Design of Steel Beam

Design of Steel Elements Design of Steel Beam
Design of Steel Beams – Euro code 3
Page 1 of 31
Design of Steel Beams – Introduction
Page 2 of 31
Page 3 of 31
Page 4 of 31
Page 5 of 31
Page 6 of 31
Page 7 of 31
Page 8 of 31
Page 9 of 31
Page 10 of 31
Page 11 of 31
Page 12 of 31
Page 13 of 31
Page 14 of 31
Design of Steel Beam
Page 15 of 31
Example 1;
Determine the design buckling resistance moment of an unrestrained 686x 254x 170kg/m UB
segment in S275 steel with an effective length of 5m if the bending moment is constant along
the segment.
Solution Steps;
 Design Buckling resistance moment Mb,RD
 Mb,Rd = (modified reduction factor) x (plastic moment capacity)

= (XLT,mod) x (MPL,Rd)
= (Modification reduction factor) x [(yield strength of steel x plastic sec. modules) / Ϫm]
= (XLT, mod)) x [(fy.WPL,y) / Ϫm]
 Modification reduction factor, XLTmod, can be calculated as follow;

XLT,mod = (reduction factor) / (enhancement factor)
= (XLT/ƒ)
 Now reduction factor, XLT = 1 / [ɸLT + √ (ɸLT2- BʎLT2)] ≤ 1
 Now we need to calculate buckling parameter ɸLT, the limiting slenderness, ʎLT,o,
and the correction factor, β.
 ʎLT,0 and β from table
Now buckling parameter, ɸLT

ɸLT = 0.5 (1 + [ αLT (ʎLT - ʎLT,o)] + βʎLT2)
Table 5.13; h/b then αLT = from table
 Non-dimensional slenderness; ʎLT

ʎLT = √ [(ƒyWPL,y) / Mcr]
 Elastic critical buckling moment; Mcv

Mcr = C1 (π2 EIƵ/L2) x √ [(Iw / IƵ) + (L2GIT/π2EIƵ)]
Page 16 of 31
Solution 1;
 Elastic critical buckling moment; Mcv
Mcr = C1 (π2 EIƵ/L2) x √ [(Iw / IƵ) + (L2GIT/π2EIƵ)] table 5.12, 5.2 and G = shear modulus
Mcr = [(1.0xπ2x210x103x6630x104) / 50002] x

√ [(7.42x1012/6630x104) + (50002x81x103x308x104) / (π2x210x103x6630x104)]
= 2180kNm
 Design Buckling resistance moment Mb,RD
Mb,Rd = (modified reduction factor) x (plastic moment capacity)
= (XLT,mod) x (MPL,Rd)
= (Modification reduction factor) x [(yield strength of steel x plastic sec. modules) / Ϫm]
= (XLT,mod)) x [(fy.WPL,y) / Ϫm] whereas Ϫm = 1
Thus; plastic moment capacity; (= ƒyWPL,y)
The steel is grade S275 and tf = 23.7mm > 16mm
From table 5.3; ƒy = 265 N/mm2
 ƒy WPL,y = [265 x (5631x 103)] / 103

= 1492 kNm
Modification reduction factor, XLTmod, can be calculated as follow;
XLT,mod = (reduction factor) / (enhancement factor)
= (XLT/ƒ)
ƒ depends on C1. Since the BM is constant  C1 = 1.0 and ƒ = 1.0 (if C ≠ 1 :˖ we need to
calculate ƒ).
Now reduction factor, XLT = 1 / [ɸLT + √(ɸLT2- BʎLT2)]
≤1
Page 17 of 31
Now we need to calculate buckling parameter ɸLT, the limiting slenderness, ʎLT,o, and the
correction factor, β.
ʎLT,0 = 0.4 and β = 0.75

Now buckling parameter, ɸLT
ɸLT = 0.5 (1 + [αLT (ʎLT - ʎLT,o)] + βʎLT2)
Table 5.13;
But; h/b = (692.9/255.8) = 2.71  Imperfection factor; αLT = 0.49
non-dimensional slenderness; ʎLT
ʎLT = √ [(ƒyWPL,y) / Mcr]
= √ (1492/2180) = 0.827
 buckling parameter; ɸLT = 0.5 (1+ [αLT (ʎLT - ʎLT,o)] + βʎLT2)

= 0.5(1 + [0.49(0.827-0.4)] + (0.75x0.8277) = 0.861
The reduction factor; XLT;

XLT = (1/ɸLT) + (√ɸLT2) - (β ʎLT2)
= (1/0.861) + (√0.8612) - (0.75 x 0.8272) = 0.747
XLT = 0.747 < 1 and also < 1/ʎLT2 = (1/0.8272) = 1.46
now; the modification reduction factor; XLT,mod
XLT,mod = (XLT) / (ƒ) = (0.747/1.0) = 0.747
The design resistance moment, Mb,Rd;
Mb,Rd = (Modification reduction factor) x [(yield strength of steel x plastic sec. modules) / Ϫm]
= (XLT,mod)(ƒyWPL,y)
= 0.747 x 1492 = 1114kNm
 (Mb,Rd = 1114kNm) < (Mcr = 2180kNm) and also
< (ƒy WPL,y = 1492kNm)
Page 18 of 31
Example 2;
Determine the section classification for the following steel sections;
1) 533 x 210 x 138 kg/m UB in grade S275 steel.
2) 356 x 171 x 45 kg/m UB section in grade S355 steel.
Page 19 of 31
Solution 2;
I)
533 x 210 x 138kg/m UB in grade S275 steel
a) Yield strength of the steel :-
Since 16mm  t = 23.6mm  40mm and the steel is grade S275:
E = coefficient depending
Table 5.3; y = 265N/mm 2
on y for determining
and table 5.10; E = 0.94 the section class.
E = (235/y) = (235/265) = 0.94
b) Bending :- Table 5.10
i- Flange check
c/t = (86.9/23.6) = 3.68
9E = 9 x 0.94 = 8.46
Since c/t  9E  Flange class is class 1 plastic
Page 20 of 31
ii- Web check;

d/tw = 476.5/14.7 = 32.4
72E = 72 x 0.94 = 67.7
Since d/tw  72E
 The web is class 1 plastic
Overall section class for bending is class 1 plastic
c) Compression: table 5.10
i- Flange check;
c/t = 86.9/23.6 = 3.68
9 E = 9 x 0.94 = 8.46
Since c/t  9E
 Flange class is class 1 plastic
ii- Web check;
d/tw = 476.5/14.7 = 32.4 d/tw 33E

33E = 33 x 0.94 = 31.0
 Compare with 38E;
38E = 38 x 0.94 = 35.7
Since 33E  d/tw  38E
 Web class is class 2 compact
Overall class for compression is class 2 compact
Page 21 of 31
II-
356 x 171 x 45kg/m UB section in grade S355 steel
a) Yield strength of the steel;
Since 16mm  t = 9.7mm and the steel is grade S355
From table 5.3; y = 355N/mm2
and table 5.10; E = 0.81
b) Bending;
Flange check;
c/t = 71.9/9.7 = 7.41 c/t = 9E
9E = 9 x 0.81 = 7.29
10E = 10 x 0.81 = 8.1
Since 9E  c/t  10E
 The Flange class is class 2 compact
Page 22 of 31
Web check;
d/tw = 311.6/7.0 = 44.5
72E = 72 x 0.81 = 58.3
Since d/tw  72E the web is class 1 plastic
 Overall section class for bending is class 2 compact
c) Compression;
Flange check
c/t = 71.9/9.7 = 7.41
9E = 9 x 0.81 = 7.29
10E = 10 x 0.81 = 8.1
Since c/t  10E  class 2 compact
Web check;
d/tw = 311.6/7 = 44.5
33E = 33 x 0.81 = 26.73
38E = 38 x 0.81 = 30.78
42E = 42 x 0.81 = 34.02
From the previous value it is clear that d/tw  42E and web class 4 slender
 Overall class for compression is class 4 slender
Page 23 of 31
Example 3;
Steel floor beams arranged as shown below support a reinforced concrete slab with a screed
finish.
Other design data;
- Slab Thickness 150mm
- Screed weight 1.2kN/m2
- Imposed load on slabs 5.0kN/m2
- Mass of steel beams 75kg/m
- Unit weight of R.C 25kN/m3
- Young Modulus of Elasticity, E 210 x 103N/mm2
a) For beam AB, middle beam, choose a Universal Beam (UB) section in S275 steel that
has sufficient bending capacity at ultimate limit state (ULS).
b) Check whether the shear capacity of the beam is adequate at ultimate limit state(ULS)
c) Check the beam for deflection (SLS).
Page 24 of 31
Solution 3;
a)
Permanent load; (self- weight)
Screed = 1.2 x 6 x 4.5 = 32.4kN
Concrete slab = Thickness x density x dimension = 0.15 x 25 x 6 x 4.5 = 101.3kN
Steel beam = mass x acc. gravity x length = 75 x 9.81 x 6/103 = 4.4kN
Total Permanent load Gk = 138.1kN
Imposed load Qk = I.L x slab dimension = 5 x 6 x 4.5 = 135kN
 Total ultimate design load for ULS = ϪGGk + ϪQQk
= (1.35 x 138.1) + (1.5 x 135) = 388.9kN
Ultimate Bending moment;
M = F.L/8 = (388.9x6/8) = 291.7kNm
Design shear force;
VEd = (UDL/2) = 388.9/2 = 194.5kN
The beam supports a concrete slab so it is laterally restrained. Assume that the thickness of
the flange  16mm;
From table 5.3 the design strength for steel grade S275 is;
y = 275N/mm2
Page 25 of 31
The design bending resistance of a plastic or compact UB section is given by;
Mcr, Rd = (y WpL)/ Ϫm Note; Mcr is the critical buckling moment
Rearrange the above equation, so that the plastic section Modulus, WPL required;
WPL = (MϪm)/y
= (291.7 x 106 x 1.0)/275
= 1060.7cm3
From table 5.7, the lightest UB section with a plastic modulus not less than 1060.7cm3 is a;
406 x 178 x 60kg/m UB WPL = 1200cm3
The section mass is 60kg/m  assumed mass of 75kg/m 0.K
The flange the thickness is t = 12.8mm 16mm so it was correct to adopt y = 275N/mm2 (Table
5.6)
Check the bending resistance moment of the chosen section;
M = (y WPL)/Ϫm = (275 x 1200 x 103)/1
= 330kNm > 291.7kNm 0.K
Note:
For class 1 plastic and class 2 compact members the resistance is given by;
Mc, Rd = (yWPL)/ Ϫm
Where the material safety factor Ϫm = 1
Page 26 of 31
b) Shear capacity of the beam;
The design shear force, VEd = UDL on the beam
= 388.9/2
= 194.5kN
From table 5.16, a web shear buckling check is not required.
The plastic shear resistance, VPL, RD = 0.577y Av
= 0.577 x 275 x (34.6 x 102)
= 549016N
VPL,Rd = Av (y/3) but Ϫm = 1
= 549kN
= (Avy/3) = 0.577yAv
Since (VEd = 194.5kN)  (VPL, Rd = 549kN) O.K
As the max BM is in the center of the beam where the shear force is zero, it is not necessary
to check for reduced BM capacity in an area of high shear force.
 Section is O.K in shear.
Note: Area of flange, Av = A – (2bt) + (tw + 2r) t where r is the root radius (mm)
Page 27 of 31
d) Check for deflection:
The second moment of area for a 406 x 178 x 60kg/m UB, table 5.7, Iy = 21596cm4
and Young Modulus of elasticity for hot-rolled steel, E = 210x103N/mm2.
Deflection under dead load, w = (5GK L3) / (384EI)
= (5 x 138.1 x 103 x 60003) / (384 x 210 x 103 x 21596 x 104)
= 8.56mm
Deflection under Imposed load, w = (5QKL3) / (384EI)
= (5 x 135 x 103 x 60003) / (384 x 210000 x 21596 x 104)
= 8.37mm
The criteria in table 5.19 apply only to deflection under imposed loads. For beams
supporting plastered finishes.
Deflection limit = Span/360
= 6000/360
= 16.7mm  8.37mm Def is O.K
The dead load deflection of 8.56mm could, if required, be offset by pre-cambering the
beam during fabrication. However, pre-cambering is normally only required for
deflection significantly greater than 10mm.
Page 28 of 31
Tutorial
A) Determine the section classification for the following steel sections;
1) 686 x 254 x 170 kg/m UB in grade S275 steel. (Example 3)
2) 406 x 178 x 60 kg/m UB in grade S275. (Example 1)
B) Determine the design buckling resistance moment of an unrestrained 406 x 178 x 60 kg/m
UB segment in S275 steel with an effective length of 5m if the bending moment is constant
along the segment. (Example 1)
Page 29 of 31
Design of steel Beam / column
 Design load = (1.35 permanent load + 1.5 variable load)
𝑤𝐿2
 Ultimate bending moment = 8
𝑤𝐿
 Ultimate shear force, 𝑉𝑒𝑑 = 2
𝑓𝑦 𝑊𝑃𝐿
 Design bending resistance = 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝛾𝑚
𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 𝛾𝑚
 i.e plastic section modulus = 𝑓𝑦
 Plastic shear resistance, 𝑉𝑃𝐿,𝑅𝑑 = 0.577 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑣
5𝐺 𝐿3 5𝐺𝑄𝐾 𝐿3
 Deflection = 384𝐾 𝐸𝐼 or for UDL
384 𝐸𝐼
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
 Deflection limit = 360
 Design compressive, 𝑁𝑅𝑑 ;
𝑁𝑅𝑑 = 𝜒. 𝑓𝑦 .A
1
Where; 𝜒=
∅+√∅2 −ƛ2
∅ = 0.5(1+∝ (ƛ − 0.2) + ƛ2 )
𝐴𝑓𝑦
ƛ=√
𝑁𝑐𝑟
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = 𝐿2
𝐿 𝐿
 Slenderness , 𝜆 = 𝑖 or = 𝑖
𝑦 𝑧
 Interaction equation;
𝑵𝒆𝒅 𝑴𝒚,𝑬𝒅 𝑴𝒛,𝑬𝒅
+ + 𝟏. 𝟓 ( ) ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑵𝒃,𝑹𝒅 𝑴𝒚,𝒃,𝑹𝒅 𝒇𝒚 𝑾𝑷𝑳,𝒛
Axial force y-y bending z-z bending
Page 30 of 31
 Design compressive resistance; 𝑁𝑅𝑑

𝑁𝑅𝑑 = 𝑓𝑅𝑑 A
 Nominal eccentricity; e = ℎ⁄2 + 100 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 y-y

𝑡𝑤
e= + 100 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 z-z
2
 Nominal moment ; 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 = 𝑉𝑒𝑑 . 𝑒
 Design bucking resistance, 𝑀𝑦,𝑏,𝑅𝑑 (column)

𝑀𝑦,𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = 𝜒𝐿𝑇,𝑚𝑜𝑑 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝑊𝑃𝐿,𝑦
Where;
𝜒𝐿𝑇,𝑚𝑜𝑑 = 𝜒𝐿𝑇 /𝑓
1
𝜒𝐿𝑇 =
∅𝐿𝑇 +√∅𝐿𝑇 2 −𝛽ƛ2 𝐿𝑇
∅𝐿𝑇 = 0.5(1 +∝𝐿𝑇 (ƛ𝐿𝑇 − ƛ𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽ƛ2 𝐿𝑇 )
𝑓𝑦 𝑊𝑃𝐿,𝑦
ƛ𝐿𝑇 = √ 𝑀𝑐𝑟
 Elastic critical bucking amount, 𝑀𝑒𝑟 ;
𝐶1 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑊 𝐿2 𝐺𝐼𝑇
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = √[ + 2 ]
𝐿2 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝑧
Page 31 of 31

Design of Steel Beam

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Steel Beam

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Steel Elements Design of Steel Beam

Design of Steel Beams – Euro code 3

Design of Steel Beams – Introduction

Design of Steel Beam

 Design Buckling resistance moment Mb,RD

 Mb,Rd = (modified reduction factor) x (plastic moment capacity)

 Modification reduction factor, XLTmod, can be calculated as follow;

 Now reduction factor, XLT = 1 / [ɸLT + √ (ɸLT2- BʎLT2)] ≤ 1

Now buckling parameter, ɸLT

 Non-dimensional slenderness; ʎLT

 Elastic critical buckling moment; Mcv

 Elastic critical buckling moment; Mcv

Mcr = [(1.0xπ2x210x103x6630x104) / 50002] x

 Design Buckling resistance moment Mb,RD

Mb,Rd = (modified reduction factor) x (plastic moment capacity)

= (XLT,mod)) x [(fy.WPL,y) / Ϫm] whereas Ϫm = 1

Thus; plastic moment capacity; (= ƒyWPL,y)

The steel is grade S275 and tf = 23.7mm > 16mm

From table 5.3; ƒy = 265 N/mm2

 ƒy WPL,y = [265 x (5631x 103)] / 103

Modification reduction factor, XLTmod, can be calculated as follow;

XLT,mod = (reduction factor) / (enhancement factor)

Now reduction factor, XLT = 1 / [ɸLT + √(ɸLT2- BʎLT2)]

ʎLT,0 = 0.4 and β = 0.75

ɸLT = 0.5 (1 + [αLT (ʎLT - ʎLT,o)] + βʎLT2)

But; h/b = (692.9/255.8) = 2.71  Imperfection factor; αLT = 0.49

non-dimensional slenderness; ʎLT

ʎLT = √ [(ƒyWPL,y) / Mcr]

 buckling parameter; ɸLT = 0.5 (1+ [αLT (ʎLT - ʎLT,o)] + βʎLT2)

The reduction factor; XLT;

= (1/0.861) + (√0.8612) - (0.75 x 0.8272) = 0.747

XLT = 0.747 < 1 and also < 1/ʎLT2 = (1/0.8272) = 1.46

now; the modification reduction factor; XLT,mod

XLT,mod = (XLT) / (ƒ) = (0.747/1.0) = 0.747

The design resistance moment, Mb,Rd;

= 0.747 x 1492 = 1114kNm

 (Mb,Rd = 1114kNm) < (Mcr = 2180kNm) and also

< (ƒy WPL,y = 1492kNm)

Determine the section classification for the following steel sections;

1) 533 x 210 x 138 kg/m UB in grade S275 steel.

2) 356 x 171 x 45 kg/m UB section in grade S355 steel.

533 x 210 x 138kg/m UB in grade S275 steel

a) Yield strength of the steel :-

Since 16mm  t = 23.6mm  40mm and the steel is grade S275:

E = (235/y) = (235/265) = 0.94

b) Bending :- Table 5.10

c/t = (86.9/23.6) = 3.68

Since c/t  9E  Flange class is class 1 plastic

ii- Web check;

 The web is class 1 plastic

Overall section class for bending is class 1 plastic

c) Compression: table 5.10

 Flange class is class 1 plastic

ii- Web check;

d/tw = 476.5/14.7 = 32.4 d/tw 33E

 Compare with 38E;

38E = 38 x 0.94 = 35.7

Since 33E  d/tw  38E

 Web class is class 2 compact

Overall class for compression is class 2 compact

356 x 171 x 45kg/m UB section in grade S355 steel

a) Yield strength of the steel;

Since 16mm  t = 9.7mm and the steel is grade S355