PICE Free Webinar Lecture Series

Session Two : Water Engineering

via Zoom Cloud Meeting App
10 June 2020

understanding water treatment solution

with respect to water sources scarcity

engr. robinson abella salenga ii, mpm® ,faapm ®, clssyb, cipm

TM
,arpm TM
ce, me, project manager – water sources and facilities la mesa compound projects
program management division
Maynilad Water Services Inc.
presentor / authors

engr. robinson abella salenga ii

mpm® ,faapm ®, clssyb, cipm TM,arpm TM ce, me,
project manager – water sources and facilities la mesa compound projects
program management division
Maynilad Water Services Inc.

engr. patrick james belmonte

dizon
ce, se, rmp,
division manager
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage
introduction
water stress

Water stress

The available amount

Physical Water Stress
of water during a (Source: UN (2018a, p. 72, based on data from AQUASTAT)

certain period is no
longer sufficient to
supply the need of the Physical Water stress = Water withdrawn / Total amount of
community. available water resources
The European Environment Agency
water stress index - parameters
Hydrologists typically assess scarcity by looking at
the population-water equation / The total water
resources available per population of a region:

Water availability per

 Type
person per year
1700 cubic meter (m3) per
WATER STRESS person per year

> 1000 cubic meter (m3)

WATER SCARCITY per person per year

ABSOLUTE WATER > 500 cubic meter (m3)

SCARCITY per person per year

Source: Falkenmark et al. 1989

water stress index - global perspective
water stress index – global perspective

Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

is the Most Water-Stressed Region
on Earth
- 12 of 17 countries
- region is hot and dry
- water supply is low to begin with, but
growing demands
-  About 82% of the region’s wastewater is
not reused; harnessing this resource would
generate a new source of clean water

Source: Rutger Willem Hofste, Paul Reig and Leah Schleifer - August 06, 2019
water stress index – global perspective
water stress index – global perspective
water stress index – local perspective
Hydrologists typically assess scarcity by looking at
the population-water equation / The total water In 2015,
2015, with
with aa population
population of
of 100.9
100.9 M,M,
In
resources available per population of a region:
annual water
annual water resource
resource per
per capita
capita is
is
1,446 MCM/year
1,446 MCM/year
Water availability per
 Type
person per year
1700 cubic meter (m3) per
WATER STRESS person per year In 2020, population of 111 M, annual
water resource per capita is
> 1000 cubic meter (m3)
WATER SCARCITY per person per year
1,314 MCM/year

ABSOLUTE WATER > 500 cubic meter (m3)

SCARCITY per person per year
In
In 2025,
2025, population
population of
of 122
122 M,
M, it’s
it’s
1,193
1,193 MCM
MCM per
per capita/year
capita/year
Source: Falkenmark et al. 1989
water stress index - Philippines
Water-stress Water Availability
Remarks/ Status
Regions (in cu.m/person)

NCR 0-500 Absolute scarcity

Region IV-A 0-500

Absolute scarcity
Region I 500-1000 Scarcity
Region III 500-1000 Scarcity
Region V 500-1000 Scarcity
Region IV-B 1000-1700 Stress
Region VII 1000-1700 Stress
Philippines
(national average)
1,446 Stress
Source: National Economic Development Authority – Presentation on Proposed Policy and Institutional Reforms in the Water
Resources Sector
Water stress index - Philippines
NUMBER OF CLASSIFIED INLAND SURFACE WATER BODIES

263 21 7 42 133
Classification Number

Class AA
Waters intended as public water supply
5
requiring only approved disinfection to meet the

3
Principal
PrincipalRiver
Basins
Basins
River Minor
MinorRivers
Rivers Lakes
Lakes Coastal
Coastaland
andMarine
Waters
Marine
Waters
Distinct
DistinctClassification
Classification PNSDW

Class A
Waters suitable as water supply requiring 203
conventional treatment to meet the PNSDW
17 of 127
196 inland rivers
(13%) poor
Class B
Waters intended for primary contact recreation 149
waters (192 rivers 60 of 127 water Marilao (e.g. bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.)
and 4 lakes) have rivers quality River –
monitored. (40%) most Class C
Waters for fishery, recreation/boating, and
good populated supply for manufacturing processes after
231

127 rivers met quality 15 rivers

river in the
Philippines
treatment

the required DO = 0 Class D

parameters.` (biologically Waters intended for agriculture, irrigation, 23
dead) livestock watering, etc.

TOTAL 611
Source: EMB National Water Quality Status Report, 2006)
 Water stress index - Philippines
DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 2016-08 Source: DENR Presentation - Updates on Water Environment Management in the Philippines

DAO No. 1990-35 (for class DAO 2016 – 08 (for class C)

Parameter
C) (Old) (New) Other changes in DENR Administrative Order 2016-08
Source: DENR Presentation - Updates on Water Quality Guidelines and Water effluent
BOD 50 mg/L 50 mg/L
1. Classification of Water Bodies
COD 100 mg/L 100 mg/L e.g. Water used for agriculture, irrigation, and livestock was changed
TSS 70 mg/L 70 mg/L from Class D to C
Oil and grease 5 mg/L 5 mg/L 2. Categorization of Parameters
e.g. parameters are now categorized as primary and secondary
Color 150 NTU 150 NTU
3. Groundwater Quality Monitoring
Total Coliform 10.000 MPN/100mL 10.000 MPN/100mL 4. Scope and Coverage
Fecal Coliform None 400 MPN/100mL e.g. Gen Effluent Std (GES) now applies to all pollution point sources
Ammonia as NHɜ - N None 0.5 mg/L discharging to bodies of land and water
5. Some new parameters
Nitrate as NOɜ - N None 14 mg/L
e.g. nickel, boron, zinc, fluoride, benzene, etc.
Phosphate None 1 mg/L 6. More stringent parameters
Surfactants (MBAS) 7 mg/L 15 mg/L e.g. arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury

UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Source: NEDA (2018) – Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Master plan

3/10 7/10 9/17 1/25 1/8

WATER DISTRICTS are PEOPLE do not have access REGIONS all around DO NOT HAVE ACCESS to PEOPLE do not have
considered non- to septage collection and Philippines are toilet facilities and practice access to safe water
operational sewerage system services experiencing water stress open defecation supply
water scarcity

Water scarcity can mean scarcity in availability

due to physical shortage, or scarcity in access due to
the failure of institutions to ensure a regular supply or
due to a lack of adequate infrastructure.

Source: United Nation Waters website

water scarcity
FACTS AND FIGURES
• Over 2 billion people live in countries experiencing
high water stress. (UN, 2018) • With the existing climate change scenario, by 2030,
water scarcity in some arid and semi-arid places will
• It is estimated that by 2040, one in four of the displace between 24 million and 700 million people.
world’s children under 18 – some 600 million in all – (UNESCO, 2009).
will be living in areas of extremely high water stress.
(UNICEF, 2017) • A third of the world’s biggest groundwater systems
are already in distress (Richey et al., 2015).
• 700 million people worldwide could be displaced by
intense water scarcity by 2030. (Global Water • Nearly half the global population are already living in
Institute, 2013) potential waterscarce areas at least one month per
year and this could increase to some 4.8–5.7 billion
• About 4 billion people, representing nearly two-thirds in 2050. About 73% of the affected people live in
of the world population, experience severe water Asia (69% by 2050) (Burek et al., 2016).
scarcity during at least one month of the year
(Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016)
Source: United Nation Waters website
water scarcity
Physical Water Scarcity
• occurs when there isn’t enough
water to meet demand.
• roughly 20% of the world’s
population now lives in physical
water scarcity, which The
World’s Water: Volume 8 defines
as areas in which water
withdrawals exceed 75% of river
flows.
Source: Fluence Corporation Limited website
Water Economics
• finding a reliable source of safe
water is often time consuming and
expensive.
• exists when a population does not
have the necessary monetary means
to utilize an adequate source of
water.
Population Pressure
• over 1.2 billion are basically living in
areas of physical water scarcity.
• almost 1.6 billion face economic
water shortage.
Water scarcity

And as our population continues

to grow there’s just going to be
more problems.

And we’re going to really have to

face drastic measures in order to
make sure the people have
access to water.
understanding various water treatment as solutions

Aquifer Wastewater
Recharging 1 6 Treatment

Water Reuse Conventional

and Zero-Liquid
Discharge
Technology
2 5 Treatment
Plants

Decentralized
Desalination 3 4 Treatment
Solutions
water scarcity solutions
Aquifer Recharging

- The process involves the injection or infiltration of

excess surface water into underground aquifers.
Water may be treated before it is injected. The
water can be stored underground until it is needed.
Some watersheds are being restored with native
plant species in wetland areas to support aquifers’
natural recharge capabilities.

- Groundwater is water that collects below the

earth’s surface in fissures and crevasses, then
moves into aquifers. An aquifer is a body of
permeable soil or rock that contains or transmits
groundwater. Typically, aquifers fill or recharge
from rain or snowmelt when the water flows
downward until it reaches less permeable rock. Source: Fluence Corporation Limited website
water scarcity solutions
Water Reuse and Zero-Liquid Discharge Technology

- these include water recycling and reuse, and the use of zero-liquid discharge (ZLD)
systems, which use, treat, and reuse water in a closed-loop system without release or
discharge.
- advanced treatment of wastewater, creating systems
for water reuse across a range of industrial,
agricultural, and municipal processes and capable of
producing pure and ultrapure water for reuse in
various applications, including power generation,
beverage bottling, food production, and agriculture
irrigation.

Source: Fluence Corporation Limited website

 water scarcity solutions
Desalination

- This process can treat seawater or groundwater

containing salt concentrations that make the water unfit
for human consumption. Fresh water, for example, is
defined as water with less than 1,000 ppm of salt.
Highly saline water contains between 10,000 ppm and
35,000 ppm of salt.

- Seawater desalination systems are equipped with

advanced work exchangers, energy-recovery devices
(ERDs), high-efficiency positive displacement pumps,
and variable-frequency drives (VFDs) on all motors,
resulting in the lowest energy consumption in the
industry.
Source: Fluence Corporation Limited website
water scarcity solutions
Decentralized Treatment Solutions

• Decentralized treatment is simply the practice of locating water and wastewater treatment
plants at the site of water supply, demand, or ideally both. It’s a flexible, sustainable alternative
to large treatment plants that require miles of expensive supply and delivery infrastructure.

• Salt and brackish water are far more plentiful than fresh water, yet without treatment to remove
the salt, they are unusable. Meanwhile, much readily obtainable fresh water has been polluted
by agricultural, municipal, and industrial sources — as well as literally flushed down the toilet.

Source: Fluence Corporation Limited website

water scarcity solutions

Conventional Treatment Plants

• Process includes standard conventional coagulation – flocculation – sedimentation - rapid

gravity filtration-disinfection plant with no automation and minimal rehabilitation since its
construction. It has very minimal electro mechanical equipment and relies mostly on hydraulic
properties of water to backwash its filters and on gravity to convey raw water from the source,
into the plant and out into the distribution system.

• it uses coagulation, flocculation, pulsator-clarifier, filtration, disinfection process

Source: Fluence Corporation Limited website

Water scarcity Solutions
Wastewater Treatment

is a process used to remove contaminants

from wastewater or sewage and convert it into
an effluent that can be returned to the water
cycle with minimum impact on the
environment, or directly reused. The latter is
called water reclamation because treated
wastewater can be used for other purposes.
enforcement in Philippines


 Republic
Republic Act
Act No.
No. 9275
9275 Clean
Clean Water
Water Act-
Act-
2004
2004


 PD
PD 1067
1067 –
– Water
Water Code
Code of
of the
the Philippines
Philippines


 Philippine
Philippine National
National Standards
Standards for
for
Drinking
Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993)
Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993)
enforcement in Philippines

RA 6716
“An Act Providing for the Construction
of Water Wells, Rainwater Collectors,
Development of Springs and
s. 1989 Rehabilitation of Existing Waterwells
in All Barangays in the Philippines”

DILG MC Policies and Guidelines on the

Construction of Rainwater
2017-76
June 14, 2017
Collection
 INFRASTRUCTURE FLAGSHIP PROJECTS
(as of February 17, 2020)
Funding Target Completion
No Project Agency Location Cost, BPhP Sector
Source Year

Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project –

1 MWSS Luzon 3.29 ODA Water Resources 2020
Tunnel 4

2 Aqueduct No. 7 Project MWSS Luzon 5.75 ODA Water Resources 2023

New Centennial Water Source – Kaliwa Dam

3 MWSS Luzon 12.19 ODA Water Resources 2024
Project

4 Kanan Dam Project MWSS Luzon 56.0 PPP Water Resources 2026

5 Malitubog-Maridagao Irrigation Project NIA Mindanao 5.44 GAA Water Resources 2021

6 Chico River Pump Irrigation Project NIA Luzon 4.37 ODA Water Resources 2021

Kabulnan-2 Multipurpose Irrigation and Power

7 NIA Mindanao 31.22 ODA Water Resources 2026
Project

8 Bohol Northeast Basin Multipurpose Dam Project NIA Visayas 4.13 GAA Water Resources 2027

Panay River Basin Integrated Development

9 NIA Visayas 19.36 ODA Water Resources 2027
Project
water agencies in the Philippines

MWSS
to end…

There is no single water crisis, nor a simple solution.

Different countries and different water basins face unique
problems, sometimes even within the same region.

With finite limits to local water, the critical challenge

becomes how we can manage those resources to safely
deliver the water needed to fuel growth, as well as for
meeting the needs of people and the environment.
 yo u
k
ENGR. ROBINSON ABELLA SALENGA II
n
th a Civil Engineer, Materials Engineer
MPM®, FAAPM®, CLSSYB, CIPM™, ARPM™
Sr. Project Manager, La Mesa Compound Projects
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT DIVISION
Maynilad Water Services Inc.

Inter-Specialty Group Committee Member, for Water Sources Engineering – PICE National
President-PICE Quezon City Chapter Maynilad Sub-Chapter

email: rsalengaii@yahoo.com / robinson.salenga@mayniladwater.com.ph