Lubrication and Journal Bearing: ME 423: Machine Design Instructor: Ramesh Singh

Lubrication and Journal Bearing
ME 423: Machine Design

Instructor: Ramesh Singh
1
Outline
• Types of Lubrication
• Viscosity
• Petroff’s Equation
• Thick Film Lubrication
• Hydrodynamic Theory

2
Introduction
• Lubrication reduces
friction, wear and
heating of mating parts
• A shaft (or Journal)
rotates within a sleeve
(or bushing) and the
relative motion is sliding.
• Journal bearings are
more applicable for
extreme operational
conditions (high loads
and rotational speeds)

3
Types of Lubrication
• Hydrodynamic
– The surfaces of the bearing are separated by a relatively thick film of
lubricant (to prevent metal to metal contact). The fluid flow due to
moving surface is in a converging gap which generates pressure
separating the sliding surfaces
• Hydrostatic
– The lubricant is forced into the bearing at a pressure high enough to
separate the surfaces
• Elastohydrodynamic
– The lubricant is introduced between surfaces that are in rolling contact
(such as mating gears or rolling bearings). There is elastic deformation
of the surfaces with a fluid film in between the contacting surfaces

4
Types of Lubrication
• Boundary
– There is a very thin film and there is an effect of surface
roughness of the contacting surfaces. In mixed lubrication
there is asperity to asperity contact and a very thin fluid
film.
• Solid-film
– self-lubricating solid materials such as graphite are used in
the bearing. This is used when bearings must operate at
very high temperature.

5
In Fig. 12–1 let plate A be moving with a
We imagine the film as composed of a se
Viscosity these layers to deform or slide on one an
tact with the moving plate are assumed
stationary surface are assumed to have a
• A fluid film of thickness his sheared between thattwo plates
depend onetheir
upon stationary
distances y from
and other moving at a velocity U, assumingstatesthat there
that theisshear
no slip condition,
stress in the fluid is p
means the fluid and the plate velocities arerespect
same.to Newton’s
y. Thus viscous effect
states that the shear stress in the fluid is proportional to the rate of
change of velocity with respect to y. τ=
Figure
$% 12–1 U
!=#
$& F A
u
h
y

6
Viscosity
• where μ is the constant of
proportionality and defines
absolute viscosity, also called
dynamic viscosity. The derivative
du/dy is the rate of change of
velocity with distance and may
be called the rate of shear, or the
velocity gradient
# &
!= =%
$ '

7
Petroff’s Equation
• The Petroff equation gives the coefficient of friction in journal
bearings.
• It assumes that the shaft (journal) and the bushing are
concentric.
• In reality, the shaft is not concentric with the bearing but the
coefficient of friction predicted is quite good.

8
The force needed to shear the film is (where
Petroff’s Equation
) and the torque .
Thus the torque can be written as:
• The shaft is operating at a speed of n
$ &'()*
• != #% = + (1)
&'()*
• , =pressure
The !- . = on the
+
20.1
projected .
area is and the torq
created by the frictional force
• , = 23.
Where f is the coefficient of friction (2)
Equating 1 & gives:

The coefficient
of friction
The quantities are non-dimensional, and they are very important

parameters in lubrication.
bearing characteristic number
Sommerfeld number -dimensional) which is: 9
The coefficient
of friction
of Petroff’s
friction Equation
The quantities
• The non-dimensional
are non-dimensional, and they are v
The quantities
quantities are important
are non-dimensional, a
• The Sommerfeld number or bearing characteristics
bearing number
characteristic
bearing ch
contains many important
Sommerfeld number -dimensional) -dimensional)
Sommerfeld number which is:
is in
The SommerfeldThe Sommerfeld

number is verynumber is very
important important in
in lubrication
contains many ofcontains many of the
the parameters parameters
specified specified
by the by
designer
Stable Lubrication
Stable Lubrication
The differenceInstructor:
between
ME boundary (thin film) and hydro
423: Machine Design
The difference between boundary (thin film) and hydrodynamic
Ramesh Singh
10 (thi
can be explained by the figure (which was obtained from
Stable Lubrication
• On he right of AB, change sin
conditions are self-correcting and
results in stable lubrication
• To the left of AB, changes in
conditions tend to get worse and
results in unstable lubrication
• Point C represents the approximate
transition between metal-to-metal
contact and thick film separation of
the parts
• Common design constraint for point
B,

11
Thick Film Lubrication

12
Journal Bearing Nomenclature
• Center of journal at O
• Center of bearing at O'
• Eccentricity e
• Minimum film thickness h0 occurs at
line of centers
• Film thickness anywhere is h
• Eccentricity ratio
• Partial bearing has b<360

• Full bearing has b = 360
• Fitted bearing has equal radii of
bushing and journal

13
Tower Experiments
• Tower observed very low coefficient for rail road journal
bearing in 1880s
• He tried to plug the lubricant hole by cork and wooden plug
but they popped out

14
Reynolds Plane Slider Bearing
• Reynolds realized fluid films were so thin in comparison with
bearing radius that curvature could be neglected
• Replaced curved bearing with flat bearing
• Termed plane slider bearing

15
Reynolds Equation
Derivation of Velocity Distribution

16
Velocity Distribution
Derivation of Velocity Distribution

17
Velocity Profile
• Velocity distribution superposes parabolic distribution onto
linear distribution
• When pressure is maximum, dp/dx = 0 and u = (U/h) y

18
Reynold’s Equation
Derivation of Reynolds Equation

S e Mec a ca E ee De
19
Lubrication and Journal Bearings 6
Reynold’s Solution
From Eq. (i),
! Equation
Reynolds 3 "
dQ U dh d h dp
= − =0
• Classical Reynolds
Classical dx 2
equation
Reynolds dx dx 12µ dx
for one-dimensional
equation flow, flow, neglect
for one-dimensional
or neglecting side leakage
side leakage,
! "
d h 3 dp dh
= 6U (12–
dx µ dx dx
which is the classical Reynolds equation for one-dimensional flow. It neglects side le
age, that is, flow in the z direction. A similar development is used when side leakag
not With With
side
• neglected. leakage
Theside included,
leakage
resulting included,
equation is
! 3 " ! 3 "
∂ h ∂p ∂ h ∂p ∂h
+ = 6U (12–
∂x µ ∂x ∂z µ ∂z ∂x
There is noNo general
general analytical
analytical solutionsolutions
to Eq. (12–11); approximate solutions have b
obtained byOne
usingimportant
electrical analogies,
approximate mathematical
solution summations, relaxation metho
by Sommerfeld,
and numerical and graphical methods. One of the important solutions is due
Sommerfeld5 and may be expressed in theRamesh
Instructor: formSingh
#! " $ 20
2
Reynold’s Eqn
• No general analytical solutions
eneral
• analytical solution
One important for this equation;
approximate solution byone of the important
Sommerfeld,
umerical) was introduced by Sommerfeld which is:
Sommerfeld number
rations
volved in the design of sliding bearings may be divided in two groups:

21
ent (or design) variables; might be controlled directly by the designe
Design Considerations
Variables either given or under control of designer
Dependent variables, or performance factors

22
may be forced on the designer)
Significant Angular Speed
Dependent variables; may be controlled indirectly by changing one or m
. These variables tell

the performance of the bearing, and may be called t performance fa
(the designer may impose limitations on those variables to ensure satisf
performance).
Significant angular speed:

The that is used in the Sommerfeld number depends on
rotation of the journal, the bearing and the load. It can be found as:
Fig. 12 11 S e Mec a ca E ee De
where :
: journal angular speed (rev/s)
: bearing (bushing) angular speed (rev/s)
load vector angular speed (rev/s)
Fig. 12-11 shows some examples.
23
When bearing starts rotation some debris are generated becaus
Trumpler’s Design Criteria

Minimum
metal
Minimum
When metal
film
bearing
film thickness
contact and they move with the lubricant. It is impor
thickness
When bearing starts rotation some debris are generated because of metal to
minimum film thickness
starts
contact and rotation
is kept
they movesome
thick enough
debris
with the
such that the
are Itgenerated
lubricant.
debris
is importantbecause
that the o
willminimum
metal not block
contact filmthe
and lubricant
thickness keptflow.
theyis move with
thick thesuchlubricant.
enough It can
that the debris is importan
pass and
• Trumpler, a well-known
will not block bearing
the lubricant designer, recommended a set
Therefore
minimum filmTrumpler
thickness is flow.
suggest
keptthat:
thick enough such that the debris ca
of design criteria.
Therefore Trumpler suggest that:
will not block the lubricant flow.
• Minimum Therefore
film thickness
Trumpler
tosuggest
prevent accumulation of ground
that:
where is the
where is the mm mm
off surface particles
Maximum lubricant temperature
Maximum lubricant temperature
When temperature increases beyond a certain limit, lighter components of the
When where is increases
temperature the mmlimit, lighter comp
lubricant starts to evaporate which beyond a certain
increases viscosity and thus friction. For light
lubricant
Maximum startssuggests:
oils, Trumpler
lubricant totemperature
evaporate which increases viscosity and thus fric
• Maximum temperature
oils, Trumpler
to prevent vaporization of lighter
suggests:
When temperature increases beyond a certain limit, lighter compon
lubricant components
Starting load
lubricant starts to evaporate which increases viscosity and thus frictio
Journal bearing usually consist of a steel journal and a bushing of softer material.
oils, Trumpler suggests:
If the starting
Starting load load is high, the bushing will be worn-out quickly because of the
• Maximum starting metalload tocontact.
to metal limitThus,
wear at startup
it is suggested that thewhen there
starting load is by the
divided
Journal
metal-to-metal contactbearing usually consist of a steel journal and a bushing of so
projected area is:
If theload
Starting starting load is high, the bushing will be worn-out quickly bec
Note that starting
load is usually smaller
metalbearing
Journal to metal contact.
usually Thus,
consist ofita issteel
suggested
journalthat
and thebushing
starting
thanarunning
load d
load of softe
projected
If the startingarealoadis:is high, the bushing will be worn-out quickly becaus
Running load design factor
Instructor: Ramesh
Note that s
metal to metal contact.
To account for external Thus, it Singh
isasuggested
vibrations, that
design factor is to bethe starting load divi
used;
24 is usu
load
projected area is:
Viscosity Charts
Viscosity
Viscosity is clearly a function of temperature
• Viscosity
Viscosity charts of
is clearly commonoflubricants
a function are given in Figs. 12 12
temperature
through 12 14
• Raymondi and Boyd assumed constant viscosity through the
Raymondi
loading zone and Boyd assumed constant viscosity through the
loading zone
• Not completely true since temperature rises as work is done
onNot
thecompletely true since
lubricant passing temperature
through riseszone
the loading as work is done on the
lubricant passing through the loading zone
• Use average temperature to find a viscosity
Use average temperature to find a viscosity

25
Viscosity Charts
Viscosity-Temperature Chart in Metric Units
ME 423: Machine Design Fig. 12 13

S e Mec a ca E ee De
26
Notation Notation
of Raimondi
of Raimondi and Boyd
and Boyd
Polar diagram of the film
• Polar pressure
diagram of the film
distribution showing
pressure distribution
notation showing
used by Raimondi and
notation
Boydused by Raimondi and
Boyd
Fig. 12 15
ME 423: Machine Design S e Mec a ca E ee De
27
Minimum Film Thickness and Eccentricity
Ratio

28
Position of Minimum Film Thickness

29
Coefficient of Friction

30
Maximum Film Pressure

31
Example Problem#1
Example 12 1

32
Example Problem#1
Example 12 1

33
The friction chart, Fig. 12–18, has the friction variable (r/c) f plotted against
Sommerfeld number S with contours for various values of the l/d ratio.
Example #2
2 Using the parameters given in Ex. 12–1, determine the coefficient of friction, the torque
to overcome friction, and the power loss to friction.
n We enter Fig. 12–18 with S = 0.135 and l/d = 1 and find (r/c) f = 3.50. The coeffi-
cient of friction f is
f = 3.50 c/r = 3.50(0.0015/0.75) = 0.0070
The friction torque on the journal is
T = f W r = 0.007(500)0.75 = 2.62 lbf · in
The power loss in horsepower is
TN 2.62(30)
(hp)loss = = = 0.075 hp
1050 1050
or, expressed in Btu/s,
2π T N 2π(2.62)30
H= = = 0.0529 Btu/s
778(12) 778(12)
34
Example # 3
Example 12 4

35

Lubrication and Journal Bearing: ME 423: Machine Design Instructor: Ramesh Singh

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Lubrication and Journal Bearing: ME 423: Machine Design Instructor: Ramesh Singh

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Lubrication and Journal Bearing

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

Equating 1 & gives:

The quantities are non-dimensional, and they are very important

The SommerfeldThe Sommerfeld

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

• Partial bearing has b<360

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

volved in the design of sliding bearings may be divided in two groups:

Dependent variables, or performance factors

ME 423: Machine Design

. These variables tell

Significant angular speed:

Trumpler’s Design Criteria

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design Fig. 12 13

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

ME 423: Machine Design

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