

and training through digital resources (Lawless, 2018).

connected between each other (Puspita & Rohedi, 2018).

5. Synchronous Online Learning is a learning modality that requires the students to

participate in an online class at a specific time (Scheiderer, 2020).

manipulate information in a digital form (Alkan & Meinck, 2016).

7. Pandemic refers to a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents

8. Telecommunications sector is made up of companies that make communication possible

on a global scale through airwaves or cables (Beers, 2021).

to the internet to both personal and business customers (Twin, 2019).

was based (Featherly, 2021).

Witkop (2019) defined phenomenological research design as something health professions

lifetime. Moreover, phenomenology is defined by Grossoehme (2014) as seeking the purpose of

Paul Ricoeur’s works.