CE304

Design of Concrete Structures - II

Dr. Dhanya B. S.
Associate Professor in Civil Engineering
RIT, Kottayam

Room No. 303

Before we start, let us
• Review the basics of structure, structural analysis and
structural design
• Review the philosophies of RC design
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Structure
• A combination of structural and non-structural elements
• Structural elements – load carrying elements such as beams, columns,
slabs, footings etc
• Non – structural elements – e.g., partitions, false ceiling, doors etc.
• Function of a structure is
• to resist effectively the action of gravitational and environmental loads,
• and to transmit the resulting forces to the supporting ground ,
• without significantly disturbing the geometry, integrity and serviceability
of the structure

Structural analysis
• Given a structure or structural element with known cross
section, reinforcement details, material grade
• Determine the stresses /deflections/crack widths under given
loading
• Allowable load that the structure or member can carry
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Design (Structural Design)
• Given the load effects,
• Select appropriate materials
• Arrive at required member dimensions
• Provide reinforcement details
• Structural Detailing
• Basic design requirements
• Stability
• Strength
• Serviceability
• Economy
• Aesthetics
• Structural Systems
Basic codes of design
• IS 456 : 2000 – Plain and reinforced concrete – Code of practice
• IS 875 (Part 1 to 5) : 1987 – Code of practice for design loads
(Other than earthquake loads) for buildings and structures
• Part 1 – Dead load
• Part 2 – Live load
• Part 3 – Wind loads
• Part 4 – Snow loads
• Part 5 – Special loads and load combinations
• IS 1893 : 2002 – Criteria for earthquake resistant design
• Design handbooks
• SP 16 : 1980 – Design aids to IS 456
• SP 34 : 1987 – Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing
• SP 24 : 1987 – Explanatory handbook on IS 456
• SP 23 : 1982 – Design of concrete mixes
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
CONCRETE
• the most commonly used construction material
• the second largest consumed material, next to water
• Concrete consists of
• Cement
• Aggregates (fine and coarse)
• Water
• And may incorporate
• Chemical admixtures
• Mineral admixtures / Supplementary Cementitious Materials
• Fibres
• Concrete is very strong in compression, but remarkably
weak in tension!
Why Reinforced Concrete?
Plain concrete
beam cracks and fails in flexura
tension under a small load

Reinforced concrete
beam supports loads with
acceptably low
hairline crack (not
steel bars perceptible) deformations and cracks
embedded

Ductile mode of failure

under heavy loads
steel bars undergo
yielding
Why reinforcing with steel?
• Steel bars embedded in concrete compensate for concrete’s
inability to carry tension, without separating from concrete
• Bond between steel and concrete ensures strain
compatibility ie., strain at any point in steel is equal to that
in the adjoining concrete
• Steel imparts ductility to the material, which is otherwise
brittle. ie.,Ample warning before failure
Typical stress – strain curve of concrete under uniaxial
compression

compressive stress (MPa) 60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004

strain (mm/mm)

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Characteristic and Design Stress-strain curves for concrete in
compression

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Reinforcing Steel
• Generally in the form of reinforcing bars
• Mainly three types of steel
• Mild Steel (MS), Thermo Mechanically Treated (TMT), High
Yield Strength Deformed bars (HYSD)
• The bar sizes (nominal diameters in mm) presently available
in India are — 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36,
40, 45 and 50
• For the purpose of reinforced concrete design, the Code
grades reinforcing steel in terms of the specified yield
strength. Three grades have been specified, viz. Fe 250,
Fe 415, and Fe 500, conforming to specified yield strengths
of 250 MPa, 415 MPa and 500 MPa respectively

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Stress – strain diagram of reinforcing steel

stress (MPa)
Fe 500
600

500
Fe 415
400
Fe 250
300

200 Es = 2  105 MPa (for all steels)

100
Compare! M25 concrete (in compression)
0
0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

strain (mm/mm)

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Basic Design Concepts
• DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• The aim of structural design is to design a structure so that
it fulfils its intended purpose during its intended lifetime
with adequate safety (in terms of strength, stability and
structural integrity), adequate serviceability (in terms of
stiffness, durability, etc.) and economy.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• SAFETY
• Likelihood of (partial or total) collapse of the structure is
acceptably low not only under the normal expected loads (service
loads), but also under abnormal but probable overloads (such as
due to earthquake or extreme wind).
• Collapse may occur due to various possibilities such as exceeding
the load bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue
fracture, etc.
• SERVICEABILITY
• Satisfactory performance of the structure under service loads,
without discomfort to the user due to excessive deflection,
cracking, vibration, etc.
• WHAT IS THE WAY FORWARD???

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FACTOR(S) OF SAFETY
• FACTOR(S) OF SAFETY – WHY?
• Uncertainties ……
• Mathematical modelling
• Loading
• Material properties
• System characteristics
• Quality of construction
• Human error
• OVERALL ECONOMY

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Design Philosophies
• Working Stress Method (WSM)
• Ultimate Load Method (ULM)
• Limit States Method (LSM)
Limit States Method (LSM)
• A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a
structure ceases to perform its intended function
satisfactorily, in terms of either strength or serviceability;
i.e., it either collapses or becomes unserviceable.
• Unlike WSM, which bases calculations on service load
conditions alone, and unlike ULM, which bases calculations
on ultimate load conditions alone, LSM aims for a
comprehensive and rational solution to the design problem,
by considering safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at
working loads.
• LSM is described as a ‘semi-probabilistic’ method or a
‘Level 1 reliability’ method

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Partial load and material safety factor

Ultimate limit states – partial load factors:

UL = 1.5 (DL + LL)
UL = 1.5 (DL + QL) or (0.9DL + 1.5 QL)
UL = 1.2 (DL + LL + QL)

Ultimate limit states – material safety factors:

Concrete: = 1.5
Steel: = 1.15

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Code Recommendations for Limit States Design
Characteristic Strengths and Loads
• Characteristic Strength
• 5 percentile strength
• to be taken as ‘specified yield strength’ in case of steel
• Characteristic Load
• the load that “has a 95 percent probability of not being exceeded
during the life of the structure”
• In the absence of statistical data regarding loads, the nominal
values specified for dead, live and wind loads are to be taken from
IS 875 (Parts 1–3) : 1987 and the values for ‘seismic loads’
(earthquake loads) from IS 1893 : 2002

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Code Recommendations for Limit States Design…
• Partial Safety Factors for Materials
• The design strength of concrete or reinforcing steel is
obtained by dividing the characteristic strength by the
appropriate partial safety factor. In the case of concrete, the
design strength of concrete is 0.67 f ck  c

Ultimate limit states :

Concrete:  c = 1.5
Steel:  s = 1.15

Serviceability limit states :

Concrete:  c = 1.0
Steel:  s = 1.0

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Characteristic and Design Stress-strain curves for concrete in
compression

0.67 fck characteristic

0.447 fck design

stress

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.0035

strain
Characteristic and Design Stress-strain curves for steel in
tension and compression (Fe – 250)
stress (MPa)
Fe 500
600

500
Fe 415
400
Fe 250
fy characteristic curve 300
250
200 Es = 2  105 MPa (for all steels)

0.87 fy design curve 100

Compare! M25 concrete (in compression)
0
0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20
200 strain (mm/mm)
stress (MPa)

150

100 Es = 2  105 MPa

1
50

y = (0.87 fy) Es
0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
strain
Characteristic and Design Stress-strain curves for steel in
tension and compression (Fe – 415 and 500)
500 stress (MPa)
Fe 500
600

500
Fe 415
fy characteristic curve 400
Fe 250
400 300

0.87 fy design curve 200 Es = 2  105 MPa (for all steels)

100
Compare! M25 concrete (in compression)
0
0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20
300
stress (MPa)

strain (mm/mm)

200
Es = 2  105 MPa

100
y = (0.87 fy) Es + 0.002

0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
strain
Partial Load Factors (main load combinations)

Ultimate limit states – partial load factors:

UL = 1.5 (DL + LL) Cl. 36.4.1
UL = 1.5 (DL + QL) or (0.9DL + 1.5 QL)
UL = 1.2 (DL + LL + QL)

Serviceability limit states – partial load factors:

SL = 1.0 (DL + LL)
SL = 1.0 (DL + QL)
SL = 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL + QL)
DCS - 1
• Review of DCS – 1
• Design for flexure
• Design for shear
• Design for torsion
• Design for bond
• Design for serviceability (deflection, crack width)
• Design of structural elements
• Beam (singly and doubly reinforced) (Cantilever, simply supported, T beam)
• Slab (one way and two way)
• Stair (Dog legged and tread-riser type)
• Column (Axially loaded)
• DCS II is the straight continuation of DCS I
Home work
• Write the basics of
• Design for flexure
• Design for shear
• Design for torsion
• Design for bond
• Design for serviceability (deflection, crack width)
• Design of structural elements
• Beam (singly and doubly reinforced)
• Slab (one way and two way)
• Stair Column (Axially loaded)
• Ref: UKP and DM
Syllabus
Syllabus
• Module 1 – Columns subjected to axial load
and bending (uni axial and bi axial),
slender columns Limit state
• Module 2 – Foundations design
• Module 3 – Retaining walls
• Module 4 - Circular slabs
Working stress design
• Module 5 - Water tanks
• Module 6 – Pre-stressed concrete
• References:
• Module 1, 2 and 3 – Unnikrishna Pillai and
Devdas Menon
• Module 4 and 5 – Punmia
• Module 6 – Krishnaraju
• Other requirements:
• IS 456: 2000
• SP 16 (Design Charts alone permitted in exam hall)
• IS 3370
Ref: Reinforced concrete design, Unnikrishna Pillai and Devdas Menon
Design of compression members
• Compression member - structural element subjected to
(predominantly) axial compressive forces
• Columns, struts,….
• Clause 25 of IS 456
Classification
• Based on the type of transverse reinforcement – Tied, spiral
and composite
Classification
• Based on the type of loading– Axial, uniaxial and biaxial
A typical building plan

Internal columns (C1a

to C1f) - designed for
axial force only.
The side columns (C2a
to C2j) - axial forces
with uniaxial bending
moment
corner columns (C3a to
C3d - axial forces with
bi-axial bending
moments.
Classification
• Based on slenderness ratios – short columns and slender or long columns (Short
when both the slenderness ratios lex/D and ley/b are less than 12)
• Effective length – Cl. 25.2 and annex E
• Slenderness limits - Cl 25.3
• Limit state of collapse: Compression - Cl. 39
Modes of failure of columns with different
slenderness ratios loaded axially
Mode – 1 Compression failure
(no lateral deformation, Collapse due to material
failure)
Mode – 2 Combined compression and bending
failure (Material failure due to combined effects
of axial load and moment )
Mode – 3 Elastic buckling (Failure
By elastic instability of very long column
Under small load much before the material
Reaches yield stresses)
Code specifies the max. unsupported length
between two restraints of a column to sixty times
its least lateral dimension to avoid mode 3 failure
Design of compression members
• All members are designed for a minimum eccentricity (Cl.
39.2, 25.4 )
• Lateral loads may not be considered in design
• Accidental eccentric loading
• Error in construction/ Misalignment of reinforcement
• Under estimated slenderness ratio
Design of compression members
• Short axially loaded members in compression
• When minimum eccentricity does not exceed 0.05 times lateral
dimension,
Codal requirements on reinforcement and detailing
• Maximum area of compression reinforcement - 0.04 bD (Cl.
26.5.1.2)
• Reinforcement and detailing requirement – Cl. 26.5.3
• Requirements for longitudinal reinforcement – Cl. 26.5.3.1
• Requirements for transverse reinforcement – Cl.26.5.3.2
• Cover to the reinforcement – Cl. 26.4.2.1
Review
• Design the reinforcement in a column of size 450 mm X 600
mm, subject to an axial load of 2000 kN under service dead
and live loads. The column has an unsupported length of
3.0m and is braced against sideway in both directions. Use
M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
Review
Step: 1, short or long column
• Table 28, effective length of the column = 1.00 l (Effectively held in position at both
ends, not restrained against rotation) as per the condition given
• Leff = 3m
• Lex/Dx = 3000/600 = 5
• Lex/Dy = 3000/450 = 6.67
• Cl. 25.3 max. slenderness ratio
• Unsupported length shall not be more than 60 times least lateral dimension
• Short / slender column(Cl. 25.1.2)
• l/d <12; 3000/450 = 6.67<12., Lex/Dx = 3000/600 = 5, hence short Column
Step: 2 , to check whether codal formula is applicable.
• Minimum eccentricity (25.4)
• ex,min = 3000/500 + 600/30 =26
• ey,min = 3000/500 + 450/30 = 21
• 0.05 Dx = 0.05*600 = 30 > ex min = 26; 0.05Dy = 0.05*450 = 22.5>ey min
• Hence codal formula for axially loaded short columns can be used
Design of longitudinal reinforcement
• Factored load = 1.5x2000 = 3000kN
• Pu = 0.4fckAc + 0.67 fy Asc = 0.4 fck (Ag – Asc) + 0.67 fy Asc
= 0.4 fck Ag + (0.67 fy - 0.4 fck )Asc
• Asc = 3111mm2
• Detailing
• Design of lateral ties
• Detailing
Review
• Design the reinforcement in a spiral column of 400 mm
diameter subjected to a factored load of 1500 kN. The
column has an unsupported length of 3.4 m and is braced
against sideway. Use M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel
• l=3400 mm; D= 400 mm; le/D=3400/400= 8.5 <12, short
column
• Emin = 3400/500 + 400/30 = 20.1 mm
• 0.05D = 20
• Emin = 0.05D, codal formula is applicable
• Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ag + (0.67 fy – 0.4 fck) Asc)
• Asc = 642 mm2
• Asc min = 0.8% Ag = 1005 mm2
• Thus, Asc to be provided > 1005 mm2
• Provide 6 nos of 16 mm dia., Asc = 1206 mm2
Home work
• Write the assumptions that IS 456 made for the limit state
of compression and write the significance of each
assumptions
SHORT COLUMNS UNDER UNI AXIAL BENDING
Design of Columns Under an Eccentric Load

• An eccentric load P can be replaced by a

centric load P and a couple M = Pe.

• Normal stresses can be found from

superposing the stresses due to the centric
load and couple,
 =  centric +  bending
P Mc
 max = +
A I

• Allowable stress method:

P Mc
+   all
A I

• Interaction method:
P A Mc I
+ 1
( all )centric ( all )bending
10 - 52
Columns subjected to combined axial load and bending
• Practically all columns may subjected to combined axial load
and bending due to rigid frame action, lateral loading and
practical aspects of construction
• the moment M, equivalent to the load P with eccentricity e
(= M/P), will act in an interactive manner
•
Uniaxially eccentrically loaded short columns (Cl. 39 page 70)
Modes of failure in eccentric compression
• Modes of failure depends on eccentricity of loading
• If e is relatively small, axial compression behaviour predominates –
compression failure
• If e is relatively large, flexural behaviour predominates - tension
failure due to yielding of longitudinal steel in the tension side
• Balanced failure – refers to the ultimate limit state wherein the
yielding of outermost row of longitudinal steel on the tension side
and the attainment of the maximum compressive strain in
concrete (0.0035) at the extreme compression fibres occur
simultaneously
• Corresponding eccentricity - e,b (e, balanced)
• At e,b, strain in compression (concrete) = 0.0035; strain in tension (long.
Steel) = εy = 0.87 fy/Es for Fe 250 or 0.87fy/Es + 0.002 for Fe 415 and Fe
500
Interaction curve
A complete graphical representation of the design strength of a uni axially eccentrically
loaded column of a given proportions.
The design strength of an eccentrically loaded column is not a unique value, but
comprises infinite sets of values of PuR and MuR (Corresponding to <e<∞). All of this are
describable by means of single curve, termed as interaction curve

Each point on the curve represents the

design strength values of PuR and MuR
associated with specific eccentricity e
of loading
Ie’, if load P is applied on column with
an eccentricity e, and if this load is
increased till the ultimate limit state is
reached, and the ultimate load at
failure is given by Pu=PuR and the
corresponding moment Mu=MuR. The
coordinates (PuR, MuR) form a unique
point on the interaction curve.
Interaction curve represents different
combinations of all possible
eccentricities of loading
 • Point 1
• Axial loading with e =0, pure axial compression, MuR= 0; Pu0

• Point 1’
• Axial loading with minimum eccentricity emin

• Point 3
• Xu = D; e=eD
• When e<eD, the entire section is under complete
compression and the neutral axis located outside the section
xu>D with 0.002<εcu<0.0035.
• When e>eD, the neutral axis is located within the section
xu<D and εcu = 0.0035.

• Point 2
• A general case with the neutral axis outside the section e<eD

If the point given by the • Point 4

coordinates (Mu, Pu) • Corresponds to balanced failure condition with e=eb and xu =
falls within the xub
• Design strength values – Pub and Mub
interaction curve, the
• For PuR<Pub, e>eb, tension mode of failure
column is safe,
otherwise it is not. • Point 5
• Pure bending condition; e = infinity, PuR = 0; the moment of
resistance = Mu0, xu = xu min
Non- dimensional interaction diagrams as design aid
(Given in SP 16)
𝑃𝑢
Ordinate – 𝑓
𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷
𝑀𝑢
Abcissa - 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷2
Both are dimension less parameters
Design example – demonstration using SP16
Tutorial 1: Problem on uniaxial bending
• (a)Using the design aids given in SP : 16, design the longitudinal
reinforcement in a rectangular reinforced concrete column of
size 300 mm × 600 mm subjected to a
factored load of 1400 kN and a factored moment of 280 kNm
with respect to the major axis. Assume M 20 concrete and Fe
415 steel.
• (b) Investigate the safety of the column section under uniaxial
eccentric compression with respect to the minor axis,
considering Pu = 1400 kN and Muy = 200 kNm. If the section is
unsafe, suggest suitable modifications to the reinforcement
provided.
• Steps:
• Given data
• b, D, fck, fy, Pu, Mu
• Fix reinforcement arrangement
• Assume effective cover, d’ and find d’/D
• Pu/fck bD; Mu/fck bD2;
• Refer to chart, find p/fck and calculate Ast
• Design of ties
• Detailing (should be in the same way as assumed)
Step 1: Data given
Step 2: Arrangement
of rebar position
Step 1 : Data Given
b = 300 mm
Minor axis D = 600 mm
fck = 20 MPa
fy = 415 MPa
Pu = 1400 kN
Mu = 280 kNm
D = 600 mm

Major axis Step 2: Arrangement of rebar position

As D = 600 mm, if we provide two bars, the
spacing between the bars (600 -2 covers = 600 -
52.5 exceeds 300 mm, the max. spacing. Hence
providing 4 bars along the longer side and 2 bars
b = 300 mm along the shorter side
Ie., going for an arrangement given in the picture,
Condition: reinforcement distributed equally on
two sides
Step 3: d’/D
• Assuming
• Clear cover = 40 mm
• Main Rebar diameter = 25 mm; diameter of tie = 8 mm
• Effective cover d’= 40 + 25/2 +8 = 60.5 mm
• d’/D = 60.5/600 = 0.1
• SP 16 chart identification
• Fy = 415, identify charts for that grade of steel
• Chart 32 is for d’/D = 0.1
• condition : rebars distributed equally on two sides
• Thus considering Chart 32
• Pu/fckbD = 1400x1000/(20x300x600) =0.389
• Mu/fckbD2 = 280x10^6/(20x300x600x600) =0.13
Step 4: Calculation of As
• Pu/fckbD = 0.389
• Mu/fckbD2 = 0.13
• From the chart
• p/fck = 0.09
• p=0.09*20 = 1.8

• Note:
• If you had opted for an
arrangement rebars
equally on all four sides,
you should refer to the
corresponding chart
• Refer the problem worked
out in the text (Same problem)
• p = 100As/bD = 1.8
• As reqd = 1.8*300*(600) / 100 = 3240 mm2
• Converting that into number of bars
• Assumed 25 mm dia bars
• Area of one bar = 3.14*25*25/4 = 490.87
• Number of bars required = 3240/490.87 = 6.6 =8
• Providing 4 nos, 32 mm dia bars
and 2 nos 16 mm dia bars

D = 600 mm
• Area provided = 3345 >As reqd
8, 25 = 3927
• 4, 32+2, 16 = 3619
b = 300 mm
Step 5: Design of ties
• Design of ties Cl. 26.5.3.2
• Diameter ≥ ¼ x diameter of main bar = ¼*25 = 6.25 mm
• Hence providing 8 mm diameter ties
• Pitch
• Shall not be more than
• Least lateral dimension = 300 mm
• 16 times smallest diameter of long. Reft = 16x25 =400 mm
• 300 mm
• Hence, provide a pitch of 300 mm
• Hence, provide 8 mm diameter ties at a pitch of 300 mm c/c
Step 7: Detailing
• Detailing

8 mm dia. Ties
at 300 mm c/c

D = 600 mm

6 nos, 25 mm dia
Main bars

b = 300 mm

Cross section
• Here the difference is that bending is wrt minor axis
• Ie., we should consider d’/b,
Pu/fck Db and Mu/fckDb2
• Repeating the same steps
Major axis
• d’/b = 60.5/300 = 0.2
• Pu/fck Db = 0.389 Minor

b = 300 mm
• Mu/fck D b2 axis
= 200*10^6/(20*600*300*300)
=0.185
• Chart is changed to Chart 34 D = 600 mm
• p/fck = 0.175
• As required = 6300 mm2 > As provided
• Hence the section is unsafe.
• Redesigning
• Providing As = 6300 mm2
• No. of 25 mm dia bars reqd = 6480/490 = 13 nos
• Thus increasing bar dia to 32 mm,
• Providing 8 nos, 32 mm dia bars
• As provided = 6424 mm2 > Ast required = 6300 mm2
8 nos, 32 mm dia bars
• Hence safe
• Design ties - HW
b = 300 mm

D = 600 mm
Same problem :
Rebar position : equally on four sides
• Columns subjected to biaxial bending
Columns subjected to biaxial bending
• Given: Y

X X

Y Dx
Dy

• Dx = 400 mm; Dy = 400 mm; l = 3.5 m = 3500 mm

Pu = 1300 kN; Mux = 190 kNm; Muy = 110 kN
fck = 25 N/mm2; fy = 415 N/mm2
Slenderness ratios:
Condition given: lower most storey of a system of braced
frames, Table 28 IS 456,
Effective length, le = 0.65 l = 0.65*3500 = 2275 mm
Lex = ley = 2275 mm
Lex/Dx = ley / Dy = 5.68 <12
Hence column can be designed as a short column
Check for minimum eccentricities
Applied eccentricities
ex = Mux/Pu = 190x10^6/1300 x1000 = 146.15 mm
ey = Muy/Pu = 110x10^6/1300 x1000 = 84.6 mm
Minimum eccentricities (Cl.39.2; 25.4)
ex,min = ey,min
= l/500 + D/30 = 3500/500 + 400/30 = 20. 3 mm
Here, applied eccentricities are more than minimum
eccentricities, no modification of Mux and Muy to be done.
Note: if minimum eccentricities are more than the applied
eccentricities, modify Mux and Muy
Mux = Pux * ex,min and Muy = Pux * ey, min.
• Assume
• Reinforcements are arranged equally on all the four sides
• d’ = 60 mm
• p=3
• p/fck = 3/25 = 0.12
• d’/D = 60/400 = 0.15
• Pu/fckbD = 1300*1000/(25*400*400) = 0.325
• Refering to chart 45
• Mux1/fck bD2 = 0.15
• Mux1 = 0.15 x 25x 400 x 400 x 400 = 240 kNm = Muy1
• Mux1 and Muy1 are significantly greater than Mux and Muy
• Note: if Dx and Dy are different, Calculate d’/Dx and d’/Dy and
choose the graphs accordingly and find Mux1 and Muy1
(refer worked out problem in SP 16)
• Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
• Fck = 25; Ac = 400 * 400 ; fy= 415;
• Asc = 4800 mm2
(p = 3; p = 100 Asc/bD ; 3 = 100*Asc/(400*400) )
Puz = 0.45 * 25*400*400 + 0.75*415*4800 = 3294 kN
Pu/Puz = 1300/3294 = 0.39

αn 1.0 2.0 αn = 1.317

0.2 0.39 0.8

Pu/Puz
Mux = 190kNm; Mux1 = 240 kNm
Muy = 110 kNm; Muy1 = 240 kNm
αn = 1.317
𝛼
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝛼𝑛 𝑀𝑢𝑦 𝑛 190 1.317 110 1.317
+ = + = 0.73 +0.36 =
𝑀𝑢𝑥1 𝑀𝑢𝑦1 240 240
1.09
This should be less than 1
Hence, redesign
Assuming p = 3.5
(HW…Complete the same)
This equation will become 0.986 < 1.0
• Adopt p = 3.5
• Gives Asc = 5600 mm2
• Providing 12 nos, 25 mm dia bars
• Asc provided = 5892 mm2.
HW
Slender columns
• When the slenderness ratio lex/D or ley/b of a compression
member exceeds 12, it is considered as a slender column
• Lex - effective length with respect to major axis
• Ley - effective length with respect to minor axis
• Because of slenderness, additional moments are induced in
the member
Slender columns

Slenderness ratio > 12

Primary moments – due to applied eccentricity ie., P.e
Bending of column causes the longitudinal axis to deflect laterally.
If the lateral deflection is Δ, Total moment = P(e+ Δ)
P Δ is called secondary moment.
OA, OB, OC – different load paths for different slenderness ratios
When slender ness ratio is low, column is stiff, the lateral deflection and hence the
additional moments negligible
• When relative transverse displacement between the upper
and lower ends of a column is not prevented, the frame is
said to be unbraced (against side sway)

• Braced column Unbraced column

Slender columns
• When the slenderness
ratio lex/D or ley/b of a
compression member
exceeds 12, it is
considered as a slender
column
• Lex - effective length
with respect to major
axis
• Ley - effective length
with respect to minor
axis
• Because of
slenderness, additional
moments are induced
in the member
Proof available in Limit
state design of RC by
P. C. Varghese
IS 456 SP16
Code procedure for design of slender column
Demonstration by SP16
• Design steps:
• Determine slenderness ratio in both directions. If Slenderness ratio>12,
slender column.
• If slender column, need to calculate additional moments induced due to
slenderness (Cl 39.7.1 of IS 456; Table I of SP16). This moment need to be
reduced by a factor k (C. 39.7.1.1). For that calculate Pu using Chart 63 of
SP16 and Pb using Table 60. Find factor k
• Find modified additional moment (Max and May)
• Find initial moment due to given moments. (Cl. 39.7.1 notes) Muxi = 0.4
Mu1 + 0.6 Mu2; give signs appropriately
• This moment need to be checked with moment due to minimum eccentricity
condition (Cl. 25.4). Take max. value, which is Mux
• Total moment for which the section need to be designed
• MUX = Max + Mux
• Similarly do for MUY
• Pu from question; got all parameters to do the design (PU, MUX, MUY).
Proceed as in the previous cases
• Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a braced column
300 mm x 400 mm, subjected to a factored axial load of
1500kN and factored moments of 60kNm and 40kNm with
respect to the major and minor axis respectively at the top
end. Assume that the column is bent in double curvature
(in both directions) with the moments at the bottom end
equal to 50% of the corresponding moments at top.
Assume an unsupported length of 7m and an effective
length ratio of 0.85 in both directions. Use M30 concrete
and Fe 415 steel.
• Data Given:
300

X X

400
Dx = 400; Dy = 300mm; Pu = 1500kN;
At top: Mux = 60kNm; Muy = 40 kNm
At bottom: Mux = 30 kNm; Muy = 20 kNm
Unsupported length l = 7000 mm
Effective length factors kx = ky =0.85
Column bend in double curvature
• Slenderness ratios
• Lex =ley = 0.85 * 7000 = 5950 mm
• Lex/Dx = 5950/400 = 14.88 > 12
• Ley/Dy = 5950/300 = 19.83 >12
• Hence the column is a slender column
• Primary moments for design
• As the column is braced and bend in double curvature
• Mux = 0.6 Mux1-0.4Mux2 = 0.6 * 60 – 0.4 * 30
= 24 kNm ≥ 0.4*60 = 24 kNm
• Muy = 0.6 Muy1 – 0.4 Muy2 = 0.6 * 40 – 0.4* 20
= 16 kNm ≥ 0.4 * 40 = 16 kNm
• Corresponding primary eccentricities
• ex = 24 * 10^6 / 1500 = 16 mm < ex, min
• ey = 16 * 10^6 / 1500 = 10.67 mm < ey, min
• Primary eccentricities should not be less than
minimum eccentricities
• Check for minimum eccentricities
• Minimum eccentricities
• ex, min = lx/500 + Dx/30 = 7000/500 + 400/30 = 27.33mm >20mm
• ey, min = ly/500 + Dy/30 = 7000/500 + 300/30 = 24 mm > 20 mm
• Minimum eccentricities
• ex, min = 27.33mm
• ey, min = 24 mm
• Corresponding primary eccentricities
• ex = 16 mm < ex, min
• ey = 10.67 mm < ey, min
• Primary eccentricities should not be less than minimum eccentricities
• Hence, consider minimum eccentricity for calculating Primary
moments
• Primary moments for design MuX = Pu * ex, min = 1500 * 27.33 /1000
= 41 kNm
• Primary moments for design MuY = Pu * ey, min = 1500 * 24 /1000
= 36 kNm
• Slenderness ratios
• Lex =ley = 0.85 * 7000 = 5950 mm
• Lex/Dx = 5950/400 = 14.88 > 12
• Ley/Dy = 5950/300 = 19.83 >12
• Hence the column is a slender column
• Additional moment due to slenderness
• Cl. 39.7.1 of IS 456 and Table I of Sp 16
• Lex/Dx = 14.88; Ley/Dy = 19.83
• Additional eccentricity (From Table I)
• eax/ Dx = 0.11 ; eax = 44 mm
• eay /Dy = 0.197; eay = 59.1 mm
• Additional moments
• Max = Pu * eax = 1500 *0.044
= 66 kNm
• May = Pu * eay = 1500 * 0.0591
= 88.65 KNm
Modification factor
• Pu = 1500 kNm
• Cl. 39.6 IS 456
• Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
• Assume p and calculate Asc
and then calculate Puz or use Chart 53 of Sp 16
• Assuming p = 3.9%
• Puz / Ag = 25
• Puz = 25 * 300 * 400 = 3000 kN
• Calculation of Pb
• Table 60 SP 16
• Assuming d’ = 60 mm
• d’/Dx = 60/400 = 0.15;
• k1 = 0.196
• K 2 = 0.203
• Pbx/fck DyDx = k1 + k2.p/fck
= 0.196 + 0.203*3.9/30 = 0.222
• Pbx = 0.22*30*300*400 = 792 kN
• d’/Dy = 60/300 = 0.2
• K1 = 0.184; k2 = 0.028
• Pby/fckDx Dy = 0.184 + 0.028*3.9/30 = 0.187
• Pby = 0.187 * 30*400*300 = 673 kN
• kx = Puz –Pu/ Puz – Pbx
= 3000 – 1500 / 3000 – 792 = 0.68
• ky = Puz –Pu/Puz –Pby
= 3000-1500/3000- 673 = 0.644
• Modified additional moments
• M,AX = kx * Max = 0.68 * 66 = 44.88 kNm
• M,AY = ky * May = 0.644 * 88.65 = 57.09 kNm

• Hence, total moments

• MUX = Mux + MAX = 41 + 44.88 = 85.88 kNm
• MUY = Muy + MAY = 36 + 57.09 = 93.09 kNm
• Now the problem is reduced to column subjected to axial
load PU and two moments MUX and MUY
• Pu = 1500 kN
• MUX = 85.88 kNm
• MUY = 93.09 kNm
• Assumptions:
• Reinforcement placed equally on four sides
• p = 3.9 %
• d’/Dx = 0.15; d’/Dy = 0.2
Finding uni axial moment capacities
• For d’/D = 0.15;
• Pu/fckbD = 1500*1000/(30*300*400) = 0.417
• p/fck = 3.9/30 = 0.13
• Referring to chart 45
• Mu/fckbD2 = 0.14
• Mux 1 = 0.14*30*300*400*400 = 201.6 kNm > 85.88 kNm

• For d’/D = 0.2;

• Pu/fckbD = 1500*1000/(30*300*400) = 0.417
• p/fck = 3.9/30 = 0.13
• Mu/fckbD2 = 0.12
• Muy1 = 0.12*30*400*300*300 = 129.6 kNm > 93.09 kNm
• Pu = 1500 kN
• Puz = 3000 kN
• Pu/Puz = 0.5
• αn = 1.5

𝛼
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝛼𝑛 𝑀𝑢𝑦 𝑛 85.88 1.5 93.09 1.5
+ = + = 0.27 +0.6 = 0.87 <1.
𝑀𝑢𝑥1 𝑀𝑢𝑦1 201.6 129.6
Hence safe
Adopting p = 3.9 %
Asc = 4680 mm2
Providing 8nos, 28 mm diameter bars , Asc prov = 4928 >4680
mm2
Detailing
HW