1.

In understanding Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, we need to know the

stages and levels of moral development: preconventional, conventional and post
conventional.

A. Pre-conventional Level – dito mag fafall ang dalawang stage dito sa moral
development which is yung stage 1 and stage 2. Stage 1 it talks about Punishment,
Obedience, Orientation. Kaya sinabi nating Pre-conventional could mean sort of
basic or at the lower level, parang ito yung pinakamababang level pag dating dito
sa moral development. Under stage 1 which is the punishment, obedience and
orientation, mahalaga yung obedience for you not to be punish and that’s basically
the orientation of those individual who are in stage 1.

Sa Stage 2 naman which is yung Individualism and Exchange/Instrumental relativist

orientation, dito naman ang focus nya is the individual kung ano ang interest mo or
ano yung mag bebenefit ka or yung taong kausap mo. Relativist whenever we hear this
word iba iba tayo nang principle, iba iba tayo nang pananaw, iba iba tayo nang
situation at understanding. Kaya ang characteristic nang stage 2 is called
Individualism and Exchange, because most of time the focus of this is on your
personal interest, kung ano yung palagay mong kailangan mo at the moment or yung
kailangan ng kausap mo. And most of the time kaya’t stage 2 it will fall under pre-
conventional level and its because outside forces or hindi pa kasama dito yung
outside factors particularly your family, yung community, yung society government.
In the end the focus here is the personal interest. Parang you are just thinking on
your behalf so pansarili mong understanding

B. Conventional Level – wherein nagfafall dito yung stage 3 and stage 4.

Conventional from the word itself parang marami din crowds, it involves a group of
people, society, community, where in you have your say, okaya naman you are after
with what other people will say. Sa Stage 3 which is Interpersonal concordance
orientation, sa salitang interpersonal palang makikita mo na mahalaga yung sinasabi
nang iba, mahalaga yung relasyon mo sa ibang tao, that’s why Interpesonal
concordance orientation also called as the good boy or good girl orientation.
Wherein, in here we are after with what other people will tell us or ano yung point
of view nang tao. like for instance dito sa good boy or good girl most of the time
we are doing things and its because we want to appear as good, like for instance in
the Heinz dilemma maaari din nating sabihin na “okay lang na nakawin ni Heinz yung
drugs (Yung about sa kinwento mo non sir na drugs) and its because good yung
intention nya e, he wants to save his wife.

Next is the Stage 4, which is yung Authority and Social – Order Maintaining
Orientation, dito naman makikita natin na there is already order kaya sinasabi
naten masama kung nanakawin ni Heinz yung gamot and its because hindi tolerable yun
e, yung pagnanakaw because we have laws that we need to follow para mapanatili yung
kaayusan, and what will then happened if yung individual mo, yung thinking nya is
kapag ganito yung instinct nya na tama yung gagawin nya, parang magkakaroon nang
chaos so basically yung authority yung pinaguusapan natin dito is the government
and the laws na meron sya, kaya social order e may kaayusan na and that is because
of the laws. But this doesn’t necessarily mean in this stage 4 na Yes meron social
order maayos yung society, yung community but that doesn’t guarantee moral laws na
meron, kaya dito sa stage 5:

C. Dito sa Post-Conventional Level of Moral Development – Yung Social Contract

Legalistic Orientation (Stage 5) at some point you will detached yourself or lalayo
ka and you will try to observe regarding your community and then you will observe
your individual rights, ngunit kung titignan natin itong Social Contract Legalistic
Orientation parang mamumulat ka doon sa mga bagay na napagkakaitan ka particularly
your rights as an individual. So, in the Social Contract Legalistic Orientation
mulat sya or aware sya regarding dun sa stage 4, at pinaniniwalaan nya yung
kaayusan na meron kayat kailangan sundin itong mga batas.

Sa Stage 6 Naman, very few or parang konti lang yung nakakapunta or na ri-reach
yung stage na ito which is yung Universal Ethical Principle Orientation. This is
universal and its because this is acceptable wherever you go, and eto yung parang
point of view or parang nakikitang tama rin nang bawat isa, nang taong alam nya
yung moral. eto yung nagbabased on respect para sa universal principle and the
demands of individual conscience.

Naniniwala si Kohlberg na individuals could only progress through these stages one
stage at a time. That is, they could not "jump" stages. They could not, for
example, move from an orientation of selfishness sa law and order stage without
passing through the good boy/girl stage. They could only come to a comprehension of
a moral rationale one stage above their own. Thus, according to Kohlberg,
importanti daw ito na to present them with moral dilemmas for discussion which is
makakatulong for them to see the reasonableness of a "higher stage" morality and
iencourage yung kanilang development in that direction. The last comment refers to
Kohlberg's moral. nakita niya to as one of the ways in which moral development can
be promoted through formal education. Note that Kohlberg believed, that most moral
development occurs through social interaction. The discussion approach is based on
the insight that individuals develop as a result of cognitive conflicts at their
current stage.