APPLIED STRENGTH OF MATERIALS III

PRACTICAL 1 & 2

Group members:

• T.D. Xaba - 213088564

• K Magaga - 213385305
• J.S. Modishana - 213095196

Lecture: MR LW BENEKE

Subject code: ASA301T

 2
PRACTICAL 1

DEFLECTION OF A BEAM

Object of Experiment

The object of the experiment is to evaluate the deflection of a simple support

beam, cantilever, built-in beam and compare it with a value calculated from
theory.

Apparatus

The following are required:

Two knife edge supports, 2 load hangers, steel beam, brass beam, aluminum
beam, 1 dial gauge, weights and a tall dial gauge support.

PRACTICAL 1. 1

DEFLECTION OF A SIMPLE SUPPORT BEAM

Procedure

Let L = 600 mm and W =? N (see table) on each end. Place a stirrup on the
beam between the beam and the flat end of the dial gauge stem. Position the dial
gauge in the center of the beam. Use the position indicator to set the position of
all the stirrups. With no load on the hangers set the dial gauge bezel to zero.
Apply a load to each hanger and note the dial gauge reading. Repeat for load,
see table, remembering to ensure that the load on each hanger is identical.

W W

SUPPORT SUPPORT
 3

Results

STEEL
W (N) 0 1N 2N 3.5N 5N
δ(mm) 0 0.02 0.045 0.08 0.11

BRASS
W (N) 0 1N 2N 3.5N 5N
δ(mm) 0 0.04 0.075 0.12 0.17

ALUMINUM
W (N) 0 1N 2N 3.5N 5N
δ(mm) 0 0.05 0.1 0.16 0.235

Graph of Force (N) versus Elongation (mm) for all materials

W (N) 3 Steel
Brass
2 Aluminum

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
d (mm)
 4

Steel Brass Aluminum

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= 𝑚= 𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑥2
5−0 5−0 5−0
= = =
0.11 − 0 0.17 − 0 0.235 − 0

= 45.45 = 29.41 = 21.28

The values agree with the theory behind because of the Young’s Modulus of
each material.

PRACTICAL 1.2

DEFLECTION OF A CANTILEVER

Procedure

Let L = 600 mm and W =? N (see table) on each end. Place a stirrup on the
beam between the beam and the flat end of the dial gauge stem. Position the dial
gauge in the center of the beam. Use the position indicator to set the position of
all the stirrups. With no load on the hangers set the dial gauge bezel to zero.
Apply a load to each hanger and note the dial gauge reading. Repeat for load,
see table, remembering to ensure that the load on each hanger is identical.
 5

Results

STEEL
W (N) 0 1N 2N 3.5N 5N

δ(mm) 0 0.23 0.48 0.88 1.29

BRASS
W (N) 0 1N 2N 3.5N 5N

WALL

L
 6
δ(mm) 0 0.46 0.78 1.36 1.97

ALUMINUM
W (N) 0 1N 2N 3.5N 5N
δ(mm) 0 0.49 1.08 1.89 2.76

Graph of Force (N) versus Elongation (mm) for all materials

Chart Title
6

4
W(N)

3 STEEL
BRASS
2 ALUMINIUM

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
d(mm)

Slope of graph

Steel Brass Aluminum

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑆𝑡 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝐵𝑟 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝐴𝑙 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
5−1 5−1 5−1
= = =
1.29 − 0.23 1.97 − 0.46 2.76 − 0.49
= 3.774 = 2.659 = 1.762
 7
The values agree with the theory behind because of the Young’s Modulus of
each material.

PRACTICAL 1.3

DEFLECTION OF A BUILT-IN BEAM

Procedure

Let L = 600 mm, a = 200 mm and W =? N (see table) on each end. Place a
stirrup on the beam between the beam and the flat end of the dial gauge stem.
Position the dial gauge in the center of the beam. Use the position indicator to
set the position of all the stirrups. With no load on the hangers set the dial gauge
bezel to zero. Apply a load to each hanger and note the dial gauge reading.
Repeat for load, see table, remembering to ensure that the load on each hanger
is identical.

WALL

W W

L
Results

STEEL

W (N) 0 1N 2N 3.5N 5N
 8
δ(mm) 0 0.015 0.03 0.05 0.08

BRASS
W (N) 0 1N 2N 3.5N 5N
δ(mm) 0 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.11

ALUMINUM
W (N) 0 1N 2N 3.5N 5N
δ(mm) 0 0.05 0.08 0.14 0.18

Graph of Force (N) versus Elongation (mm) for all materials

Slope of graph

STEEL BRASS ALUMINIUM

 9
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑏𝑟 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑙 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
5−1 5−1 5−1
= 0.08−0.015 = 0.11−0.03 = 0.18−0.05

= 61.54 = 50 = 30.77

The values agree with the theory behind because of the Young’s Modulus of
each material.

Discussion

Position of the dial gauge, weights might have been misplaced

The weight of beam was not taken into account.

Conclusion

The objective of the experiment was successfully achieved. Observing the

measured value we can say that a cantilever will deflect more than all the other
beams due to the fact that it built-in on one side and free on the other side. The
built-in beam will have less deflection due to the fact that its built-in on both side
and a simple support beam will stand in the middle because of its supports.

Reference

Strength of Materials for Technicians, 4th Edition, Jan Drotsky

Web Course: Strength of Materials

Dr. Satish C Sharma (IITR)
Web Page: http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-
contents/IITROORKEE/
strength%20of%20materials/homepage.htm
Web Course: Structural Analysis II
LS Ramachandra & SK Barai (IITKGP)
Web Page: http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcoursecontents/
IIT%20Kharagpur/Structural%20Analysis/New_index1.html
M: Module, L: Lecture
PRATICAL 2
 10
THICK CYLINDER

PRACTICAL 2.1 – STRAIN GAUGE LINEARITY

Aims:

To show the linearity of the strain gauges.

Apparatus:

The following equipment is required:

The thick cylinder as seen in figure 1 along with the Versatile Date Acquisition
System (VDAS).

Procedure:

Note-Note that this experiment only tests the gauges nearest to the center of the
cylinder; this is because these gauges register the larges strain (as suggested in
the theory and proven in the second experiment) and will produce more
meaningful results.

Pressure Strain
 11
−2
(𝑀𝑁. 𝑚 ) (10−6)
Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 0 -1 0 -2 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0
1 9 -9 5 -7 3 -4 3 -4 2 0 20
2 17 -19 10 -12 7 -7 5 -4 3 -1 41
3 28 -28 17 -17 12 -10 7 -6 5 -2 63
4 37 -40 22 -22 15 -13 10 -8 8 -5 83
5 45 -51 27 -27 19 -16 11 -10 9 -6 107
6 56 -60 34 -32 24 -18 17 -12 13 -7 131
7 65 -71 40 -37 28 -23 18 -13 14 -8 154
Table 1

1. Switch on the power to the thick Cylinder and leave it for at least thirty
minutes before you do the experiment. This allows the strain gauges to
reach a stable temperature to give you accurate readings.
2. Unscrew the pump hand wheel until the pressure gauge shows zero
pressure.
3. Use the ‘Press & hold to zero’ button to zero the strain gauge display
readings. All the strain gauge readings should now read 0 µɛ (+⁄− 5 µɛ),
and the pressure meter should read 0 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2 (+⁄− 0.05 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2 ).

Note-Use the ‘Scroll Readings’ button to scroll through the strain gauge
reading from 1 to 13.
The strain gauge readings may vary slightly (+⁄− 2 µɛ) as you take the
readings. This is normal.

4. Enter your first set of readings at zero pressure into Table 1.

5. Screw in (turn clockwise) the pump hand wheel until the pressure is
approximately 1 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2. Wait a few seconds for the readings to stabilize
and then record the readings into your results table.
6. Carefully increase the pressure in 1 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2 increments up to7 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2 .
At each increment, wait for the readings to stabilize and record the
readings into your table.

Warning! Do not exceed a cylinder pressure of 𝟕 𝑴𝑵. 𝒎−𝟐

7. Undo (turn anticlockwise) the pump hand wheel to reduce the indicated
pressure back to 0 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2.
 12
Results Analysis:

200

150 Gauge 1
Gauge 2
Gauge 3
100
Gauge 4
Gauge 5
Strain 50
(x10^-6) Gauge 6
Gauge 7
0
Gauge 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Gauge 9
-50 Gauge 10
Gauge 11
-100
Pressure (MN.m^-2)

Conclusion

The objective of the experiment was achieved; according to the reading obtained
from the experiment all the gauges have a linear property against increasing
pressure. Observing from the graph we can say that the hoop strain has a
positive gradient and the radial strain has a negative gradient.
 13

PRACTICAL 2.2 – STRAIN AND STRESS DISTRIBUTION

Aims:

1. To find the hoop and radial strains in the cylinder and compare them with
theoretical values.
2. To prove that the longitudinal strain in this Thick Cylinder is very small
compared with the other strain values.

Procedure:

Note – Note that this experiment only tests the gauges nearest to the center of
the cylinder; this is because these gauges register the largest strain (as
suggested in the theory and proven in the second experiment) and will produce
more meaningful results.

1. Switch on the power to the thick Cylinder and leave it for at least thirty
minutes before you do the experiment. This allows the strain gauges to
reach a stable temperature to give you accurate readings.
2. Unscrew the pump hand wheel until the pressure gauge shows zero
pressure.
3. Use the ‘Press & hold to zero’ button to zero the strain gauge display
readings. All the strain gauge readings should now read0 µɛ (+⁄− 5 µɛ),
and the pressure meter should read0 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2 (+⁄− 0.05 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2 ).

Note-Use the ‘Scroll Readings’ button to scroll through the strain gauge
reading from 1 to 13.
The strain gauge readings may vary slightly (+⁄− 2 µɛ) as you take the
readings. This is normal.

4. Enter your first set of readings at zero pressure into Table 1.

5. Screw in (turn clockwise) the pump hand wheel until the pressure is
approximately 1 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2. Wait a few seconds for the readings to stabilize
and then record the readings into your results table.
6. Carefully increase the pressure in 1 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2 increments up to7 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2 .
At each increment, wait for the readings to stabilize and record the
readings into your table.
 14
Warning! Do not exceed a cylinder pressure of 𝟕 𝑴𝑵. 𝒎−𝟐

7. Undo (turn anticlockwise) the pump hand wheel to reduce the indicated
pressure back to 0 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚−2.

Theory:
15
16
 17

Calculations

Sample calculations at 36 mm
𝑝 𝑅2
𝜕𝑅 = 2 (1 − 2 )
(𝐾 − 1) 𝑟

7 × 106 (0.075)2
= (1 − ) = −1.515 𝑀𝑃𝑎
((4.054)2 − 1) (0.036)2

𝑝 𝑅2
𝜕𝐻 = (1 + )
(𝐾 2 − 1) 𝑟2

7 × 106 (0.075)2
= (1 + ) = 2.42 𝑀𝑃𝑎
((4.054)2 − 1) (0.036)2

𝜕𝑅 𝑣. 𝜕𝐻
𝜀𝑅 = −
𝐸 𝐸

−1.515 0.3 × 2.42

= 9
− = 14.37 × 10−6
200 × 10 200 × 109
 18
𝜕𝐻 𝑣. 𝜕𝑅
𝜀𝐻 = −
𝐸 𝐸

2.42 0.3 × −1.515

= 9
− = −11.205 × 10−6
200 × 10 200 × 109
𝐸
𝜕𝐻 = (𝑣𝜀𝑅 − 𝜀𝐻 )
1 − 𝑣2

200 × 109
= (0.3 × 14.37 × 10−6 − (−11.205 × 10−6 )) = −3.897 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1 − 0.32
𝐸
𝜕𝑅 = (𝑣𝜀𝐻 − 𝜀𝑅 )
1 − 𝑣2

200 × 109
(0.3 × (−11.205 × 10−6 ) − 14.37 × 10−6) = 3.41 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1 − 0.32

𝑝. 𝐾 2
𝜏=
(𝐾 2 − 1)

7 × 106 × 4.0542
= = 7.454 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(4.0542 − 1)

40−14.37
Error difference= × 100 = 64.08 %
40

37 − 11.205
× 100 = 69.7 %
37
 19

Results Analysis – Strains

Gauge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Number
Radius at 28 36 45 56 63 18. 75
Gauge 5
(mm)
Type of Ԑ𝐻 Ԑ𝑅 Ԑ𝐻 Ԑ𝑅 Ԑ𝐻 Ԑ𝑅 Ԑ𝐻 Ԑ𝑅 Ԑ𝐻 Ԑ𝑅 Ԑ𝐻 Ԑ𝐿 Ԑ𝐻
strain
Measured 65 -71 40 -37 28 -23 18 -13 14 -8 154 0 9
Strain
(x10^-6)
Calculated 22. - 14.3 - 9.7 -6.6 6.87 -3.7 5.7 - 50 - 4.53
Strain 7 19.5 7 11.20 7 5 6 2.5 4.72 5
(x10^-6) 5 5 9 5
Error 65. 72.5 64.1 69.7 65. 70. 61.8 71. 58. 67. 67. 100 49.6
Difference 1 1 1 5 9 6 5
(%)
Cylinder 75 mm Cylinder Internal radius: 18.5 mm
outside
radius:
Cylinder 7MPa
Pressure

Graph of Hoop & Radial strain Vs diameter for measured & calculated readings
 20
200

150

100

Hoop strain
Strain (x10^-6) 50 (measured)

Radial
0 strain
0 20 40 60 80 (measured)
Hoop strain
-50 (calculated)

-100
d (mm)

Results Analysis – Shear Stress and Derived Stress

Radius 1/r (mm) Theoretical Stress (MPa) Derived Stress (MPa)

(mm) x1000 Hoop Radial Hoop Radial
18.5 2.92 7.9 -7 xxxxx xxxxx
28 1.28 3.7 -2.8 -6.278 5.793
36 0.77 2.42 -1.515 -3.897 3.41
45 0.49 1.713 -0.806 -2.58 2.095
56 0.32 1.267 -0.360 -1.75 1.266
63 0.25 1.096 -0.189 -1.438 0.9493
75 0.18 0.907 0 xxxxx xxxxx
Pressure: 7 MPa
Shear Stress: 7.454 MPa

Graph of hoop & radial stress vs diameter for the theoretical & derived readings
 21
10

4
Theoretical
2 hoop stress
Stress (x10^6)
0 Theoretical
0 20 40 60 80 radial stress
-2
Derived hoop
-4 stress

Derived radial
-6
stress
-8
d (mm)

Discussion

The experiment was started 15 min after switching the power on

The readings were recorded before they stabilized

Conclusion

The objective of the experiment was achieved even though obtained values
slightly differ to the calculated one’s, this difference in results was because of
factors discussed above. Overall the shape of the experimental graph had a
similar shape as the calculated graph; lastly longitudinal strain came out to be the
smallest strain obtained.

Reference

Strength of Materials for Technicians, 4th Edition, Jan Drotsky

 22
Web Course: Strength of Materials
Dr. Satish C Sharma (IITR)
Web Page: http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-
contents/IITROORKEE/
strength%20of%20materials/homepage.htm
Web Course: Structural Analysis II
LS Ramachandra & SK Barai (IITKGP)
Web Page: http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcoursecontents/
IIT%20Kharagpur/Structural%20Analysis/New_index1.html
M: Module, L: Lecture