Shri Shivaji education socity Amravati

Dr. pangabrao Deshmukh polytechnic

Micro project .
Course:- CR5i
Semester 5th
Program :- civil engineering.
Academic session 2023-24
 Report
ON
Different types of beams in RCC and design in beam.
SUBBMITTED
1.vedant vilas damodare. Roll no 36
2. Rahul sautkar
3.shaikh altamash

Under the guidance of

Ms. Dhanashri deshmukh mam.

Department of civil engineering.

DR.pangabrao Deshmukh polytechnic Amravati.
2023-2024
Title of micro project :- different types of beams in RCC and design in beam.

Sr.no name Roll no

1. Vedant damodare 36
2.
Rahul sautkhar
3. Mohamad altamash
Sr.no. content Page no

1. Rationale

2. Course outcomes
achieved

3. Prapogation mades

4. Introducation

5. Information about
reference

6. Conclusion and
reference
Different types of beams in RCC

RCC beams are classified into different types based on their support type and
reinforcement. The types of RCC beams are as follows:
• Singly Reinforced Beams
• Doubly Reinforced Beams
• Flanged Beams (T beams and L beams)
• Simply Supported Beam
• Fixed Beam
• Cantilever Beam
• Continuously Supported Beam
• T-beam
• Semi-continuous Beam
Singly Reinforced Beams

The beam can be defined as a structural member that carries all vertical loads
and resists bending. There are several types of materials used for beams, such as
steel, wood, fibers, etc. But the most common material is reinforced concrete

• Doubly Reinforced Beams

The beam that is reinforced with steel in the tension and compression zone is
known as the doubly reinforced beam. This type of beam is provided mainly
when the depth of the beam is restricted. If a beam with limited depth is
reinforced only on the tension side, it may not be strong enough to withstand the
bending moment
 • Flanged Beams (T beams and L beams)

The part of the slab around the beam, called flange, would work with the beam
and resist longitudinal compression force. Interior beams have flanges on both
sides and are termed as T-beams, while edge beams have flanges on one side
and are called L-beams. The part of the beam extending below the slab is called
a stem or web.

• Simply Supported Beam

A simply supported beam is a type of beam supported at both ends, usually with
one end on a hinge or pin connection that allows rotation, and the other on a
roller support that permits vertical translation but resists horizontal movement.
 • Fixed Beam

A fixed beam is a term used for an upright structural element of a building that
acts as the main horizontal support. The beam can be made from a variety of
materials, such as timber, structural steel, or pre-cast concrete. They are
typically measured in spans and erected on bearing piles driven deep into the
ground.”

• Cantilever Beam

A cantilever beam is a structural element that extends horizontally and is

supported on only one end. The unsupported end is known as the cantilever,
and it extends beyond the support point. Cantilever beams are often used in
construction to support balconies, roofs, and other overhangs. The load
bearing capability of the beam depends on the type of material and its
dimensions. A cantilever beam can be used to support any type of load like
gravity or lateral forces.
 • Continuously Supported Beam

A continuous beam, i.e. a beam that has more than two supports, is statically
indeterminate. The reactions in the supports of a continuous beam cannot be
obtained with the equations of static equilibrium only. For the calculation of the
reactions in the supports each section is considered as an independent beam.

• T-beam

A T-beam (or tee beam), used in construction, is a load-

bearing structure of reinforced concrete, wood or metal, with a T-
shaped cross section. The top of the T-shaped cross section serves as
a flange or compression member in resisting compressive stresses. The web
(vertical section) of the beam below the compression flange serves to
resist shear stress. When used for highway bridges[1] the beam incorporates
reinforcing bars in the bottom of the beam to resist the tensile stresses which
occur during bending.[2]
The T-beam has a big disadvantage compared to an I-beam (with I shape)
because it has no bottom flange with which to deal with tensile forces,
applicable for steel section. One way to make a T-beam more efficient
structurally is to use an inverted T-beam with a floor slab or bridge
deck joining the tops of the beams. Done properly, the slab acts as the
compression flange.
Design of RCC beam

The work of the structure designer is to provide the beam size and
reinforcement detailing plan to the architect and contractor.

The beam design mainly depends on the total load. it is easy to design a beam,
once you understand the basic calculation and design considerations for a
reinforced concrete beam.

The basic steps to design a beam is,

• Assume the section size, grade of steel and concrete according to
the structure to be built,
• Calculate the total UDL, point load and other loads if applicable,
• Calculate the factored moment,
• Revise the size and grade of materials if required,
• Calculate the area of steel required,
• Provide the reinforcement detail.
The above steps are for simple and singly beam design.

The above steps are for simple and singly beam design.

Before going to start the design of beam, let's understand the following three
concepts which are useful for design calculation.
Beam type
There are two types of RCC beam, Singly reinforced beam and doubly
reinforced beam.

Singly reinforced beam

If the factored moment (Mu��) is less than the limiting moment ( Mulim ) then
the beam is designed as a singly reinforced beam.

( Mu<Mulim )

We mostly use the singly reinforced beam in the building if the stresses are less.

The bottom reinforcements are designed to resist the tensile load.

Top reinforcements are also provided in a singly reinforced beam but it is

designed to hold the stirrups in position and not designed to be carried the
compression load.

Doubly reinforced beam

When the factored moment (Mu) is greater than the limiting

moment (Mulim) then the beam is designed as a doubly reinforced beam.
(Mu > Mulim)

The bottom reinforcements are designed to resist the tensile load and top
reinforcements are designed to resist the compressive load.

The doubly reinforced beam is most suitable where there is a higher chance of
earthquake or stress reversal. also, if an increase in depth is limited for the
beam.

Neutral axis
Neatural axis separates the compression and tension zones in the beam. it is
denoted by xu. formula to find xu is following,

xu=0.87⋅fy⋅Ast0.36⋅fck⋅b��=0.87⋅��⋅���0.36⋅���⋅�

To avoid the brittle failure of concrete, keep the maximum depth of the neutral
axis (xumax) always less than the neutral axis (xu).

The value of xumax for different grade of steel can be obtained from
IS 456, p- 70 or SP. 16, p-9.
Types of beam section
There are three types of beam section,

Balanced section
In the balanced section,

xu = xumax
pt = ptlim
Mu = Mulim

The strain in concrete and steel will reach their limiting values simultaneously.

Under reinforced section

The steel will fail first with showing the warning if under reinforced section is
used in the beam. the failure called ductile failure.

Every designer prefers to design the section according to the under the
reinforced section.

xu < xumax
pt < ptlim
Mu < Mulim
 Over reinforced section
The concrete will fail first without showing any sign. the sudden failure will
occur if the over reinforced section is used. the failure will be called brittle
failure.

xu > xumax
pt > ptlim
Mu > Mulim

Load calculation for beam

The loads are transferred from slab to beam. so, we need to calculate that slab
load first.

Beam design example

From the above image, it is clear that the slab S-1 is resting on B-1 and B-3 and
it is a one-way slab.
To calculate the load on B-1, we need to calculate the load coming from S-1.

I have given the full plan in the previous article you can check it if you directly
visited this page.

Slab S-1 is a balcony. the live load for balcony is 3 kN/㎡ and floor finish is
taken as 1 kN/㎡. There is no wall resting on B-1.

we assume the slab thickness as 125 mm for this slab. if the slab is bigger, then
the 150 mm slab could be assumed it is up to you.

So, the total slab load will be,

Slab load = ( slab thickness x density) + live load + floor finish

= ( 0.125 x 25 ) + 3 + 1
= 7.125 kN/㎡

This is a total load of the slab. the load will transfer in B-1 and B-3. so, the load
on B-1 will be,

Imposed load = shorter span X slab load /2

= 1.14 x 7.125/2
 = 4.06 kN/m

Self-weight of B-1 = width x depth x density

= 0.230 x 0.450 x 25
= 2.58 kN/m

Wall load = 0

Total load = imposed load + self-weight of beam + wall load

= 4.06 + 2.58 + 0
= 6.64 kN/m

Factored load = Total load x 1.5

= 6.64 x 1.5
= 9.96 kN/m

The UDL for beam B-1 given in the following image.

Beam design: UDL load

Depth of beam
We have assumed the depth D = 450 mm and the breadth B = 230 mm. we
mostly change the depth of the beam if the moment is higher.

We have the assumed values are, fck��� = 20, fy�� = 415, D = 450, B =
230.

Before starting the analysis and design, how we confirm that our assumed depth
is sufficient or not. for that, we have a formula which gives approx result let's
check that, but first, we need to calculate the factored moment on B-1.

Factored moment = wl28��28

= 9.96X5.1X5.189.96�5.1�5.18
= 32.38 kN⋅m
Effective depth d = total depth D - cover - Φ
= 450 - 20 - 10
d = 420 mm

Now, we will assume the balanced section which means,

xu = xumax
pt = ptlim
Mu = Mulim

Mulim can be referred to (IS: 456-2000, P. - 96)

Mi–m=0.36Xxumaxd(1−0.42xumaxd)bd2Xfck��̲�=0.36���max�(1-
0.42��max�)��2����

32.38X106=0.36X0.479(1−0.42X0.479)230Xd2X2032.38�106=0.36�0.479(
1-0.42�0.479)230��2�20

d2=32.38X106633.64�2=32.38�106633.64

d = 226.05 mm = 230 mm
we can take D = 300 mm which is equal to 12 inches and d will be 270 mm.

We first assumed a 9 x 18-inch beam, from the above calculation it is confirmed

that we can reduce the depth of the beam, and now our new beam size is 9 x 12
inches for B-1.

You can calculate the depth for all beams using this formula.

Now, let's do a calculation for the new beam. the slab load will remain the same
only self-weight of the beam will be changed.

Imposed load = 4.06 kN/m

Self-weight of beam = width x depth x density

= 0.230 x 0.300 x 25
= 1.73 kN/m

Total load = 4.06 + 1.73

= 5.79 kN/m
Factored load = 5.79 x 1.5
= 8.68 kN/m

Factored moment = 8.68X5.1288.68�5.128

Mu = 28.22 kN⋅m

Mulim = 0.138⋅fck⋅b⋅d2 (SP. - 16, P- 10, table - C )

=0.138X20X230X2702=0.138�20�230�2702
= 46.27 kN⋅m

Mu < Mulim ( ∵ under reinforced section)

Area of steel

After calculating the moment, we can achieve the required area of steel for the
particular beam.

There are three different methods for Ast���,

(1) By using design aid method

(2) By using the equation of pt
(3) By using the analytical method
We will use the equation of pt to get Ast���,

pt=50fckfy[1−√1−4.6Mufckbd2]��=50�����[1-1-
4.6�������2]
= 2.40 x 0.22
pt = 0.521 %

Ast=pt100bd���=��100��
=0.521100X230X270=0.521100�230�270
Ast��� = 323.54 mm2

Detailing
When we have the area of steel, we can easily provide the required
reinforcement either using IS code or formula.

ast=π4d2���=�4�2 ( ∵ d = dia. of steel)

For 12 mm, a = 113.04
16 mm, a = 201
20 mm, a = 314

Now, if we use 12 mm dia. steel just simple divide Ast��� by 113.04,

Provide, 323.54113.4323.54113.4
= 2.85 = 3

Hence,
For B-1, provide 3 nos 12 mm dia. bars.

That's it.

We have got the Final result. we completed the design of the beam. we need to
also calculate the other beams.

Let's check the other beam example.

Beam design example

Now, we will calculate the B-22, which transfers both the trapezoidal and
triangular load of different slabs.
Design of RCC beam example

You can see there is no point load acting on B-22 and it is resting on B-6 and B-
4.

The wall of 115 mm thick is resting on B-22.

S-4 is bedroom and S-5 is the toilet. The load for S-4 will be live load = 2 kN/
㎡, F.F = 1 kN/㎡ and assumed depth of slab is 125 mm.

S-4 load = (0.125 x 25 + 2+ 1)

= 6.125 kN/㎡

S-5 is a toilet, Sunk load = 4.8 kN/㎡ , and the thickness is 150 mm assumed.
S-5 load = (0.150 x 25 + 4.8)
= 8.55 kN/㎡

let's calculate the imposed load for B-22.

S-4 triangular load = load X shorter span/4

= 6.125 x 2.63/4
= 4.02 kN/m

S-5 trapezoidal load can be given by, lx�� = Shorter span and ly�� =
Longer span of slab.

= ly+(ly−lx)2Xlx2Xloadly��+(��-��)2���2�������
= 2.63+(2.63−1.64)2X1.642X8.552.632.63+(2.63-1.64)2�1.642�8.552.63
= 4.82 kN/m

Wall weight = 0.115 x ( 3.04 - 0.450 ) x 20

= 5.96 kN/m

Self-weight of beam = 0.230 x 0.450 x 25

= 2.59 kN/m
Total UDL = 4.02 + 4.82 + 5.96 + 2.59
= 17.39 kN/m

Factored load = 17.39 x 1.5

= 26.08 kN/m

Factored moment Mu = 26.08X2.632826.08�2.6328

= 22.55 kN⋅m
Assume balanced section,

Mu = Mulim
xu = xumax

Mi–m=0.36Xxumaxd(1−0.42xumaxd)bd2Xfck��̲�=0.36���max�(1-
0.42��max�)��2����

22.55X106=0.36X0.479(1−0.42X0.479)230Xd2X2022.55�106=0.36�0.479(
1-0.42�0.479)230��2�20

d = 188.65 = 200 mm
You can take the beam size of 9 x 9 minimum. but, we will take a 9 x 12-inch
size.

Now, let's calculate with a new beam size as 230 mm.

D = 300 mm, d = 270 mm

self-weight of beam = 0.230 x 0.300 x 25

= 1.725 kN/m

Total load = 4.02 + 4.82 + 5.96 + 1.725

= 16.525 kN/m

Factored moment = 16.525X1.5X2.632816.525�1.5�2.6328

Mu = 21.43 kN⋅m

Mulim = 0.138⋅fck⋅b⋅d2
=0.138X20X230X2702=0.138�20�230�2702
= 46.27 kN⋅m

Mu < Mulim ( ∵ under reinforced section)

pt=50fckfy[1−√1−4.6Mufckbd2]��=50�����[1-1-
4.6�������2]
= 0.384 %

Ast=pt100bd���=��100��
= 239.05 mm

Provide 3 nos 12 mm bars.

We designed the B-22 which is rest in two beams, Which means B-22 is point
load for B-4 and B-6.

So, if the load is increased in B-22 will affect the beam B-4 and B-6.

DIY Problem
The design of a beam is based on formulas and calculations. so, you need to
practice it more and more to become an expert in the beam design.

I am giving you one example to solve by your self and give the reinforcement
detail in the comment section.
 Assumed section, 230 x 450 mm, fck��� = 20 and
fy�� = 415, d = 420, below S-1 is balcony and S-3 is bedroom,
230 mm thick wall is resting on B-3.height of the floor is
10 feet.

Calculate the Beam B-3 from the below image.

RCC beam

I provided all the necessary information to design the RCC beam for a two-story
house. if any point I missed, feel free to tell me in the comment section.
In the next article, we will discuss the cantilever beam design and how to
calculate the point load on a beam.