CHEMICAL ENGINEERING _GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER @ agENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA Pvt. Ltd. India’s Best Institute for CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Jest DA Baa 4 4 @ a j ! i 1 | ey Uo lnc Revised as per GATE-2019 UDY MATERIAL] (4) MASS TRANSFER MASS TRANSFER MASS TRANSFER BeCHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER 5 TABLE CONTE Introduction 39 Diffusion 10-23 [a0 Drying and Humidification 24-33 4 ‘Absorption and Stripping 3439 [5 Distillation 40-56 i 6 Extraction and Leaching ~ 57-63 | 7 Adsorption 64-65 | — Annexure- A Important Formulae used in Mass Transfer 66-71 Annexure-B Practice Set 7285 Annexure -C GATE Based Questions 86-105 | Annexure-D Practice Set 106-112 at Sora ts, ow ai 0096 Ph 01 2ST. Aliza thagicens westrrurc-oe olay ageankeCHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER Chapter-1 The process of mass transfer occurs due to concentration difference of mixture components. It occurs from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Concentration difference is the pillar of mass transfer. Various separation techniques such as distillation, gas adsorption, liquid extraction, drying, crystallization, etc. are studied in Mass transfer, where operation may occur isothermally or non-isothermally. Mass transfer operation may occur simultaneously with heat transfer, for example; Drying, Humidification, Distillation, crystallization etc. Mass transfer operation may occur in one ditection example, gas absorption. The contacting can be done in six ways namely, Gas-Gas, Gas- Liquid, Gas-sotid, Liquid-Liquid and Liquid-Solid and Solid-Solid (a) Liquid-Vapour ~>Distillation (b)_Liquid-gas —>Gas absorption, stripping, Humidification and Dehumidification, (©) Liquid-Solid >Crystallization, Leaching, Adsorption, (@)_Liquid- Liquid Extraction. (©) Solid-Gas Adsorption, Drying. The equillibrium between phases is attained after sufficiently long time. Since Mass transfer occurs due to both molecular diffusion and turbulence, the detailed study of factors affecting mass transfer is studied. At the phase interface there is no resistance due to thermodynamic equillibrium (T, P, py} at interlace. Rate of mass transfer is measured by deviation from equillibrium i.e. higher the deviation, higher is the driving force Some Important Definitions: 1). Distillation: Distillation is a vapour-liquid operation in which the mixture components are separated by use of thermal energy. When liquid mixture is heated, different components exert different vapour pressure, expressed in terms of relative volatility. This pressure difference results in separation of components in such a ‘Top Product (Distillsie) * Rich in move volatile mp way that the top product contains higher amount of light component and bottom products contains higher amounts of heavier a + Bowom Product (Residue) «+ Rich n less volatile coraponent ic. High B.P. or Low vapour pressure. NHWNTOD NOLLYTTIISIG} component, as shown in figue 1.1. distillation example is seprration of crude petroleum into gasoline, kerasene, etc 1.1. Schematic diagram ofa distillation columa {1 Kalu Soro, HowsKhas, New Delhi 110016. Ph. O11 26514838. ‘unw.engineersnstitute-com z (© 2018 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF MDIA® All RightsReserved: GATE*PSU's:Cossroom, POSTAL Al Inia TESTCHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER 2) “Absorption and Stripping: 1 espsorrion is gaslinid operation in Ginga ey -— (oben (tmayer may wthen Which one or mote constituents of a gas 8 mixture are separated by using a suitable liquid E solvent ie. component moves from gas phase B | Sipalae to liquid phase as shown in figere 1.2. Example 5 |b salem @ion-Volale) of gas absorption methods is ar monia washing 5 from ammonia-air mixture by :aeans of water. 2 Stripping is opposite of ab option ie. a cain ro—P Le scent Came) Component moves from liquia phase to gas phase Fig. 1.2. Schematic diagram ofan absorption column 3). Liquid-Liquid Extraction?" ? = a : tis a liquid-liquid operatio., also called as solvent extraction, in which components of a Ato J+(A+ CUless)) liquid mixture are separated by treating it with Feed} [Extractor Rafts) suitable solvent which dissolves one or more (8 + Elmore) Fae | constituents of mixture more preferably. It is an ficient separation press in cases where gig 13, schensicdagram of aLiqiaiguia separation is either not possible or not Extractor 1 economical by using distillation eg. Separation i of components of an azeotropic mixture | 4). Crystallization: = Itis hiquid-sotid operation. i Sobtain uniform crystals of good purity. ‘The saturated liquid is subjected to changes in temperature and pressure in such a way that rystals get separated from the feed liquor as ‘Shown in the figure 1.4 which we ‘ae i | i 5) Drying: ] Drying is gas-solid operation in which a : relatively small amount of water is removed i from solid material, by contacting it with a i Continuous stream of gas (air) as shown in i figure 15 i ' i 1 i 1.2. Important concepts to remember: 1) Ideal gas law : PV=oRT ) ‘Where, P = Pressure (kPa), V Wet Solid (in) Feed Liguor T00] ee Coytizer —+Nother iguor aem (Saturated solaton), T30) Fig. 1.4. Schematic diagram fe erystallzer Air (out) —f J—Air (in) Dryer |» Dry Solid (out) Fig. 15. Schemati diagram of a dryer et AY ERO i in eR i| | | | | CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 _MASS TRANSFER ire mamber of moles (kml, T=Temperature(K) R= 8.31451 ( mars) Universal gas constant 2) Vapour Pressure (py or py) and partial pressure (Pa: pp): The vapour pressure ofa liquid js defined as the absolute pressure at which the liquid and its vapour are equillibsium at given temperature ina closed vessel. The partial pressure of a gas compo rent that is present in a gaseous mixture, is a pressure that would be exerted by that component if it alone were present in the same volume and at the same temperature, Pa=XaPh 3} Dalton’s law; Dalton’s law mathematically is given by: P>Pa*Pa ‘Where P is the total pressure exerted by gaseous mixture. P,and Py are the partial pressures of -oinponent gases A end B respectively. 4) More Volatile Component: More volatile component is lower boiling point component or the component with higher vapour pressure at a given temperature, Tt is also called as the lighter component. 5) Less Volatile Component: In a binary system, it is the component with higher boiling point or lower vapour pressure ata given temperature. [ts also called as the Leavier component 6) Concentration: 6.1. Mass Coneentr: the volume of miixturg: Itis denoted by 7: oF Ps oi (Also known. as mascon): It is defined as the mass of constituent divided by {ituent ¢, V= volume of mixture. Fora pure: ‘chemical the mass contentration equals its density For Binary system having components A and B, mass density (p) of solution is given by- at pp= p, where px and py are mass concentrations of A and B respectively. 6.2. Molar concentration (Molarity): Moles concentration is defined as the number of moles of species A per unit volume of the solution. Ma = Pa voM, ‘Mathematically, It is given as C, (kmol/m*) = where, ny motes of species A, Mx= molecular weight of component For a binary system of A and B, the total molar concentration ofthe solution is Ve by 6.3. Mass Fraction (x,") ‘wacngincerinsileconn 5 (GATE+PSU’s:laseroom, POSTAL Al indi TEST SeriesCHI ‘MICAL ENGINEERING _ ____ GATE-2019 Ma, Wy+Wy MASS TRANSFER where W, and We are given weights of A and B respectively Xa 64. Mole Fraction x, ): The mole fraction (9) of species A can be defined asthe ratio of number of ‘moles of component to the total no. of moles Mathematically, for a binary system , a as ay tng Where; p,= partial pressure of species A in the mixture a, lumber of moles of A \V= molar volume of mixture ‘T= absolute temperature (K) Re universal gas constant Xa in terms of p, is given as Local molar average velocity U of mixture is ‘given by UCHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER Ute, ; ses 8) Flux: Flux is a vector quantity. The amount of species (mass or molar units) that crosses a unit area per unit time is called flux (mass transfer flux or molar flux respectively} of a species. Ina binary system, U: 8.1. Mass Flux: The mass flux of species i is defined as the mass of species i that passes through a unit area per unit time. Itis also defined as mass flow rate per unit area (i). Mass flux relative to fixed coordinate is given by. i,=P,lh For a binery system, the mass flux of A and B relative to stationary coordinate are i,=P,u, and ig= Pylly respectively (ii) Mass flux relative to the mass average velocity u is given by, j= p;(u—") For a binary system, the mass flux of A and B relative to mass average velocity are- a= Pq(¥4—U) and j= Py(Uy—u) respectively 8.2, Molar Flux: Molar flux is defined as moles of species i that passes through a unit area per unit time, It is also defined as molar flow rate per unit area (3) Molar flux relative to the stationary coordinate is given by, N,= ¢,U, Fora binary system, the molar fluxes of A and B with respect to stationary coordinates are- N,=C,Uy and Np=cgUy respectively (8) Molar flux relative to molar average veiocity U (aiso known as bulk velocity) is given by, J=e(Uj-U) For a binary system, the molar fluxes of A and B with respect to an observer moving with bulk =: -(U, ~U) and J,=c,(U, -U) respectively velocity, J, 1.3. Dimensionless numbers used in mass transfer: (1) Sherwood number (Sh) KL _convectivemass transport Sh ——s r coefficient K'= Mass trau D,, molecular mass transport Where L is the characteristics length (2) Schmidt Number (Se) H){_1_)_ Momentum diffusivity Day (ON Poe Mass diffusivity a (3) Prandt! Number (Pt) {6 Kalu Sarah, Houakhas, New Delhi 140016, Ph, 014-26514888. wee cogingersinstute.com (0.2018 ENGINEERS WISTITUTE OF INDIA® aN Riahts Reserved=.- ATF sDSIF «PinonCHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER pr_¥_{#)(2C.)_ Momentum diffusi « \pJUK )” Thermaldiffusivity (4) Lewis Number (Le) ve= 824 _( K Pro Dyn” (Cp f _1_)_ Momentum diffsivity \Djg) Mass diffusivity (5) Reynolds Number (Re) Re= 2D _ Inert al force ue Viscoas force (© Stanton number (St) St= k_ Sh vo ReSe (7) Peclet number (Pe) Solution: Let x, and y, be mole fraction of methyl alcohol in liquid and vapour respectively. P, = partial pressure of methyl alcohol P.=P}x,=60x, P, = water partial pressure P=P3x,=15(I-x,) and we know total pressure P= p, +p, = 45 = 60x +15(I-x)) $245 — 15 = 60x;-15x, =330= 45x, x = 0.67 Hence at equilibrium: " Liquid phase = 0.67 mole fraction of methyl alcohol Vapour phase = 0.89 mole fraction of methyl alcohol. Kal Sarai, HaveKhos, New Delhi 110016, Ph. O44 26514886, www engineersinstitvtecomteense nici tieen nee il ——— CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER 2. A mixture of benzene and toluene boils at 380 K under a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Determine the ure obeys Raoult’s law. At 380 K the vapour composition of boiling liquid ass pressure of benzene is 160 kPa and the toluene is 70 KPa. Solution: Let mole fraction of benzene in liquid x, P= 100.325 kPa (given data) p,=160KPa Py =70 KPa PoP PP _101,325-70 160-70 Mole fraction of benzene in boiling liquid = 0.348 x 100 = 34.8 =0.348 Hence composition of the boiling liquid = 34.8 mole% Kola Soreh, Huck, ew Del HOOIG Ph O11 26814888. vonvengineesinsittecom (© 2018 EncanceRs inSTITUTE 0 Wiles ‘aetanre Rowen? (RatesDeires eins naec CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ~ Chapter-2 Diffusion one or more phas ‘without requiring bulk motion (bulk flow). Thus diffusion should not be confused with convection or advections, which are other transport phenomena that utilize bulk moti Place to another. The deiving force of molecular diffsion is concentration difference. 2.1. Molecular Diffusion Fick's Law of Diffusion (Steady state) for a binary system (Aand B) The molar flux of diffusing component A (diffusion flux Of A) in z direction ina binary mixture of A and B is proportional to the molar concentration gradient. Mathematically, Fick’s law is given by : I, = Day ede Proportionality constant known as molecule diffs itor di 2= Distance in the direction of diffusion, (m) = ““ve" sign shows that diffusion occur in the direction of decreasing concentration, Diffusivity: Diffusivity is defined as the ratio of the flux to the corres denoted by ‘D'. Unit of diffusivity is m/sec, It isa characteristic of the constituent and its environment Clemperature, pressure, solution type i.e, whether gas, liquid or solid solution). It is a measure of its aittusive mobility. Let Dag = Diffusive mobility ofA in mixture of A and B Then, Daa~ Diffusive mobility of B in mixture of A and B. ‘Mathematical expression for molar flux with respect toa stationary observer. N sponding concentration gradient. It is 22h *84(Na+No) where J,= contribution due to concentration gradient, diffsion lux Xa(Nx#Np) = Bulk motion contribution flux due to bulk flow “G1 Kaa Sorel Hows, New DE 110016 P Ph. 14-26514888.- = ‘S.2RIEENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF WiOIA® Au Rahs Reserva GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFERCHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2.2. Molecular Diffusion in Gases: £4, Molecular Diffusion in Gases: Steady state equimolar counter diffusion: For steady state equimolar counter diffusion of {wo ideal gases, molar flux is given by = Pas DesPa Rr Pav Pod (Yas Yaa) where, Nq = molar flux of A (kmol/m’sec) Dag = Diffusivity of A in B (m’sec) 2= (z2- 2:) = Distance through which diffusion oceur (m) Pn = Molar density of the gaseous mixture (kmol/m*) Par and py. are the partial pressures of component A and y4i and yqy are the mole fractions of component A at the starting of diffusion path and at the end of diffusion path respectively didiie ‘diffuses at steady ‘tate ti tough the A,7Billiatie diffuses at steady ‘tate ti soul ti GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER Component A Component B Poy y 0 z— ig2.1. Equimar counter diffusion na binary gaseous system ‘Containing N; (Nitrogen) “At print} the ‘partial 7,2 Pressure of ethane is 60 kPa and a. point 2 itis 20 kPa, The poinis ! and 2 are 40 mn’ apart. ‘The total Solution: Data given: Dan =7%10"m"/see Pai = 60KPa and pq, = 20kPa D, Fix of ethane=N, = Pa8(p,, —P., ° Tella Pa) Put all value in equation we get _ 710° (60-20) | 8.314%303x0.040 Nq = 2.710% kmol/(m?s) Hence Flux of ethane at st 61 Kalu Soro, Houckhos, New Delhi 110016. Ph OF 26514888. (©2018 ENGINEERS WSTITUTE OF INDIA? Al fics Reserved: - Pressure is 101.3 kPa and tempere ture is 303 K (30°C). Calculate the flux of ethane at steady tate for equimolar counter diffusion. Take the value of diffusivity as 710°m” /séc. dy state 2.7105 (kmotim's ‘seneineersstutecom ‘GATRODAa re2 eee ggge acne | | CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER 2. Tn'a Bas mixture of hydrogen anc oxygen steady state equimolar counter diffusion is occurring at a ‘otal pressure of 100 kPa and tet perature of 20 °C. If the partial pressure of ox}gen at two plane 0.01m apart and perpendicular to he direction of diffusion are 15 KPa and 5 kPa respectively and the mass diffusion flux of oxygen in the mixture is 1.610" kmol/(m?sec). Calculate the molecular diffusion for the system: Solution: Data given: Pay = Partial pressure of A at plane 1 (15kPa) - Paz = Partial pressure of B at plane 2 (SkPa) z = distance between two measurement plane I and 2=0.01m T = absolute temperature T-273+20 = 293K R= universal gas const~ac= 8.314kU/kmol. K Na = molar flux of A =1,6*10°kmol/m’ sec Dag = molecular diffusivity of A Now diffusion for equimolar countercurrent > Now put all value in equations (1) we get Dap (15-5) (8.314)(293)(0.01) On solving, we get 1.6%10%, Dyg=3.898*10%m?/see Hence molecular diffusivity for system =3.898% 10m" /sec Steady state diffusion of A through non diffusion/stagnant B : For the steady diffusion of an ideal gas A through a stagnant gas B, the flux is given by DP - Diary ~~. rr (Ya) - Yao) Component A ~~ /\- Where, pay logarithm mean pressure difference of ‘B’ i.e. stagnant gas and FP You logarithmic mean difference of mole Physical meaning of this equation is that flux is proportional to the concentration difference expressed in terms of partial pressure of A. or mole fraction of A and inversely proportional to the distance z and stagnant gas concentration (Pys:) OF stagnant gas mole fraction (yay) 0 respectively fractiori of “B’ ie. stagnant gas. | Figl.2. Diffusion of A through non-diffusing B ‘G£Xalu Sorel, Howat, New Delhi 140016. Ph. O11 26514888. incersin = 2 | |CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER 3,/ Oxygen is diffusing in a mixture of oxygen “nitrogen at’Istd atm, 25°C Concentration > of. ‘oxygen at plane 2mm aparl are 10 and 20 volume % respectively: Nitrogen is non-diffusing calculate ~~ the O; flux, given that diffusivity of oxygen in nitrogen = 1.89*10°m?/sec Solution: Data given: lar diffusivity of A in B =1,89%10°m*/sec Dan = mole Py =Total pressure of the system =1 atm = 1.01325 10°N/m* 98K >= distance between two plane across the diffusion direction ={.002m T= absolute temperature = 273 + 25 Pai = partial pressure of A at plane 1 = 0.2 aim i atm Pa2™ partial pressure of A at plane 2 = py) N PaaPeig(B Pa RTz LP, Pay (1.89x10°)(1.01325«10°) Daf? } (8314) (298)(0.002) "3-02 N, = 4.552 *10*kmol/(m’sec) ‘Oxygen flux = 4.552*10"kmol/(m"sec) Diffusion through varying cross-sectional area: a ? N, _ Mole of 'A’ diffusing per unit time Aro Aa mnstant, but area and hence the flux will change. Eg. evapouration of a inthalene bal, ete. For this case they expression comes out to be Diffusion froma sphere: Let N,, Where, r, and r) até inner (final) and ovter (initial) radius respectively. ‘When droplet or ball is very small, then r, > 1) (a insoluble gas), then from equation 2, K,=k .,~ Such transfer process is called gas film Such transfer process is called liquis’ film controlling in nature. Eg. Absorption of ammonia in water. Eg, Absorption of SO2 in water. Solution: Rate of transport of A is given by: ) 2x Area=N, x Area (Given) z= 160 mm = 0.16 m=Di sion length area= 7D? = %(0.06)° =5.6x10" 85 Mole fraction of A in tank 1 = y,,=8°.~0.85 Mole fraction of B in tank 2=y,, ' * 100 Par YaP = O.85*101 = 85.85kPa Kel Soro Hours, New OoiC-410016 Ph. iT 2osias8. ww eincernattem © 2048 ENGINEERS JNSATLTE OF INDIA® Al Rights Reserved arenes 20MASS TRANSFER CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 Pro=YagP =0.10*101 = 10.1kPa (m’kPa) R=8.3147——_ jol K) ( Put all these value in equation we get: 5x10" (85.85-10.1)« 826x167 Rate of transport of A= z= Soe espon 8314%303%0.1 =2.65%10" kmol/sec Hence Rate of transport of A =2.65%10 kmol/sec GOrnsider a system ih'which saillibrium relation is xi e espeeiively ‘We know that mass flux in terms of overall mass tra sfer coeflicient is given by- Mass flux=K, (y,-y,*) (1) ‘The equillibrium composition y,* is given as: (A/Q) Fesistance -~ is 60% of overall resistance 7 K,= 0.610 = 6 kinol/hrm?Ay, Put these value in equation (1), we get Mass Flux =6(0.1~0.015) = 0.51kmol/(hr.m?) ere a Houinos, Noe el ADI. Ph O11 2ESTARER. wen angndsrnstutecam LE i ee eer ee eanendenanBh. ‘Wi twal rettieg new oon aia CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER Kinematic: videos ‘of air=1.5%: :10°m */800 Concentration o Calculate: (a.) Calculate average mass transfer coefficient over the flat plate. (b.) Calculate the rate of loss of naphthalene from the surface per unit width, Note: For heat transfer over a flat plate, convective heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow can be calculated by the equation: Nu=0.664Re, “Pr Use analogy between mass and heat transfer. Solution: (a) Equation for heat transfer given: N,=0.664Re,2Pr’# ‘The analogues relation for mass transfer is: sh=0.664R,.%5.% 0) Where R,c “Reynold number= ee Sh = Sherwood niin = length of sheet y wp = kinematic velocity of air='1-5%10°m?/sec = individual mass transfer coefficient Put all value in equation (1) we get 12) ene) (sey (b) Rate of loss of naphthalene =k (€4,- a0) Concentration of naphthalene at air-solid naphthalene interface =!*10° kmol/m’CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER =1.40x107 mel (m’ sec) Rate of loss = 0.014(1x10°-0) Now , Rate of loss per meter width = (1.40%107)(0.2)=2.80«10"%kmol/(m.see) 8. A Solutioi. of K,Cr0, is to be prepared by dissolving crystals Of the solid ia. an agitated vessel. ims of the solid is Charged into’@ vessel containing ee ‘The Let at any time t, the mass of the undissolved solid in the vessel be m kg, Mass of solid already dissolved = 20 ~ m. Mass of solution = 500 + (20 ~-m), volume = (520 ~ mj/1000 m’. Instantaneous concentration ofthe solution, C = (20 ~ m)[(520 ~ m)/1000] kg/m’. Solubility, C, = 80 kg/m? ‘Now we express the quantities k, and a (the total area of the particles at the time, ¢) in terms of m. If d, = 0.6 mm (the initial diameter of a particle), the number of particles = 6.574 * 10". Mass of single particle atthe time t= m/(6.574%10’); instantaneous diameter; d, particle = nd,’ = (m)[2.211 x 10 (m)'*}'; total area of the particles, a Se= wpD = 653 : Instantaneous Reynolds number, Re, = Na;P H Sh = 2+ (0.44)(0.09976%m (653) = 2+1.67m™™ (6.784 x10") (2+ 1.67m"™*) (my The rate of dissolution of the crystals can be written as aw dt 1a(C,-C) =[(6.784<10)(241.67m°™ "I(l0.im? (s0- See tecns) gem) 520-m ‘Numerical integration of the above equation ({rom mm = 20 to m=0) gives the time of dissolution = 15 min , {to Sort Rotts New Der-1006 Ph 01 26509888..— womceneenaue omCHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 ~Chapter-3— Drying and Humidification 'S removed by thermal energy, then this operation is called drying Diving usually refers to separation of relatively small amount of water froma solid or neatly sensitive Solid material. It involves transfer of liquid from a wet solid into an unsaturated gas phase (drying medium) and b-nce mass and heat transfer occurs simultaneously during the operation, Heat transfer occurs from the oulk phase (gas) to solid phase while Mass transfer occurs from slid phase to gas phase in the form liqui and vapour through various resistances. The materia! (liquid) that is transferred is called Solute. Drying is generally the last operation in a manufacturing Process and is usually carried after Seipobation, filtration and crystallization. Applications of drying operation are found in food, chemical, agricultural, pharmaceutical and textile industries 3.1. Some Important Definitions (related to humidification): Humidifieation: The transfer of water (or other liquids eg Benzene) from the liquid phase into gaseous mixture of air and vapour. Dehumidification: 1t isthe reverse of the humidification ie. the vapour is transferred from vapour phase to Tiquid phase. Boiling: The bulk phenomena in which rapid vapourization of Jiquid occurs. Iris possible when the liquid is heated in uch a way that vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to the total pressure above fluid surfac Evapouration: [he surtace phenomena in which vipourization of liquid oceurs due to concentration difference. It continuous until equillibrium is achieved between the molecules living from an retuming to the liquid surface. Humidity (29: 1 is the kilogram of water vapour contained in one kilogram of dry air, also known as : / absolute humidity. Mathematically, 9¢ = Wan Mo*Ma (My \/_py We meeMy (My J\P=p, J For sir-water system My = 18 and My = 29, Thus, 9 (2 | —Pa_} 29) P-p, J Saturation humidity (96): 1 the humidity of ae when, the water vpour isin equillibrium with liquid water atthe given conditions of temperature and pressure. Mathematically, HG -(2f2) where, pis the saturation pressure or vapour pressure, Ga} Pa) * dlly (2 1s the ratio of a ‘on percentage basis, itis written as Percentage h humidity to the saturation humidity. When expressed (p, \( P-p* Ho= (06/24 > 100 =| Pa} PPS), 199 ED lop I1 i i i a ee CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER ‘Dew Point (Top): The temperature to which a vapour-gas mixture must be cooled (at constant humidity) to become saturated i.e. first droplet of dew is about to form, Humid Heat (C,): The amount of heat in KI required to raise the temperature of Tkg (dry air + water vapour) by 1 K or 1°C. C.= Coat Cpa (99 Where, Cyo and Cua are the specific heats of gas (air) and vapour (water vapour) respectively. For air- ‘water system it tums out to be C, = 1.005 + 1.88 (99 (kI/(ka dry air) K] Humid Volume (V4): The total volume (m’) of 1 kg (dry ¢°r + vapours , called as moist air) at | atm pressure and gas temperature is called humid volume of the moist air. For saturated gas, 37= 9G and humid volume becomes satur ited volume. Total Enthalpy (H,): The enthalpy of unit mass of gas + vapour it contains ie, total enthalpy 1kg of ‘moist ai. It is sum of sensible heat and latent heat of the moist air. HWy=C,(P-Ta) +290 Thus, if 0°C is taken as reference temperature, the equation becomes H, = (1.005 + 1.88 (94))(T —0) + (2501.4) fkI¢kg dry air) ? Dry bulb temperature (Tp): This is temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the temperature i.e, usually thought of as air temperature, and itis the true thermodynamic temperature. Adiabatic Saturation Temperature (I): It ist. temperature of the gas in contact with water for such @ long time in an adiabatic chamber that the gas becom. s saturated and attains saturated humidity (96). Assumptions for calculating the adiabatic striation temperature are (a) pump work is neglected and (b) enthalpy of makeup liquid is zero. On solving the enthaipy balance (considering ‘Ts’ as datum) gives (96 96) | (P= Ts) =~ (C1 ..)= slope of adiabatic saturation line In an Adiabatic Operation, liquid is cooled by sensible heat transfer and also by evapouration. Cocling hot gas oceurs along with humidification, ‘Wet Bulb Temperature (T,): It i the steady-state, non-equilibriura temperature attained with a smal amount of water in Contact with a continuous stream of gas (air) under adiabatic conditions. It is measured experimentally by placing a wet wick on the knob of the thermometer and placing it in a continuous streamn cf ait. The enthalpy balance (considering “Tas datum) gives (96-36) (TT) =~ (My 3. w ky)) = slope of the psychometric line 3.2. Humidity Chai The chait of properties of air-water vapour mixture at 1 atm absolute pressure is called humiuity chart, also known as psychometric chart. For an ordinary air water system at ordinary conditions, humid heat (C,) = specific heat (C,) = psychometric ratio for ait-water system at normal conditions, Typ 720 ~ 10= 710 kg. io BEIGE in 9 tray dryer to 18% La Velocity of 2mvsec. If. drying lca’ moisture content is Initial moisture content = 25 % Final moisture = 18% Critical moisture = 12% X.= initial moisture content (dry basis) 0.25 220.333 1=0.25 0.18 X= Final moisture content= = 0.219 0.18 Ley ip 30heen nlenieenpenintt scene || TL ete CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER Baa Re = drying rate during constant rate period = 0.910" kg/m’ sec Re = 0.9% 1073600 kg/m? h Re = 3.240 kein’ ‘We know that time of drying during constant rate period is Pat all values on equation we get t= 0.879 hr Hence drying time t= 0.879 hr or 52.8 min the drying take? Solution: For Case-t: Ls, dX _ 1s) ng rate Ry = —1< =. ae ee ee Al Ls) = weight of dry solid = Vip (1-0.4) = 2 x 20 x 2050. irying area = 20 x 20 x2 = 800 cm? On dry basi: 4 0.667 1-04 0.25 = 0.333 1-025 t-8hr put all value in equation (1) we get _ 480 (0.66 800 Ry = 0.02505 p = constant For Case-I: {1 Kalu Sori, HouzKhos, New Delhi-110016, Ph O11 26514888. Se (© 2018 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA® All Rights Reserved GATE sPSieelntimiin. BATAsev wee be wera hcnnomentc mane nit nenesasnen anaemia CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER R= 22k _ A, at Ag = drying area = 40 x 40 x 2= 3200cm" Ls) = weight of dry solid= Vs p (1-0.5) Lsz = 4% 40% 40 x 0.5p Ls; = 3200p x, = 2% 025 0.333, ~05 1-0.25 Since drying rate per unit area does not change with thickness of materia. Hence R.= Ri = 0.02505p Put all v-iue in equation (2) we get R,= 0.02505, p= Stel 0. 333) 3200 6 On solving we yet , t=26.63 hour Drying time in second case, t =26.63 hour PED kg of wel t solids 40, be dried from an initial moisture content. Of 25%. final value’ of 60%: Drying test show that the rat ‘of drying iscoistant 7 keHOMmisin the region 0.2 — 044 ke Kg TO/ kg solid. If the ing, ‘The drying surface Solution: Given wet solid = 160 kg So dry solid= 160 (1- 0.25) = 120 kg 0.06 Final moisture conient = 6%= ——“T== 64% on dry basis Initial moisture content = 25% = 025 33.3% on dry basis Given: X= 0.0] and P. =0 Drying rate (R) in falling rate period: 3x10"X J, 0.2-0.01 i = 210001, 0.2- 0.01 v On solving we get “61 Kalu Sorci, Houskhos, New Dethi-110016.Ph. O11-26514888. _ www.er(CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER C=— 1.579 * 10 kg H,Oim’ sec OK 579%10° From formula EsdX_-30dx 4 dX A dt 1 dt dt From equation (1) & (2) we get 1.579 x 19° X=1.579 x 10°=-30 & at ss 30 1.579x10°X=1.579«10" Integrate equation (3), we get Oe ee 30 2, (001) 1,= 23902 sec = 6.64 hr Drying time in constant rate peri. | Lf) 28.02) - =e] = 30] "==" 0 | — 13300 Sec = 3.69 nr | ak Re | 3x10" Haken hd | Hence, total drying time = 6.64 + 3.64 = 10.33 hr = oe eeeGATE-2019 MASS TRANSFER CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Chapter-4 Ab: orption and Stripping Absorption is selective dissolution of one or more component (solute) of ges or vapour streara into a liquid (solvent). Stripping is exactly opposite of absorption. The transfer of a componert from liquid phase, in which itis dissolved to a gas phase, also called desorption There are two methods for solutes desorption: (a.) Pressure reduction (b) Temperature increase 4.1. Classification of Absorptio1 Absorption is a process between a gaseous phase and liquid phase, which can be accompanied with or without chemical bonding. If the bonding between gaseous and liquid phase is simple van-der-walls force of aturaction (i.e. the species are joined physically), then it is called physical absorption. Similarly, when the molecule of gases and liquid are attached by chemical bonds, it is called chemical absorption. in general the physical absorption is accompanied by release of & small of heat while, chemical absorption occurs with release ofa comparatively large amount of heat Physical "Absorption chemical ‘Absorption Solute Concentration in Solvent Effect of partial pressure of solute on absorption Physical absorption is characterized By theSolvent aid solute interaction which is linear over a range of partial pressure and concentration dué to exothermic nature of absorption. It usually results in heating of solution, Thennal effects are usually ordsr of 20 keal/kmol. Chemical absorption is characterized by non-linear interaction and that weakea at higher concentration as that system become saturated. Chemical absorption systems often releases heat up to about 1000 keal/kmol Absorption Processes are Desirable when 1. A small amount of high boiling component must be remove from vapour stream. 2. In case a feed stream cooled compressed or both cooled and compressed before its bubble point reached. 3. When a small amount of a component removed by an irreversible reaction with a solvent Solvent Selection i 1. Solvent selected should have high solubility for solute to be absorbed. 2. Solvent should be less volatile (low. sppur pressure) to minimize solvent loss. {6 Kala Sori, Mouttes, New Delhi LHMASS TRANSFER CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GATE-2019 3. Solvent should not be corrosive a 4. The solvent should have low viscosity or non-viscous. 5. Solvent should be cheap and readily available. rium Data: Eq Gas-liguid equilibrium data are available in literature for most 0 states that solubility of a gas in aliquid is directly proportional to its partial P = solute concen and solvents. Heary law the gases e yressure in the gas phase i.e. a tration in liquid phase p= 2x, Where p= partial pressure of solute in the g2s phase , x gure / concentration. = Henry's law constant. The constant has the units of partial pres 4.2. Single-stage Equilibrium Contact: Counter-current Absorption Tower ‘A counter current absorption tower” is shown in fig, 4.2. The tower may have either trays or packing. The molar flow rate of the liquid and gas sirsam are L and G respectively, vary through the length of tower. L, ~ solute | five liquid , G,= solute free gas (inert) . X and | ¥ are mole ratio defined as solute free mole | faction, where X=, y= f bx’ Fy | Envelope A material balance around envelope is given by GY -Y,FLX-X,) 0) | ‘After arranging we get L, Y=—*(X-X,)+Y, ...(2) | Ck mHY -@) | Where G,= solute free gas flow rate, kmol/h m ‘of counter-curent contacting tower gram of Fig. 4.2. Schematic dia | L, = solute free liquid flow rate, kmol/h.m’ | [epesre eens a X, y= mole fraction of solute in liquid and gas phase respectively. X,Y = molar ratio of solute in liquid and gas phase respectively. : : rating line. In case o Equation (2) show straight line witha slope of Ly G, which is referred to as the oPertnE L alte system we can write y= GO) + Ya te system, which has a linear straight). In the same manner ystem, resulting in a linear Fig. 4.3. shows the general case in which absorption occurs in a dilw ‘operating line (for normal systems operating line is usually curved and not fig. 4.4. shows the general case in which striping occurs from a dilute © operating line. ‘61 Kolu Sarai, HawzXhas, New Delhi-110016.h. 011-26514888.