DESIGN OF BEAMS

Module III
 Doubly reinforced beam
Concrete has very good compressive strength and almost
negligible tensile strength. Hence, steel reinforcement is used
on the tensile side of concrete. Such beams are called singly
reinforced beam

However, these beams have their respective limiting

moments of resistance with specified width, depth and grades
of concrete and steel. The amount of steel reinforcement
needed is known as Ast,lim

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
Mu lim =𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 (1- 0.42 ) 𝒃 𝑑 2 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑑 𝑑
If Mu > Mu lim ,

1. Increase the depth of the beam, which may not be feasible

in many situations.

2. Increase both the compressive and tensile forces of the

beam by providing steel reinforcement in compression face
and additional reinforcement in tension face of the beam
without increasing the depth. Such reinforced concrete
beams having steel reinforcement both on tensile and
compressive faces are known as doubly reinforced beams.
Singly reinforced section Section corresponding to Doubly reinforced
(corresponding to Mu lim ) Mu - Mu lim section
Total compressive force = Force due to concrete in
compression + force due to steel in compression.

Tensile force = Force due to Ast,lim + Force due to

additional tension steel Ast2

From equilibrium of forces

Force due to Ast,lim =compressive force of concrete in

compression

Force due to additional tension steel Ast2 = compressive

force of steel in compression.
Doubly reinforced beams, therefore, have moment of
resistance more than the singly reinforced beams of the same
depth for particular grades of steel and concrete.

Necessity of doubly reinforced beam

• Architectural or functional requirements may restrict the
overall depth of the beams

• The ductility requirement for the structure in earthquake

zone

• The reduction of long term deflection is needed.

• Some sections of a continuous beam with moving loads

undergo change of sign of the bending moment which makes
compression zone as tension zone or vice versa
Continuous beam
 Strain in compression steel (𝜀𝑠𝑐 )

0.0035 𝜀𝑠𝑐
=
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢 − 𝑑 ′

𝑥𝑢 −𝑑 ′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = x 0.0035
𝑥𝑢

𝑑′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 1 − 0.0035
𝑥𝑢
Total compressive force

C total= C compressive steel + C concrete

C compressive steel = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐

𝑓𝑠𝑐 =stress in compression steel

𝐴𝑠𝑐 =area of compression steel

C concrete= 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏 −
(𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
C concrete= 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏 − (0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑐 )

Compressive force= 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏 − (0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑐 )

C total = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏+ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )

Total tensile force

Ttotal= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 × 𝑨𝒔𝒕

𝑨𝒔𝒕 = Ast,lim + Ast2

Depth of neutral axis –General expression

As equilibrium of forces in bending requires that at all

times, Tensile force = Compressive force

Ttotal= C total
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏+ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )= 0.87𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝑥𝑢 0.87𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 −𝐴𝑠𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑠𝑐 −0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 )

=
𝑑 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑