CHAPTER 7

CIRCULAR MOTION

7.1 ANGULAR VARIABLES

As = r A0

or,
Suppose particle P is moving in a circle of radius
(igure 7.1). Let the circle. Let O
Obe the centre of or, . (7.4)
be the origin and OX the X-axis. The position of the
a given instant may be described by the
where v is the linear speed
of the particle.
particle P at
angle between OP and OX. We call 0 the angular Differentiating equation (7.4) with respect to time, the
rate of change of speed is
position of the particle. As the particle moves on the
its angular position 0 changes. Suppose the du dw
circle,
particle goes to a nearby point P in time At so that e a,-d-d
ncreases to + 30. The rate of change of angular or, a =r.d. (7.5)
position is called angular velocity. Thus, the angular
welocity is Remember that a,=i s the rate of change of
t
de is not the rate of the
0 =lim speed and change of velocity. It
0 At dt is, therefore, not equal to the net acceleration.
We shall show that a, is the component of
acceleration along the tangent and hence we have used
A0
the suffix t. It is called the tangential acceleration.

Example 7.1

A particle moves in a circle of radius 20 cm with a linear

Figure 7.1 specd of 10 m/s. Find the angular velocity.
Solution: The angular velocity is
The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular 10m/s 50 rad/s.
acceleration. Thus, the angular acceleration is 20 em
do d 'e Example 7.2
dt dt A particle travels in a circle of radius 20 cm at a speed
If the angular acceleration a is constant, we have that uniformly increases. 1f the speed changes from
5-0 m/s to 60 m/s in 20 s, find the angular acceleration.

= a+at? (7.1) Solution : The tangential acceleration is given by

0= + at (7.2)
a,d-
and o'=+2a (7.3) 60-50 m/s =0'5 m/s.
2:0
where and o are the angular velocities at t = 0 and
The angular acceleration is a =a, /r
at time t and 0 is the angular position at time t. The
hinear distance PP' travelled by the particle in time 0'5 ms25 rad/s".
is 20 cm
02
Ceneopts of Phyaies

7.2 UNTT VRCTORS

ALONG THE RADIUS The term ro is the speed of
AND THE TANGENT the particle at time.
(equation 7.4) and the vector in the square bracket i
Consider a particle moving in a circle. Suppose the the unit vector e, along the
tangent. Thus, the velocit
particle is at a point P in the circle at a given inetant of the particle at
any instant is along the tangent t
(Aure 7.2). Take the centre of the circle to be the the circle and its magnitude is v = ro.
onpn, a line OX as the X-axis and a perpendicular The acceleration of the particle at time
mdius OY as the Y-axis. The
angular position of the d From (ii),
particle at this instant is B8. dt

a=r +sine+cos)+ sin cs4

ar-Fco8-sin d
-o'rcose+jsin@) + do
d

-ur . (7.8)
Figure 7.2 where e, and ej are the unit vectors along the radial
and tangential directions respectively and v is the
Draw a unit vector PA =e, along the outward speed of the particle at time t. We have used
radius and a unit vector PB e, along the tangent in
=

the direction of increasing 8. We call e, the radial unit t

vector and e, the tangential unit vector. Draw PX' Uniform Circular Motion
parallel to the X-axis and PY' parallel to the Y-axis. If the particle moves in the circle with a uniform
From the figure, speed, we call it a uniform circular motion. In this
PA PA cos+ PA sinê case,=0 and equation (7.8) gives
a =-rer"
or, =icos+j sine, (7.6)
where i and j are the unit vectors along the X and Y Thus, the acceleration of the particle is in the
direction of - e,, that is, towards the centre. The
axes respectively. Similarly,
magnitude of the acceleration is
PB-iPB sine +jPB cose a, = 0 r
or, e-isine+Jjcose. .(7.7)
(7.9)
7.3 ACCELERATION IN CIRCULAR MOTION
Thus, if a particle moves in a cirele of radius r with a
Consider the situation shown in figure (7.2). It is
constant speed u, its acceleration is v '/r directed
clear from the figure that the position vector of the towards the centre. This acceleration is called
particle at time t is centripetal acceleration. Note that the speed remains
F0P-OPe constant, the direction continuously changes and hence
=rcos+ sin@). i) the velocity changes and there is an acceleration
during the motion.
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to time, the
velocity of the particle at time t is8 Erample 7.33
Find the magnitude of the linear acceleration of a
particle moving in a circle of radius 10 cm with uniform
speed completing the circle in 4 a
Solutton: The distance covered in completing the circleis
2t 2tx 10 cm. The linear speed is
=ral-i,sin +jcos6]. (i) v 2 t r/t
 Circular Motion
103

21 X10 5x cm/s.
4s The tangential acceleration is
linear
acceleration is
The
a= cm/s Gd 2 m/s
dt
10 cm
2:5 cm/s
cceleration is directed towards the
centre of the 7.4 DYNAMICS OF CIRcULAR MOTION
circle.
lta particle moves in a circle as seen from an
Nonuniform Cireular Motion nertial frame, a resultant nonzero force must act on
Tf the speed of the particle moving in a circle is the particle. That is because a particle moving in a
Circle is accelerated and acceleration can be produced
nstant, the acceleration has both the radial and in an inertial frame only if a resultant force acts on
the tangentialcomponents. According to equation (7.8). 1t. If the
speed of the
the radial and the tangential accelerations are particle
remains constant, the
acceleration of the particle is towards the centre and
a,- r= -v'/r its magnitude is u /r. Here v is the speed of the
de (7.10) particle and r is the radius of the circle. The resultant
and dt force must act towards the centre and its magnitude
F must satisfy
Thus, the component of the acceleration towards
the centre is or=v lr and the component along the
tangent (along the direction of motion) is do/dt. The
magnitude of the acceleration is
m

a=Na+a = (do or,

mu
(7.11)

Since this resultant force is directed towards the

V centre, it is called centripetal force. Thus, a centripetal
force of magnitude mu'/r is needed to keep the particle
in uniform circular motion.
It should be clearly understood that "centripetal
force" is another word for "force towards the centre".
This force must originate from some external source
such as gravitation, tension, friction, coulomb force,
etc. Centripetal force is not a new kind of force,
just
Figure 7.3 as an "upward force" or a "downward force" is not a
new kind of force.
The direction of this resultant acceleration makes
Example 7.5
an angle a with the radius (figure 7.3) where
A small block of mass 100 g moves with
tana =
uniform speed
in a horizontal circular groove, with vertical side
walls,
of radius 25 cm. If the block takes 20s to complete one
Example 7.4 round, find the normal contact force by the side wall of
the groove.
A particle moves in a circle of radius 20 cem. Its linear
Solution: The speed of the block is
speed is given by v = 2t, where t is in second and v in
metre /eecond. Find the radial and tangential
2Tx(25 cm)-o 785 m/s.
20 s
acceleration at t =3 s. The acceleration of the block is
Solution : The linear speed at t = 3 s i18 U(0785 m/s)
2 5 m/s
U2t=6 m/s. 0 25 m
The radial acceleration at towards the centre. The only force in this direction is
t = 3 s is
the normal contact force due to the side walls. Thus,
36 ms-180 m/s from Newton's second law, this force is
0 20 m N =ma = (0 100 kg) (25 m/s) = 0*25 N.
 Analysis
595
t r : The detemination ofwiththe strength of a 8.8
ODOMETRIC AND IODIMETRIC
standard solution
t nah otdising agent bv
mcng agent called
titratnn
timetry TITRATIONS
is
reur (Titrating solution is Na,
Change in (i) Estimation of I: S,0, 5H,Ocalled hypo.)
Sgeetes) edatlon
Eq.mass of2NaS,0,
Equtvalent
Na,S,0, SH,0 2Nal+ NaS,O,
number
Agene (OA Or
Reaction M w/I
Melar mas (ii) Estimation of
Reduxin
as vofved Number oef
R-facter CuSO,
electrons 2CuSO +4KI-
Ageot (RA involved
2Cu41 Cu,l, »Cu,l,+
+I2K,S0, +1
(-facter)
Eq. mass of CuSO,
M, MnO, 8H' Se M.w/5 ii) Estimation
M. w/1 =

of MnO, present
AndN
Mn 4H,O pyrolusite
in

modum OA) MnO,+4HCI MnCl,C +2H,0

Cl,+2K1 2KCI+1,
MO MnO 24,0 M.w./ /3 or
MnO,+4H'+2C1 Mn* 2H.0 Cl
Ncutral
mdum OA) MnO+4OH Cl+21 2C1 +1
Eq. mass of MnO, M. w/2 =

MnO, Mno M.w./1 (iv) Estimation of available chlorine in

(Basic bleaching powder:
mdum OA) Cl H,0 +
Ca(OH), +Cl2
H.0.(OA) H.O.+2H+2e M.w/2
Cl+2KI
Eq. mass of CaOCl, = M. w/2
2KCl +1
2H,0 (v) Estimation of H,0:
H.O. (RA) H 0 0 +2H* +2e 2 M.w/2 H.0 +21 +2H* +2H,0
Eq. mass of H,0, = M. w/2
s.0 (RA) 25.0S.0 +2e|1 per M.w/1
(vi) Estimation of ozone:
molecule) O +61+ 6H 31 +3H,0
Eq. mass of O, = M. w/6
a.(OA) Cl+2e 2CI 2 M.w/2
(Obtained from (vii) Estimation ofCr0:
bleaching
powder) Cr,0+14H +61 312 +2Cr* +7H,0
Eq. mass of Cr,0; = M. w./6
a0 (04) CrO+ 14H+ 6 e | M.w/6
2Cr+7H,O (vii) Estimation of CI0:
MnO(OA) MnO + 4H* +2e » 2 M.w/2
CIO+21 +2H* H,0+CI +1
Eq. mass of CIO = M. w/2
Mn
(ix) Estimation of10
Fr (RA) Fe Fe+e M.w./1
IO +51+6H 31, +3H,0
Equivalent Mass of Substance Undergoing Eq. mass of 10 M. w./5 =

Disproportionation
Let us consider, disproportionation of H, PO. : 8SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES80
-3 Example 1. 0.5g ofan axalate was dissolved in water and
3H,PO 2H,PO,+ PH, the solution made to 100 mL. On titration 10 mL this solution
of
-2e oxidation
+4e
required 15mL ofKMn0. Calculate the percentage of oxalate
20
Reduction in the sample.
n-factor =4 *n2_4x24 Solution:
4+2 3 15 mLKMnO, = 10x Normality of oxalate solution.
Equivalent mass of H, PO, =- Molecular mass 20
n-factor
Normality ofoxalate solution=x