INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT

 Active Security Measures 

1. Physical Barriers
2. Security lighting
3. Vaults
4. Locks

 Passive Security Measures

      1. Those that will deter man from committing such act for fear
        of being caught charged in court or get dismissed
      2.Security education programs, investigation, fire prevention
        seminars, personal security checks.

 Company Guard Force – (CGF) a security force maintained and operated

by any private company/corporation utilizing any of its employees to
watch, secure or guard its business establishment premises, compound
or properties.

 Duty Detail Order - is a written order/schedule issued by a superior

officer usually the private security agency/branch manager or
operations officer assigning the performance of private
security/detective services duties.

 Factors that Bring About Unsecured Conditions

1. Threats - an activity that could lead to a loss.
2. Hazards - a condition that could lead to a loss.
3. Vulnerability - a weakness that can be used to gain access to
   an asset.
4. Risk - a potential loss or damage to an asset.
 Government Guard Unit – (GGU) a security unit maintained and operated
by any government entity other than military or police, which is
established and maintained for the purpose of securing the office or
compound and/or extension of such government entity.

 Government Security Personnel – shall be natural persons which include

government security guards, detectives, security consultants and
security officers except those of the AFP, PNP, or BJMP  rendering or
performing security and/or detective services as employed by
government entities.
  License to Exercise Profession – shall mean any document issued by
the Chief, PNP or his duly authorized representative recognizing a
person to be qualified to perform his duties as private security or
training personnel.
 License to Operate – (LTO) is a License Certificate document, issued
by the Chief, Philippine National Police or his duly authorized
representative, authorizing a person to engage in employing security
guard or detective, or a juridical person to establish, engage, direct,
manage or operate an individual or a private detective agency or
private security agency/company security force after payment of the
prescribed dues or fees.

 PADPAO – Philippine Association of Detective and Protective Agency

Operators. Is an association of all licensed security agencies and
company security forces in the Philippines.

 Person - shall include not only natural persons but also juridical
persons such as corporation, partnership, company or association duly
registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

 Physical Barrier - any structure or physical device capable of

restricting, deterring, delaying, illegal access to an installation.

PNP - Philippine National Police, under the DILG, organized pursuant

to the provision of RA 6975 otherwise known as the National Police
Act of 1991. The PNP shall exercise general supervision over
the operators of all security agencies and guards.

Powers and Duties of a Security Guard

1. To watch and secure the property of the client. Service shall
   not extend beyond the property or compound of client.

         Exception:
         1. Escort duties
         2. Hot pursuit of criminal offenders

2. Security Guard and Private Detective have no police authority.

 Private Detective - is any person who does detective work for hire,
reward or commission, other than members of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, guards of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology,
municipal or city jail guards, and members of the Philippine National
Police or of any other law enforcement agency of the government.

      Qualifications of a Private Detective

      1. Must be a Filipino citizen
      2. Must be a high school graduate
      3. Must be physically and mentally fit
      4. Must not be less than 21 nor more than 50 years of age
      5. Must be at least 5 feet and 4 inches in height
      6. Must not be suffering from any of the ff: disqualifications
               a. Dishonorably discharged or separated from the AFP
               b. Mental incompetent
               c. Addicted to the use of narcotic drug or drugs
               d. Habitual drunkard
      7. Must not be convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude
 
 Private Detective Agency - is any person, who, for hire or reward or
on commission, conducts or carries on or holds himself or itself out
as conducting or carrying on a detective agency, or detective service.

      Notes:
      1. All person used in a private detective work must be licensed
      2. All person employed solely for clerical or manual work need
         no private detective license.
      3. License (LTO) shall be displayed at all times in a conspicuous
         and suitable place in the agency office or headquarters of
         the agency and shall be exhibited at the request of any person
         whose jurisdiction is in relation with the business of the
         agency or the employees thereof, or of the Chief of the PNP
         or his duly authorized representative or any peace officer.
      4. The PNP shall exercise general supervision over the operation
         of all private detective and private detective agency.
  Private Security Guard - (watchman) shall include any person who
offers or renders personal service to watch or secure either a
residence, business establishment, or buildings, compounds, areas,
or property, inspects/monitors bodily checks/searches individuals
and/or baggage and other forms of security inspection, physically/
manually or scientifically electronic, including but not limited to,
logging concessions and agricultural, mining or pasture lands,
transportation, for hire or compensation , or as an employee thereof,
including any employee of the national or local governments or
agencies or instrumentality’s thereof and or government owned or
controlled firm or corporations who is employed to watch or secure
government buildings, compounds, premises and other properties, other
than members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, guards of the
Bureau of Jail management and Penology, Municipal or City jail
guards, and members of the Philippine National Police or of any other
law enforcement agency of the Government.
  
  Qualifications of a Security Guard
      1. Must be a Filipino citizen
      2. Must be a high school graduate
      3. Must be physically and mentally fit
      4. Must not be less than 21 nor more than 50 years of age
      5. Must be at least 5 feet and 4 inches in height (RA 5487)
      6. Must not be suffering from any of the ff: disqualifications
               a. Dishonorably discharged or separated from the AFP
               b. Mental incompetent
               c. Addicted to the use of narcotic drug or drugs
               d. Habitual drunkard
      7. Must have undergone a pre-licensing training course
      8. Must not be convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude

Moral Turpitude –
 A phrase used in Criminal Law to
               describe conduct that is considered contrary to
               community standards of justice, honesty, or good morals.
       
 Crimes involving moral turpitude have an inherent quality
               of baseness, vileness, or depravity with respect to a
               person's duty to another or to society in general.
     
 Examples of Crime Involving Moral Turpitude
               1. Rape
               2. Forgery
               3. Robbery
               4. Prostitution
 Limitations/Disqualification/Prohibitions In Organizing A 
      Security Agency
      1. Security Agency must be 100% Filipino owned
      2. No person shall organize or have an interest in, more than
         security agency
      3. No agency shall offer, render or accept services in gambling
         dens or other illegal business establishments or enterprises.
      4. Must not be an elective or appointive government employees
         who may be called upon on account of the functions of their
         respective offices in the implementation and enforcement of
         the Private Security Agency Law and any person related to
         such government employees by affinity or consanguinity in
         the third civil degree shall not hold any interest, directly
         or indirectly in any security guard or watchman agency.
      5. The extent of the security guard service being furnished by
         the security agency shall not go beyond the compound and/or
         property of the person or establishment contracting the
         security service except when the security guards is
         escorting big amount of money or valuables.
      6. Main Office - All agencies shall maintain a main office in
         their registered addresses.

               Branch offices - may be established and maintained in

               other provinces/ cities where the security agency has
               deployed security guards.

      7. Rules - Authority to operate outside principal offices.

               1. No new or moribund but previously licensed private
                  security agency shall be granted license to operate
                  unless its business viability is supported by
                  evidence of assured clientele, adequate
                  capitalization and the like.
 Moribund - (dying)(stagnant)(obsolescent) in
                  terminal decline; lacking vitality or vigor.
        
        
2. Private Security Agency operating at regions
                  outside its main office shall be required to
                  register with the nearest Police Provincial Office
                  and shall submit an authenticated machine copy of
                  the following documents:
                     a) License to Operate
                     b) License of the FA’s to be issued
                     c) List of the officers and security guards
                     d) Appointment Order of Branch/Detachment
                        Manager (if any)
      8. All applicants for license to operate shall be required to
         attend a private security agency/company guard force
         operators and management seminar/workshop.
      9. Prohibition on “KABIT SYSTEM” operators
 1. No licensed security agency shall operate, promote
                  and enter into an agreement of “merger“
                  (kabit system) with any person or a group of persons
                  for the purpose of organizing a branch unit or
                  subsidiary under separate control and ownership.
                  Merger of security and detective agencies shall not
                  be recognized without prior approval from the SEC
                  with respect to their Articles of Incorporation and
                  the DTI, with regards their business name.
               2. Any of the following circumstances or a combination
                  thereof shall be considered prima-facie evidence
                  of the existence of “Kabit System”.
                     a) Maintaining a separate branch, unit or
                        subsidiary office aside from the main office
                        of the agency situated within the same locality
                     b) Receiving direct payments from the agency’s
                        clientele and issuing officials receipt of
                        their own distinct from that issued by the
                        agency concerned
                     c) Remitting directly Social Security System
                        premiums, Medicare contributions and other
                        premium for other policy insurance benefits

 d) Existence of an agreement between the licensee

                        and a branch manager thereof, whereby the
                        latter obligates himself to pay a certain
                        percentage of his income to the former on the
                        condition that the control and supervision of
                        the guards posted by said branch shall course
                        on the manager thereof and that the licensee
                        shall be exempt from liabilities/ obligations
                        attendant to the operation of said branch.
                     e) Keeping/maintaining separate payrolls for the
                        branch employees signed and/or approved by
                        the branch manager only
                     f) Absence of record of monthly income remittances
                        to the main office when said branch is
                        authorized to make collections from the clients
                        of the licensee
                     g) All other similar acts tending to show separate
                        and distinct relationship/personality/
                        ownership/ management.
 Qualifications of the Operator/Manager of a Security Agency
      1. Must be at least 25 years of age
      2. Must be a College Graduate and/or No.3 below.
      3. Must be a commissioned officer in the inactive service of
         the Armed Forces of the Philippines
      4. Must be of good moral character
      5. Must have no previous record of any conviction of any crime
         or offense involving moral turpitude
      6. Must not be suffering from any of the following
         disqualifications:
               a. Dishonorably discharged or separated from the AFP
               b. Mental incompetent
               c. Addicted to the use of narcotic drug or drugs
               d. Habitual drunkard
      7. Must have taken a course/seminar on industrial Security
         Management and/or must have adequate training or experience
         in security business (IRR)
 Note: One cannot be a Commissioned officer in the inactive
      service of the AFP unless college graduate. The law used the
      word and/or.
 RA 5487 is a law. In case of conflict between the law and its
      implementing rules and regulations promulgated by the chief
      PNP, The law shall prevail.
  
 Private Security Industry – shall cover those in the legitimate
business of providing private security and detective services.
 Private Security Personnel – shall be natural persons which include
private security guards, private detectives, security consultants,
and security officers rendering/performing security and/or detective
services as employed by private security agencies and/or private firms.

 Protective Security System - are those measures taken by an

installation or unit to protect itself against sabotage,
espionage or subversion.
      
 RA 5487 - known as "The Private Security Agency Law."

 Restricted Area - is any area in which personnel or vehicles are

controlled for reasons of security. Restricted area is established
to provide security for installation or facilities and to promote
efficiency of security operations and economy in the use of
security personnel.

 SAGSD - Security Agency and Guard Supervision Division. SAGSD is

under the PNP Civil Security Group.

 Security - is the state or quality of being secured, freedom from

fear or danger; assurance; certainty. To secure is to make safe or
be protected. From the Greek word SECUROS which means safe,
safety or secured.

 Security Guard - (watchman) Any person who offers or renders

personal service to watch or secure either residential or business
establishment, or both, or any building, compound, or area including
but not limited to logging concessions, agricultural, mining or
pasture lands for hire or compensation, or as an employee thereof.

 Security Hazards - is an act or condition which results in a situation

like a breach of the protection system and the subsequent loss or
compromise of defense information, company secret or damage to
personnel, property or facilities.
 Three Major Areas of Security
1. Physical Security - this concern with the physical measures
   adopted to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities,
   material and document and to safeguard them against espionage,
   damage, loss and theft
2. Personnel Security - this is as important as physical security.
   Personnel security starts even before the hiring of an employee
    and remains to be maintained for as long as the person is employed.
   Its purpose is to insure that a firm hires those best suited to
   assist the firm in achieving its goals and objectives and once
   hired assist in providing necessary security to the work force
   while carrying out their functions
3. Document and Information Security - this involves the protection
   of documents as classified papers from loss, access by unauthorized
   persons, damage, theft and compromise through disclosure
 Two Instances When the Chief PNP may deputize any security guard 
to assist the PNP in the performance of police duties.
1. In case of emergency
2. In times of disaster or calamities
 Types of Security
1. Industrial Security - a type of security applied to business
   groups engaged in industries like manufacturing, assembling,
   research and development, processing, warehousing and even
   agriculture. It may also mean the business of providing security.
2. Hotel Security- a type of security applied to hotels where its
   properties are protected from pilferage, loss damage and the
   function in the hotel restaurants are not disturbed and troubled
   by outsiders or the guest themselves. This type of security
   employs house detectives, uniforms guard and supervisor and
   insures that hotel guests and their personal effects are safeguarded.
3. Bank Security- this type of security is concern with the bank
   operations.
4. VIP Security- a type of security applied for the protection of
   top-ranking officials of the government or private entity,
   visiting persons of illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.
5. School Security- a type of security that is concern with the
   protection of the students, faculty members, and school properties.
6. Supermarket or Mall Security- a type of security which is concern
   with the protection of the stores, warehouses, storage, its
   immediate premises and properties as well as the supermarket
   personnel and customers. Security personnel are trained to detect
   shoplifter, robbery, and bomb detection and customer relation.
7. Other Types- this includes all other security matters not covered
   in the above enumeration.
 POLICE PERSONNEL AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT

 Attrition - refers to the retirement or separation from the police

service of PNP uniformed personnel pursuant to any of the means
mentioned in RA 8551.

  
  Means of Attrition
      1. Attrition by attainment of maximum tenure in position
         a. Chief PNP - 4 years
         b. PNP Deputy Chief for Operation - 4 years
         c. PNP Deputy chief for Administration - 4 years
         d. PNP Chief of the Directorial Staff - 4 years
         e. Regional Directors - 6 years
         f. Provincial directors - 9 years
         g. City Directors - 9 years
         h. Other positions higher than provincial director shall have
            the maximum tenure of 6 years.

  2. Attrition by Relief

         A PNP member who has been relieved for cause and has not been
         given an assignment within 2 years from the effective date of
         such relief shall be retired or separated.

  3. Attrition by Demotion in Position

         A PNP member who has been relieved and assigned to a position
         lower than what is established for his/her rank in the PNP
         staffing pattern and who shall not be assigned to a position
         commensurate to such rank despite the existence of a vacancy
         within 18 months after his/her demotion in position shall be
         retired or separated.

 4. Attrition by Non-Promotion

         A PNP member who has not been promoted for a continuous period
         of 10 years shall be retired or separated.

  
 5. Attrition by Other Means - a PNP member with at least 5 years
         of accumulated active service shall be separated based on any
         of the following grounds:
         a. Inefficiency based on poor performance during the last 2
            successive annual rating periods.
         b. Inefficiency based on poor performance for 3 cumulative
            annual ratings.
         c. Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform police
            functions and duties
  d. Failure to pass the required entrance examination twice
            and/or finish the required career courses except for
            justifiable reasons.
         e. Refusal to take a periodic PNP Physical fitness test
            without justifiable reason.
         f. Failure to take PNP physical fitness test for 4 consecutive
            periodic tests due to health reasons.
         g. Failure to pass PNP physical fitness test for 2 consecutive
            periodic tests or 4 cumulative periodic tests.
         h. Non-Compliance with the minimum qualification standards for
            the permanency of original appointment
 Attrition in Action - refers to the action containing the findings
and evidence on a specific means of attrition filed by a particular
screening committee before the concerned attrition board.

 Authority - Managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them

this right. Note that responsibility arises wherever authority is
exercised.

 Budgeting - with all that goes with budgeting in the form of planning,
accounting and control.

 Centralization - Centralization refers to the degree to which

subordinates are involved in decision making. Whether decision making
is centralized (to management) or decentralized (to subordinates) is
a question of proper proportion. The task is to find the optimum degree
of centralization for each situation.

 Coordinating - that is the all-important duty of interrelating the

various parts of the work.
 Demotion in Position - refers to the designation of a personnel to a
position lower than what is established for his/her rank or not
commensurate to his/her rank in the PNP table of organization.

 Directing - that is the continuous task of making decisions and

embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions and
serving as the leader of the enterprise

 Discipline - Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the
organization. Good discipline is the result of effective leadership,
a clear understanding between management and workers regarding the
organization’s rules, and the judicious use of penalties for infractions
of the rules.

 Discipline - the practice of training people to obey rules or a

      code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience.

 Division of labor - Authority and responsibility are clearly defined

and officially sanctioned. Job descriptions are specified with
responsibilities and line of authority. All employees have thus clearly defined rules in a
system of authority and subordination.

 Division of Work - This principle is the same as Adam Smith's

division of labor. Specialization increases output by making employees
more efficient.

 Equity - Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.

 Esprit de corps - Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity
within the organization.

 Field Training Program - refers to the training required to make the

temporary appointment of a new PNP member permanent.
 Formal hierarchical structure - An organization is organized into a
hierarchy of authority and follows a clear chain of command. The
hierarchical structure effectively delineates the lines of authority
and the subordination of the lower levels to the upper levels of the
hierarchical structure.

 Grievance - a wrong considered as grounds for complaint, or something

believed to cause distress.

 Immediate Supervisor - refers to a person authorized to make the

performance evaluation rating of a PNP member.

 Initiative - Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans
will exert high levels of effort.

 Just Cause - refers to the legal grounds that would warrant the relief
or removal of a PNP member from his present position and designation
in the PNP organization.

 Management by rules - A bureaucracy follows a consistent set of rules

that control the functions of the organization. Management controls
the lower levels of the organization's hierarchy by applying established
rules in a consistent and predictable manner.

 Managers are salaried officials - A manager is a salaried official

and does own the administered unit. All elements of a bureaucracy are
defined with clearly defined roles and responsibilities and are managed
by trained and experienced specialists.

 Mandatory Career Courses - refers to the required training for a PNP

member to be eligible for promotion to the next higher rank.

 Max Weber - As a German academic, Weber was primarily interested in

the reasons behind the employees’ actions and in why people who work
in an organization accept the authority of their superiors and comply
with the rules of the organization
 Maximum Tenure of Position - is the maximum cumulative period for a
PNP member to hold a particular position level.

 Mental Incapacity - is a condition where a PNP member is unable to

exercise his/her reasoning faculties or incapable of understanding and
acting with discernment his/her duties and responsibilities as a result
of illness or injury as may be determined by the PNP medical screening
committee.

 Non-Promotion - refers to the non-advancement to the next higher rank

or position beyond the maximum prescribed period.

 Order - People and materials should be in the right place at the

right time.

 Organic Personnel to A Unit - is a PNP member assigned to a particular

unit covered with appropriate PNP assignment orders.

 Original Appointment - refers to the appointment for the initial entry

of PNP member to the uniformed service who meets all the requirements
of the position.

 Organizing - that is the establishment of the formal structure of

authority through which work subdivisions are arranged, defined, and
coordinated for the defined objective.

 Pendency of an Attrition Action - refers to the stage when the

endorsement of the PRO regional director or the NSU director of a
PCO Attrition action has been officially received by the concerned
NHQ PCO attrition board through the NHQ screening committee report
of a PNCO  attrition action has been officially received by the NHQ/
PRO/NSU attrition board.

 Personnel Action on Attrition - is an action filed before the screening

committee based on a verified statement of an alleged means of
attrition by an initiating person.

 Personnel Administration - Recruitment, induction, placement, transfer,

promotion, salary administration of Police personnel.
 Personnel hired on grounds of technical competence - Appointment to
a position within the organization is made on the grounds of technical
competence. Work is assigned based on the experience and competence
of the individual.

 Personnel Programs - refers to the activities programmed to implement

the organization philosophy or creed and the personnel philosophy of
central managers in relation to people so as to accomplish organizational
objectives.

 Planning - that is working out in broad outline the things that need
to be done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose
set for the enterprise.

 Police Appraisal or Performance Rating - is the evaluation of the

traits, behavior and effectiveness of a police officer on the job as
determined by work standards.

 Police Compensation - Financial compensation in the form of wages of

salaries constitutes the largest single expenditure for most
organizations. In Metropolitan Manila and other urban centers, wages of
salaries represent the sole source to meet the basic needs of food,
clothing and shelter.

 Police Personnel Management - (Human Resources Management) may be

defined as that area of management concerned with human relations in
the police organization.

 Police Personnel Planning – is a study of the labor supply of jobs,

which are composed with the demands for employees in an organization
to determine future personnel requirements, which either increase or
decrease.

 Police Placement - is the process of making police officers adjusted

and knowledgeable in a new job and or working environment.
 Police Recruitment - is the process of encouraging police applicant
from outside an organization to seek employment in an organization.

 Recruitment - refers to the overall process of attracting,

      selecting and appointing suitable candidates for jobs within
      an organization, either permanent or temporary.

 Police Selections (screening) - is the process of determining the

most qualified police applicant for a given position in the police
organization.

 Police Training and Development – refers to any method used to improve

the attitude, knowledge, and skill or behavior pattern of an employee
for adequate performance of a given job.

 Promotion - is the advancement of an employee's rank or position in

an organizational hierarchy system.

 Promotion - means shifting of an employee to a higher position

      carrying higher responsibilities, facilities, status and salaries.

 Physical Fitness Test - the method of evaluating the physical condition

of PNP members in terms of stamina, strength, speed and agility.

 Physical Incapacity - the inability of a PNP member to perform his/her

duties and responsibilities due to physical defect as a result if
disease or injury as may be determined by the PNP medical screening
committee.

 Poor Performance - is the poor rating in the promulgated PNP

performance evaluation rating system.

 Remuneration - Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.

 Reporting - that is keeping those to whom the executive is responsible

informed as to what is going on, which thus includes keeping himself
and his subordinates informed through records, research, and inspection.

 Respondent - refers to the PNP member subjected to attrition proceedings.

 Retirement - the termination of employment and official relations of a
PNP member who rendered at least 20 years of active service in the
government with payment of corresponding benefits.

 Scalar Chain - The line of authority from top management to the lowest
ranks represents the scalar chain. Communications should follow this
chain. However, if following the chain creates delays,
cross-communications can be allowed if agreed to by all parties and
superiors are kept informed.

 Second Level PCO Ranks - refers to police commissioned officers below

the third level ranks in the PNP.

 Second Level PCNO Ranks - refers to all rank for police noncommissioned officers.

 Separation - is the termination of employment and official relations

of a PNP member who rendered less than 20 years of active service in
the government with payment of corresponding benefits.

 Stability of tenure of personnel - High employee turnover is

inefficient. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and
ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.

 Staffing - that is the whole personnel function of bringing in and

training the staff and maintaining favorable conditions of work.

 Subordination of individual interests to the general interest - The

interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take
precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.

 Third Level PCO Ranks - refers to police commissioned officers with

the rank of Police Senior Superintendent and higher.

 Total Permanent Physical Disability - is any impairment of the body

which renders PNP member indefinitely incapable of substantially
performing the mandated duties and functions of his position.

 Transfer - refers to a change in job assignment.

 Unity of Command - Every employee should receive orders from only one
superior.
 Unity of Direction - Each group of organizational activities that have
the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan.

 Waiver Program - refers to the waiver of the minimum age, height,

weight and educational requirements for the initial appointment to
the PNP pursuant to existing laws and policies.

 Waiver - the act of choosing not to use or require something

      that you are allowed to have or that is usually required.

 Welfare - the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.

 Written documents - All decisions, rules and actions taken by the

organization are formulated and recorded in writing. Written documents
ensure that there is continuity of the organization’s policies and
procedures.
 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING

The course deals with the study of principles underlying police organization and management
with particular focus on the Constitutional mandate, Republic Acts 6975 and 8551, and previous
laws and issuances relating thereto.

It includes the organizational structure and organization of the Philippine National Police, on the
national and local levels.
Emphasis is given on direction, supervision, coordination and control of all local police forces as
a homogeneous body under a single command.

 It also includes the basic management functions in so far as these are applied to the police
organization.
Police planning is integrated into this course, and it is designed to equip the students with
knowledge on the development of effective plans, particularly on strategies and tactics for
effective operations.

The emphasis is on the special techniques and procedure applicable to unusual needs like
unusual criminal activities, civil disturbances, special community events, disaster plans, and civil
defense.

Introduction: The organization with management and administration is directed towards the
achievement of goals and objectives.

Goals are broad statements of general and long-term organizational purposes often used to define
the role of the police, for instance, to prevent crime, maintain order or help solve community
problems. Objectives are specific short term statements consistent with an organizations goal.

The organization guides members in its operation of the assigned duties. It enhances better
administration of the department. Good organization and administration would eventually mean
effective and efficient police work. Organization can also distinguished by their degree of
formality and structure:
1. Formal Organization-is defined as those organizations that are formally established for
explicit purpose of achieving certain goals. (Stable social institutions.)

2. Informal Organization- are those sharing the basic characteristic of all organizations arise
through the social interactions of individuals or through family grouping.

 What is Organization?
It is a form of human association for the attainment of goal or objective.

It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating
responsibility and authority establishing relationships for the propose of enabling people work
effectively.
What is Police Organization?
 Police organization is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety
administration engaged in the achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the
maintenance of crimes.

 Administration of Police Organization - It is the systematic structure of management of

a police organization.

 What are Police?

 Police is a branch of the criminal justice system that has the specific responsibility of
maintaining law and order and combating crime within the society.

The term police are derived from the word POLITIA, meaning condition of a state,
government and administration, POLITIA organization is from the Greek
word POLITEIA which means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of a
POLIS, a city.

 POLICE (broadest sense) means the internal organization or regulation of a state, the

control and regulation of a community or state through the exercise of the constitutions
power of the government.
  POLICE (less broad sense) it denotes the power of the government which concerns the
tranquility, public order, peace, security of persons and property and the protection of the
public health and moral.

In the very restricted sense, the word police refer exclusively to that body of armed men
which as an institution is capable of exercising its duties by armed physical forces in the
preservation and detection of crime and the execution of laws

Police Activities:

 The prevention of Criminality.

 Repression of Crime.
 Apprehending of offenders.
 Recovery of Property.
 Regulation of Non-Criminal Conduct.
 Performance of Related Miscellaneous Service.

The organization of the police force commonly requires the following organizational units:
Functional Units:
1. Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of
numbers of divisions:

2. Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.

3. Section -functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.

4. Unit -functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group within an

organization.
 Territorial Units:
1. Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a
designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a spot
location for general guard duty.

2. Route -a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.

3. Beat - an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.

4. Sector - an area containing two or more beats, routes, or post.

 5. District-a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own
station

.6. Area- a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated

districts.

 Other Items and Terminologies

1. Sworn Officers-all personnel of the police department who have oath and who posses
the power to arrest.

2. Superior Officer- one having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily or

permanently, over officers of lower rank.

3. Commanding Officer- an officer who is in command of the department, a bureau, a

division, an area, or a district.

4. Ranking Officer- the officer who has the senior rank in a team or group.

5. Length of Service- the period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was
administered. Previous active services may be included or added.

6. On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of his
duty.

7. Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.

8. Special Duty -the police service, its nature, which requires that the officer be excused
from the performance of his active regular duty.

9. Leave of Absence- period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any
valid\acceptable reason, approved by higher authority.

10. Sick leave -period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness
or injury.

11. Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer from the

privilege of performing his duties as result of violating directives or other department
regulations.

12. Department Rules- rules established by department directors\superiors to control the

conduct of the members of the police force.
 13. Duty Manual -describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers assigned to
specified post or position.

14. Order – an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either: a. General

Order. Special, orc. Personal

15. Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal

reports; verbal reports should be confirmed by written communication.

Nature of Police Organization

 The police department is truly a complex bureaucracy. It is mostly a multi-level
organization, organized in the form of a pyramid with the top-level administrator being
the chief of police.

 At the bottom level of the organization, one finds the patrolman or line officer.

 The patrol officer is the backbone of the police department.

 The lowest level worker found in many, if not most, complex organizations who usually
performs the routine, repetitive kind of work necessary to keep the organization
functioning.

 The police department by its very nature places the line officer in a position where he is a
decision maker and manager of his area o responsibility from the first time he is given a
beat to patrol.

  There are indeed few agencies in which the efficiency and parameter of the law
enforcement functions are vested in those individuals quite likely have the least amount
of experience and expertise in the organization.

Types of Police Organizational Structures

 An organizational structure is a mechanical means of depicting, by an arrangement of

symbols, the relationships that exist between individuals, groups, and functional
relationships between groups and individuals clearly defined to ensure accountability and
compliance.
  Line Organization
The straight line organization, often called the individual, military or departmental types
of organization, is the simplest and perhaps the oldest types; but it is seldom encountered
in its channels of authority and responsibility extends in a direct line from top to bottom
within the structures, authority is definite and absolute.

While the line type of organization has many advantages, it also has some inherent
weaknesses which, for many organizations, make its use impractical.

Perhaps its greatest advantages it that, it is utterly simple. It involves a division of the
work into units of eight people with a person in charge who has complete control and
who can be hold directly responsible or accountable for result, or lack of them.

 Quick decisions can be made in the line organization because of the direct lines
authority.

Because of these direct lines, each member in the chain of command knows to whom he
is clearly fixed.

 Discipline is administered in this type of the organization.

 Responsibility for making decisions is well identified. Singleness of purpose is fostered.

Coordination of effort is relatively easy to achieve because functional overlapping in

between units, a prime cause of friction in any organization can be minimized.

Functional Organization
 The functional organization in its pure form is rarely found in present day
organizations, except at or near the top of the very large organizations.

 Unlike the type of structure, those establishment organized on a functional basis violate
the prime rule that men perform best when they have but one superior.

 The functional responsibility of each functional manager is limited to the particular

activity over which he has control, regardless of who performs the function.

 Coordination of effort in this type of organization becomes difficult since the employees
responsible for results may be subject to functional direction of several persons.
 Line of authority and responsibility are fragmented into many functional channels,
making each superior responsible to several superiors depending upon the function he
happens to be performing.

 The functional organization in its purest form is rarely found in present-day organization
except at or near the top level.

Advantages

1. divides responsibility and authority between several specialists;

2. Functional responsibility is limited to the particular activity over which he has control
regardless of who performs the functions.

Disadvantages

1. Coordination of effort becomes difficult;

2. Discipline is difficult to administer;

3. Conflict among the functional administrators.

Line and Staff Organization

 The line and staff organization is a combination of the line and functional types.

 It combines staff specialist such as the criminalists, the training officers, the research and
development specialists, etc. channels of responsibility are to think and provide expertise
for the line units.

 The line supervisor must remember that he obtains advice from the staff specialist.

 In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line commands but with recognized
limitations such as coordination between line and staff personnel can be achieved without
undue friction.

 Failure to recognize these line and staff relationship is the greatest and most frequent
source of friction and a barrier to effective coordination.

 The advantage of this kind would be- it combines staff specialist or units with line
organization so that service of knowledge can be provided line personnel by specialist.
POLICE SERVICE
 Fundamental Theories of Police Service

1. The Continental Theory - police are servant of higher authorities and the people have
little or no share at all in their duties, nor any direct connection with them
2. The Home Rule Theory - policemen are considered as servants of the community
who defend for the effectiveness of their function upon the express wishes of the
people.

Concepts of Police Service

1. Old Concepts -this old philosophy means throwing more people in jail rather than
keeping these out jails. Punishment is the sole instrument of crime control.

 The yardstick of efficiency of the police is more on arrests.

2. Modern Concept -police service today has broadened its activities to include certain
aspect of social service for the welfare of the people. Their yardstick of efficiency is
the absence of crime.

 All police function and activities can be categorized as their line or non-line. Line
functions are those tasks that directly facilitate the accomplishment of organizational
goals, whereas non-line functions are those tasks that supplement the line its task
performance.
 Line activities are further broken into the sub-categories: primary line and secondary line
functions, both of which are field service.

1. Line Function

1.1. Primary Line Function

 The primary line function is police patrol; that is the patrol activities of a police
organization are considered basic and the first priority.

 The patrol division has the initial responsibility for crime prevention and dictation of the
apprehension of offenders.

 It also assists in the preparation in the facts for presentation in a court of law.

 Theoretically, if the patrol force were 100 percent effective in the execution of its
assigned tasks, the need for specialized units (traffic and detective) would be eliminated.
  The patrol function is accurately called the backbone of the police service.

1.2. Secondary Function

 Historically, police department were established only as police patrols, however as

municipalities increased in population, area, and technology (for example, the invention
of the automobile), the burden of this patrols was greatly increased.

 The department, were unable to provide additional personnel because of budgetary

limitations, were unable to increase the number of the officers on the patrol beat in
proportion to the rising population and rate of crime and was force to enlarge each
officers beat.

2. Non-Line Function

 Simply put, non-line functions are those services that support the line.
Whereas the line provides services directly to the citizens, non-line activities help the line
to accomplish its primary task.

 Traditionally non-line or support activities consist of two major categories: staff and
auxiliary services.

2.1. Staff Services

 These activities that have the responsibility and personal development and department
management are staff services.

 Personal development includes recruitment, selection, training, and supervision.

 Budget, planning and research, inspection, and similar activities fall under the heading of
managerial activities.
2.2. Auxiliary Services
 All non-line not regarded as staff service are classified as auxiliary services.

 Typically, they provide support service of both a technical and non-technical nature to
both line and non-line activities.

 Polygraph examiner, photographer, fingerprint and crime scene technicians, and the
police laboratory are technical auxiliary services that support the line activities.
  The jail and the communication system and non-line (staff) activities.

 Some activities are extremely difficult to classify as either the staff or auxiliary.

 In many instances they perform a dual service. Police community relation units, although
performing secondary line service, may be designated as an auxiliary or even a staff
function.
LINE FUNCTION
Primary Secondary Staff Auxiliary
 Patrol
 Criminal Investigation
 Vice Investigation
 Planning and Research
 inspection
 Police record System
 Identification service
 Traffic Regulation and control
 Crime Prevention
 Personnel Administration
 Training
 Budgeting Control
 Purchasing
 Public Relation
 Property control
 Communication
 Crime Laboratory
 Jail-Supply
 Transportation
 Maintenance
 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION

 To understand the organization and operation of public departments certain general basic
principles of organization must be understood.

 These principles of organization were generated by the experience of industry, business,

and the military services.

 They have no absolute values, but they do provide a check list against which an
organization can be structurally and functionally evaluated.

 This notion will become more defined as each principle is considered.

Division of Labor

For a police organization to be effective, work assignments must be designed so that

similar tasks, functions, and activities are given to an individual or group for
accomplishment.

Police functions are sub-divided into units that are described as follows:

1. Branch -usually the largest unit within station

2. Division - part of the branch having a department-wide function

3. Section -basically one of the several functional elements of a division

Unity of Command

 Unity of command requires that an individual be directly accountable to only one

superior. No person can effectively serve two superiors at a given time.

Chain of Command

 Primarily this principle provides for the vertical movement of authority up and down
established channels in the organizational hierarchy.

 To illustrate this concept, consider a directive originating in the office of the patrol chief
intended for the patrol force (downward movement).

 Two levels of authority fall between the patrol chief and the patrol officer inspector.
  Because both levels are held responsible for various aspects of patrol supervision, both
must be aware of such directives.

 If either supervisor is by-passed, that one cannot be held accountable for the lack of
knowledge.

 Further, performance of supervisory duties is greatly hindered, and potentially serious

problem is created.

Delegation of Responsibility and Authority

 here must be a clear line of normal authority running from the top to bottom of every
organization.

 Ultimate authority and responsibility for a police organization lies at the top of the chain
of command-with the chief.

 However, if a subordinate is to be held responsible for the accomplishment of a given

task, he or she must be given the authority to carry out those responsibilities.

 It is important, also the responsibility and the authority be clearly defined.

 If the patrol officers are given the responsibility for evaluating police response time on a
given day or in a specific situation, the officer must be given the authority to procure the
communication logs from the communication center.

 Without this authority, the entire task cannot be accomplished.

Delineation of Responsibility and Authority

 A clear-out delineation of responsibility and authority is essential to prevent confusion of
lines of authority.

 If responsibility and authority are not clearly defined, conflicts, duplication and overlaps
of function lead to confusion and inefficiency.

 Each officer and each organization segment of authority delegated to accomplish the job.

Span of Control
  The number of officers or units reporting directly to the supervisor should not exceed the
number that can be feasibly and effectively coordinate and directed.

 There is an innumerable factor that limits the span control including distance, time,
knowledge, personality, and the complexity of the work to be performed.

 It is not unusual to fine fifty or sixty workers to perform identification function reporting
to one supervisor.

 On the other hand, as we ascend the chain of command and the diversity of functions
increases, the number of individuals that a police executive supervises decreases rapidly.
Objective

 All organizational elements must contribute, directly or indirectly, to the accomplishment

of the objectives of the enterprise.

 Each organizational element should be formed for a definite purpose, and this purpose
must be accomplishing the major objective.

 Any police function and organizational elements that is not required in the
accomplishment of the overall objectives should be eliminated.
Coordination

 The organizational structure must facilitate the development of close, friendly, and co-
operative relations, especially between line and staff activities.

 Effective coordination is dependent almost entirely upon adequate communication among

all element of a police organization.

Time
 The police service is among the few public services that maintain a twenty-four-hour
schedule.
 It is necessary to the department to assigned officers in sufficient number to meet the
demands at any given time.
Watch or Shift

 A time division of the day to ensure proper allocation of personnel. Shifts are normally
eight consecutive hours, five days, giving an officer a forty-hour a week.
  However, longer working hours and work weeks are common.
Further, shifts frequently overlaps to provide additional personnel during peak period.

Territory
Territorial distribution is necessary to ensure the availability and general suitability of the
patrol service throughout jurisdiction. Geographical or territorial divisions of the
department can beer described as follows:

1. Post - a fixed- or stationary-point location (e.g., a specified street intersection,

surveillance site, or an assigned desk or office).

2. Route or Lined Beat- a length of street normally assigned to the traffic and patrol
officers whether foot or mobile. The rout has the characteristics of being continuous, in a
straight line, or the line sight.

3. Beat – a geographical area, once again assigned to either foot or mobile patrol and
traffic officer.

4. Section - two or more beats, routes, posts, or any combination thereof.

Clientele

The distribution of patrol services with respect to the characteristics of the population
served must be recognized and dealt with in contemporary law enforcement. The
development of specialized functional units expresses the principle of the organization by
clientele.

Nature of the Office of a Policeman

A police man must have a mind of a lawyer the soul of a clergyman, the heart of the
social worker, discipline of an army sergeant, the integrity of a saint. He must believe in a
community of law, while seeing little but lawlessness; believe in the goodness of man,
while seeing the man most often at his worst, depend on his faithfulness, know his
jurisdictions like a sociologist, and he must understand people like a psychologist. He
must take long view of life like a philosopher and yet never losing his common touch.

POLICE OPERATIONS

 Police Operation
 Another word in the large collection of police service terminology is operations. For the
most part, operation is synonymous with line function. In accordance with previous
definitions, operations are inclusive of both primary and secondary line functions.

 Subdivision of the Operation

Area.

1. District - is a subdivision of a province and shall consist of a metropolitan city or a

metropolitan city and adjacent municipalities\ small cities, or several adjacent
municipalities and small cities.

2. Station -is a subdivision of a district and shall consist of a large municipality or a

small city or municipalities\small city and some adjacent smaller municipalities or
several adjacent municipalities.

3. Sub-station -is a subdivision of a station and shall consist of a large municipality or

small city or a municipality itself.

 Operating Unit of a Police Station

1. Patrol Division\Section - shall be responsible for crime prevention; general

preservation of peace and order; crime suppression, and other public safety services.

2. Investigation Division\section - shall be charged with the duty of carrying on the

objectives of criminal investigation, that is, to identify and locate the guilty party and
provide evidence of his guilt through criminal proceedings.

3. Vice Control Division\Section - shall be responsible for the neutralization or

suppression of vices such as gambling, prostitution and drug abuse.

4. Juvenile Division\Section - shall be primarily concerned with children and youth,

the correction and rehabilitation of youth offenders.

5. Intelligence Division\Section - shall work for the detection of syndicated crimes

and subtle criminal activities, including subversion and threats to the security of the
state.

6. Traffic Division\section - shall be responsible from the enforcement of traffic laws

and regulation of traffic. This section is primarily concerned with the motorist and
pedestrians.

7. Homicide Division\Section - shall be charged with the duty to investigate

homicide and murder cases.
 8. Municipal Police Sub-station - shall be concerned with the general maintenance
of peace, order and public safety within their respective jurisdictions. The Municipal
Police Sub-station shall consist of two principal sections with corresponding
functions as indicated below:

 Patrol Section

1. Preservation of peace and order

2. Suppression of criminal activities

3. Crime prevention

4. Inspection activities

5. Enforcement of traffic laws and regulations

6. Fire prevention and control

 Investigation section

1. Crime investigation

2. vice control

3. Control of juvenile delinquency

4. Custody of prisoners
Peace Officer of Small Police Station

 Peace officers of small Police stations are considered as generalist. Most small police
station within the limits of their capabilities, are responsible for all activities in the fields
of law enforcement and public safety. They provide routine patrol, conduct premise
inspection, make criminal and traffic investigations, make arrest, and in other ways,
provide for the community security. In such stations, its members and officers are by and
large generalist.

Historical Background on Policing

 Primitive Policing Law enforcement can be traced back to the cave dwellers, who were
expected to follow certain rules or face banishment or death. The customs depicted in
early cave dwelling may represent the beginning of law and law enforcement. The
prehistoric social order consisted of small family groups living together as tribes or clans.
Group living gave rise to customs everyone was expected to observe. The tribe’s chief
had executive, legislative and judicial powers and often appointed tribe members to
perform special task to include guarding the community against depredation of lawless
elements.

Ancient Law Enforcement

The Sumerians
 The earliest record of ancient peoples need to standardize rules and methods of
enforcement to control human behavior dates to approximately 2300 B.C., when the
Sumerian rulers Lipithstar and Eshima set standards on what constituted an offense
against society.

The Babylonians
 The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 B.C.) –during the time of Babylonian King
Hammurabi, he established rules for his kingdom that designated not only offenses but
punishment as well. The principle of the code was that the strong shall not injure the
week. Hammurabi originated the legal principle of LEX Talionis- the eye for an eye,
tooth for a tooth doctrine.

Ancient Egypt
  The early Egyptians established laws and court and a rudimentary rule of law. The first
account of a developing court system originated in Egypt in approximately 1500 B.C. the
court system was presided by judges who were appointed by the pharaoh. They later
organized marine patrols and customhouses to protect commerce.

Ancient Greece

 The Greeks had an impressive of law enforcement called theophoric. Each year at Sparta,
a body of Ephors was elected and given almost unlimited powers as investigator, judge,
jury and executioner. These five men also presided over the senate and assembly,
assuring that their rules and decrees were followed. From the Greek philosopher PLATO,
who lived from 427 to347 B.C., was the idea that punishment should serve the purpose
rather than simple retaliation.
Ancient Rome

 The Romans had a high development system of administering justice. The 12Tabulae (12
tables) were the first written laws of the Roman Empire. it deals with legal procedures,
property ownership, building codes, marriage customs and punishment for crimes. At the
reign of Emperor Augustus, he created the Praetorian Guard, which consisted of about
7000 men\soldiers to protect the palace and the City of Rome, together with the Urban
Cohorts to patrol the city. He created the so called Vigiles who were assigned as
firefighters and eventually given law enforcement responsibilities. As the first civilian
police force the Vigiles sometimes kept the peace very ruthlessly, hence the
word vigilantes. Another important event was the time of Justinian, ruler of the Eastern
Roman Empire (527 to 265 A.D.) who collected all Roman laws and put it into his
Justinian Code-they became known the Corpus Juris Civilis which means Body of Law.
The Early Policing System
 The policing system is divided into different systems namely:
The Anglo-Saxon Period
The Anglo-Saxons were influential in developing the early police forces. The
following are the features of this period:

1. Tun Policing System- Tun is the forerunner of the word town. Under this system
all male residents are required to guard the town and to preserve the peace and
control, to protect life and property from harm or disturbance.

2. Hue and Cry - a system of apprehending a criminal whereby a complaint goes to

the middle of the street and shouts to call all males to assemble. The victim reports
his complaint to the assembly and gives the whereabouts of the perpetrator. All male
residents would then proceed to locate and apprehend the culprit. When apprehended,
trials conducted giving the culprit a chance to depend himself.

3. The Royal Jude -a person who conducts criminal investigation and gives
punishment. Punishment usually fits the crime committed.

4. Trial by Ordeal- a system of determining guilt and innocence in the ancient times
which was based on painful test of skills. It is usually accompanied by harsh
punishment. For instance, suspects were required to place their hands in boiling oil or
water. When not hurt, it indicated guilt and the suspect placed under punishment.
The Normal Period of Policing (1066-1285)

1. Shire-Reeve System- England at the time of William Norman, divided England into
55military districts known as the Shire-Rieve. Shire was the district, Rieve was the ruler who
makes laws, pass judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted by a constable (forerunner
of the word constabulary).

2. The Traveling Judge- one responsible in passing judgment which was taken from the Shire-
Rieve in view of some abuses by the Rieves.

3. Leges Henri -the law of King Henrie I. During this period:

 a. offenses were classified as against the king and individual

b. police men were considered public officials

c. police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest

d. a grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.

4. The Magna-Carta- laws were enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table
and forced the king to sign the same. Examples of the principles of law include the following:

a. no free men shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or outlawed except by legal

judgment of his peers

b. no person should be tried from murder unless there is proof the body of the
victim

c. Beginning of the national and local government as well as legislation.

The Westminster Period of Policing (1285-1500)

1. The Statute of 1295- this law prescribed the closing of the gates of London at
sundown. Start of curfew systems.

2. Justice of the Peace - this was position which gives a person the power to arrest,
pursue and impose imprisonment.

3. The Star Chamber court - a special court which try offenses against the state.
Modern policing System

 This period came to the limelight when a bill creating the Scotland Yard was passed by
the parliament of England. It was sponsored and expanded by Sir Robert Pell who was
made to be the first head of the police organization. He was referred as the Father of
Modern Policing system due to his contributions in the modernization of the police
force. The following are the principles were considered inorganizing and administering
the Scotland Yard known as the Peels Principles:

1. Stable and effective police force should be under government control.

2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency.

3. Fast distribution of new to the people is essential.

4. Proper distribution of personnel according to shift and by hour.

5. The best qualification of peace officers is control of temper.

6. Proper selection and training is the basis of efficiency.

7. Police cannot function properly without wholehearted support of the people.

8. Every police must sell himself to the people.

9. Police officers must go out to their way to help or assist the people.
Philippine National Police

 The Philippine National Police or PNP is the national police force of the Republic of the
Philippines with a manpower strength of 113,928 as of end-July 2007. It provides law
enforcement services through its regional, provincial, municipal, district and local police
units all over the islands. Created by virtue of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the
“Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990", the PNP came into
being on January 29, 1991, at Camp Carme, Quezon City, when the Philippine
Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired as mandated by law.

History Early Policing

  Organized policing started in 1500s when nightmen or bantayans patrolled the streets of
Manila. The nightmen were under the direction of the Alguacil mayor who provided
them with muskets as weapons and alarm bells as their means of communication. In
1836, the Spanish colonial authorities formed the Cuadrillo, a rural police force, to
enforce peace in the countryside. Six years later, its general function was assumed by
the Cuerpo de Carabineros deSeguridad Publica.

 The Carabineros deSeguridad Publica was organized in 1712 for the purpose of

carrying outlaws of the
Spanish government. Native Filipinos served up to the rank of sergeant under the
command of Spanish officers. It was the earlier version of mounted riflemen in the
history of the Philippine police system.
 In 1852, the notoriously dreaded Guardia Civil took over peacekeeping duties in the
islands under a Royal Decree. Guardia Civil in the provinces was composed mainly of
Filipinos who worked under the jurisdiction of the alcaldes or mayors. They followed a
military structure and received semi-military training yet lacked other dimensions of
today’s police service.
 The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the First Philippine Republic,
signaled the start of the American occupation of the Philippines. Maintaining peace and
order, particularly in the countryside, remained the biggest problem of the Americans.
 The Americans failed to subdue the followers of Aguinaldo like Gen. Macario Sakay.
Hostilities continued in Batangas, Mindoro, Cebu, Boholand Samar. A military solution
to the peace and order problem was ruled, hence, the birth of the Philippine
Constabulary.

Pacification Campaigns
 To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine Constabulary divided the entire
country into constabulary districts. Banditry was rampant in Southern Luzon.
Records referred to the bandits as tulisanes. The style of fighting of the early
American Constables and the bandits was “man-to-man, on foot, and
generally by arms and bolos.”
 The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling the tulisanes in their
fight in the mountains as their enemies were familiar with the terrain. Malaria
and cholera were the diseases that the afflicted the American troops whenever
they conducted foot patrol in the hinterlands.
The Insular Force

The Americans are credited for creating the Philippine Constabulary, the principal
 instrument of the civil authorities for the maintenance of peace and order. The PC began
as a small unit—the Insular Force in 1901.

It was set up by virtue of Organic Act No. 175, enacted by the Second Philippine
Commission on July 18, 1901.The Constabulary then was composed of six thousand
men led by American officers and former members of the Spanish Guardia Civil. Under
close American direction and control, it functioned as a military organization.

 Since its formation, the Constabulary had been primarily discharging police law
enforcement and public safety functions. Its officers and men had served with distinction
both in the field of law enforcement and in combating violence and lawlessness, and in
various aspects of public service.

There was even a time in history when they performed the duties of teachers, sanitary
inspectors, midwives, doctors and foresters.

The Philippine Constabulary was mandated as a civilian organization on March 15,
1945 when it was placed under the general supervision of the Interior then later
transferred to the Secretary of National Defense on March 30, 1950.

The Secretary of Interior had supervision over the Constabulary as early as January 13,
1939 until the outbreak of World War II. As an insular police force, the officers of the
Constabulary carried the civilian title of “inspector.” Its peacekeeping duty was limited to
areas where military rule had been lifted.

The Constabulary at War

 The participation of the Constabulary in the dark years of the Second World War began
upon President Roosevelt’s declaration of a state of emergency in the United States.
Manila prepared for war.

The word had been sent: Japan, the Axis power’s ally in Asia, would soon attack the Far
East. Filipinos woke up on the morning of December 8, 1941 to the news that the
Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.

The first war casualties of the Constabulary came from the bombing of Pan-American
Airways installation at San Pedro, Makati in the afternoon of December 8. Six Constables
from the Headquarters Company were wounded.

 The next days and months saw relentless Japanese bombings on the country’s landmarks,
airfields and naval bases.
he Death March

 The Japanese had taken Manila but were surprised that no defense forces were waiting to
be captured. The Japanese forces then began the siege of Bataan, ordering four infantry
regiments with artillery and tank support to crush the American and Filipino soldiers.

 The Japanese then prepared to transfer the prisoners and surrendered troops to Camp o’
Donnel in Capas, Tarlac in what has been known as the “Death March.” Because of
torture and starvation, 4,326 prisoners of war died in the infamous march.

The Postwar Constabulary

 The county was left in shambles after the Second World War. Manila was in ruins. Loose
firearms and dead bodies littered the streets. This was also the period when communist
ideology had been propagated in the countryside and hard-liner supporters had been won.

 The Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan or Hukbalahap became a force to reckon with in

Central Luzon.

 The Hukbalahapwas born in Pampanga and was spawned by a feudal land system in

the province dominated by landlords. Pampanga was an “ideal ground” for the agrarian
unrest. It achieved legal status during the Japanese occupation when it merged with the
guerilla forces in fighting the Japanese.

 The communist movement, meanwhile, capitalized on the agrarian problems of the

country to cement its presence. Agrarian unrest was prevalent in agricultural lands in
Luzon as well as the sprawling haciendas in the south.

 Luis Taruc became a leader of the HMBs and founded his own government in Central
Luzon. It was during this turbulent period that the Philippine Constabulary was
reactivated into the Military Police Command.

 Faced with peace and order problems, the Military Police Command was suffering from
its own internal crises.

 The last war had killed many Constables. There was a dearth for trained personnel who
would be utilized to address the problems.

 Constabulary records showed that there were about 20,000Hukbalahaps in Luzon in

1946. The Military Police Command, on the other hand, had 23,000 informal enlistees.
Reorganization

 On January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command was dissolved by virtue of Executive
Order No. 94 issued by President Manuel A. Roxas. The Command’s 12,000 officers and
men were absorbed by the newly reorganized Philippine Constabulary. The revitalized
PC was in charge of the country’s peace and order “except those which were purely
military in nature.”

 Brig. Gen. Mariano Castañeda became chief of the PC and instituted reforms. On June
21, 1948, President Elpidio Quirino offered general amnesty to the Huks. Taruc, who had
been elected a member of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to Manila.
ButTaruc had no plans to surrender. He only went to Manila to collect his back salaries
and used the money for his comrades’ operations in Central Luzon.

 President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for crippling the Huk movement by mobilizing
the Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay used the “friendly touch “for winning over the
Huks, building roads for them and giving them lands.

The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines

 The Philippine Constabulary’s attempt to maintain peace and order did not end with the
decimation of the Huks.

 On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political Science student at the University of
the Philippines, founded the Communist Party of the Philippines.

 The communist ideology spread through a small discussion group called Kabataan
Makabayan organized by Sison and his colleagues in the middle sixties. Sison then rose
to become the leader of the CPP and organized the military wing of the CPP, the New
People’s Army.

 But the communists suffered a crushing blow on January 9,1969 in the hands of the
Constabulary who killed the most number of communist leaders in one encounter in
Orani, Bataan.

 The PC Metropolitan Command

 The upsurge of mass demonstrations and violence during the latter part of the 60s and the
expansion efforts of the communist movement triggered the creation of the PC
Metropolitan Command.
  To quell the unrest, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order Number 76 on
July 14, 1967establishing the PC Metrocom which became the PC’s striking force as it
was authorized to conduct 24/7 patrol in the entire Metro Manila and was tasked to
“supplement or complement local police action in the repression and prevention of
crimes…

Martial Law and the PC

 The Philippine Constabulary took on a pivotal role when President Marcos declared
Martial Law on September21, 1972.

 Marcos mobilized the Constabulary and other major services of the military to dismantle
the “unconstitutional opposition” and to prevent widespread hooliganism and
gangsterism. Convinced that there was a need to restructure the social base that bred
lawlessness, Marcos reorganized the government machinery to effect his desired changes
in the social, economic and political structures.

 On March 21, 1974, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Presidential Decree 421
unifying all the police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila. The move was significant
as it created an elite force, the Metropolitan Police Force that was placed under the aegis
of the PCMetrocom. The decree was also the first step in fulfilling the constitutional
mandate for an integrated national police force.

 The Metropolitan Police Force was tasked to carry out the integration of all police units
nationwide. Brigadier General Prospero A. Olivas, commanding general of theMetrocom,
was assigned the task of launching the pilot project under the supervision of Fidel V.
Ramos and Brigadier General Cicero C. Campos, deputy Chief for police matters.

 General Olivas would have the power and direction over the Metrocom, including
tactical, strategic movements, deployments, placements and utilization of the entire force
and the training thereof.

 On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No.765 establishing the Integrated
National Police with the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers as
components.

 They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.
The Creation of the Philippine National Police
 The People’s Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a
provision on the PNP which was to be “national in scope and civilian in character.”

In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of Republic Act No.
6975, otherwise known as the “Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of
1990.”

The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N. Maceda and
Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S. Cojuangco Jr. and Rodrigo Gutang.

 Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a transitory period;
and on 31 March 1991, President Corazon Aquino named General Cesar
Nazareno as the first Director General of the Philippine National Police.

 On January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine Constabulary
and the Integrated National Police were retired officially and the Philippine National
Police was born.

 Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains. To address these
concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 was
enacted on February 17, 1998 to amend certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975.

This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP “into a more
responsive, effective and relevant police organization.”

 Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly efficient police
force that is community and service-oriented and fully accountable in the performance of
its action.
Officer
 Training Officers for the Philippine National Police are sourced from the Philippine
National Academy as well as through lateral entry, for specialized disciplines and
requirements such as doctors, engineers and other technical positions.

 The Philippine National Police Academy is located in Silang, Cavite and is the primary
training school for the PNP.
Recruitment and Training
 The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs, depending on annual budget
allocations.

 The entry level for non-commissioned officers is the rank of Police Officer 1 or PO1,
with a starting salary of P14, 265.00 inclusive of allowances.

 The new recruits undergo Police Basic Recruit Course for six months and a Field
Training Program for another six months prior to deployment to various units.

Republic Act No. 6975 Approved: December 13, 1990

An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of the
Interior and Local Government, and for other purposes. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
(PNP) The Philippine National Police (PNP) has been established initially consisting of the
following:

a. Members of the police force who were integrated into the Integrated National Police
(INP)pursuant to PD 765;

b. Officers and enlisted personnel of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) which include:

•Those assigned with the Narcotics Command (NARCOM);

•Those assigned with the Criminal Investigation Service (CIS);

•Those of the technical services of the AFP assigned with thePC.

•Civilian operatives of the CIS.

c. Regular operatives of the abolished NAPOLCOM Inspection, Investigation and

Intelligence Branch may also be absorbed by the PNP. In addition, the PNP shall absorb
the Office of the National Action Committee onAnti-Hijacking (NACAH) of the DND,
all the functions of the Philippine Air Force Security Command (PAFSECOM), as well
as the police functions of the Coastguard.