Unit 06

Session 1: Algebra of Complex Numbers
UNIT VI
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Introduction
Session 16
Algebra of Complex Numbers
Session 17
Argand Plane
Session 18
De Moivre’s Theorem
©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka 325

Engineering Mathematics II - Unit 6
Introduction
This unit introduces the complex number system. The complex number has
two dimensional characters therefore the complex numbers can be
represented by the points in a Cartesian plane which is called Argand plane.
Using the above plane and properties of complex numbers some geometrical
problems can be solved. Since the complex number has polar form they
relate to trigonometry. The complex numbers are very useful in
mathematics.
There are many application of complex number in engineering such as fluid
dynamics, vector fields and electronics etc.
This unit has three sessions. The first session contains the algebra of
complex numbers. The Argand plane is introduced in the second session.
The third session comprises mainly with De Mover’s theorem.
326
©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka
Session 16
Algebra of Complex Numbers
Contents
Introduction, p 327
16.1 Historical examples, p 328
16.2 Basic definitions, p 330
16.3 Modulus of a complex number, p 333
16.4 The polar form of a complex number, p 333
16.5 Argument and principle argument of a complex number, p 333
16.6 Theorems, p 336
Summary, p 347
Learning Outcomes, p 348
Introduction
In this session, we discuss the algebra of complex numbers. First we discuss

the origin of imaginary numbers. The Idea of complex number system goes
back to the era of ancient Greeks. We discuss some historical background
related to the topic. Then the concept of imaginary unit is introduced. Form
of a complex number is defined. The conjugate of a complex number is
defined. Then we move on to discuss the addition, subtraction, product and
division of two complex numbers. A given complex number can be written
using polar coordinates. A complex number written in polar coordinates is
called the polar form of the complex number. We discuss a method to find
the polar form of a given complex number. The polar form of a complex
number can be compacted using Euler Identity, thus the Euler identity is

introduced. A given polynomial equation can be completely factorized in

complex number system. The last chapter of this session is devoted to solve
the polynomial equations with real coefficients.
16.1 Historical examples
Example 1
One of the first problems in which the square root of a negative number
occurred was posed by the algebraist Diophantus of Alexandria.
He was trying to find the dimensions of a right angled triangle which would
have the area 7 units and the perimeter 12 units. If x , y are the lengths of
the two sides adjacent to the right angle then the hypotenuse has the length
x 2 + y2
2 2
x+y
x
area = 7
perimeter =
12
Figure 1
Solution:
C
2 2
x+y
x
A B
y
Figure 2
1 14
7 = xy y =
2 x
Given that
328
x 2 + y2 + x + y = 12
x 2 + y2 = 12 − x − y
Squaring both sides and simplifying, we get

12x + 12y − xy − 72 = 0 ------- (1)
14
12x + 12. − 14 − 72 = 0
x
6x 2 − 43x + 84 = 0
43  −167
x =
12
This quadratic equation has no real solutions.

There is no right-angled triangle such that the area and the perimeter of the
triangle are 7 and 12 units respectively. The solutions of the above equation
lie within the imaginary number system.
Example 2
Find two numbers 𝑥, 𝑦 such that the sum and the product of the two numbers
are 10 and 40 respectively. This problem was first attempted by Italian
mathematician and Doctor Gerolamo Cardano in 1545.
Solution
xy = 40 ------ (1)
x + y = 10 ---- (2)
 x satisfy x 2 − 10x + 40 = 0
( x − 5)
2
= −15
x = 5  −15
When 𝑥 = 5 + √−15 , 𝑦 = 5— √−15 .

When 𝑥 = 5— √−15 , 𝑦 = 5 + √−15 .
In both cases,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 + √−15 + 5 − √−15
= 10
( )
2
xy = 52 − −15
xy = 40 ----------- (2)

Introduction of i
Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler first introduced the identity 𝑖 2 = −1 .

𝑖 is taken as the imaginary unit. .
−15 = ( −1)15 = √15 𝑖 2 = √15 𝑖
Note
i2 = −1 , i3 = −i i 4 = 1
when n  z  i 4n = 1 i 4n +1 = i i 4n +2 = −1 i4n +3 = −i
Activity 1
Solve the following equations. Express the roots in the form x + iy, where x , yR
1. z 2 + 2z + 2 = 0 7. 5z 2 + 4z + 1 = 0
2. z2 − z + 1 = 0 8. 5z 2 + 36 = 0
3. z 4 = 16 9. z2 + z + 1 = 0
5. z2 − z − 2 = 0 10. z 4 + 13z 2 + 36 = 0
16.2 Basic definitions
Complex number
When x , y  R , the number x + iy, where i2 = −1 is defined as a complex

number.
Let z = x + iy
x is called the real part of z and it is denoted by Re(z).
y is called the imaginary part of z and it is denoted by Im(z).
The complex number system is denoted by C.
𝐶 = {𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∶ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 2 = −1}
330
Complex conjugate
If z = x + iy, where x , y  R , the conjugate of z is defined as x – iy. It is

denoted by z or z 
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 , z 2 = x 2 + iy 2 .
x1 , x 2 , y1 , y 2  R
Equality of two complex numbers

z1 = z 2  x1 = x 2 , y1 = y 2
That is Im ( z1 ) = Im ( z 2 ) , Re ( z1 ) = Re ( z 2 )
Addition of two complex numbers

z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + x 2 ) + i ( y1 + y 2 )
Example 3
(i) ( 4 + 5i ) + ( 3 − i ) = ( 4 + 3) + (5 − 1) i = 7 + 4i
(ii) ( 4 + 5i ) − (3 − i ) = 4 + ( −3) + (5 + 1) i = 1 + 6i
(iii) ( 5 + 7i ) + (3 − 4i ) − ( 6 − 3i ) = (5 + 3 – 6) + (7 – 4 + 3)i = 2 + 6i
Multiplication of two complex numbers

z1z 2 = ( x1 + iy1 )( x 2 + iy2 ) = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑖𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑖 𝑦1 𝑦2
2
z1z 2 = ( x1x 2 − y1y2 ) + i ( x 2 y1 + x1y2 )
Example 4
(i) ( 3 + 4i )( 4 − 3i ) = 12-9i+16i+12 = 24+7i
(ii) (4 – i)(1 + i) = 4 − i2 − i + 4i = 4 –(-1) + 3i= 5 + 3i
(1 + i ) = (1 + i )(1 + i ) = 1 + i 2 + 2i = 1 – 1 + 2i = 2i
2
(iii)
Division of two complex numbers

When z 2  0
= ( x1 + iy1 )( x 2 − iy2 ) = x1x 2 − i y1y22 + (2x 22y1 − x1y2 ) i

2
z1 x1 + iy1
=
z 2 x 2 + iy2 ( x 2 + iy2 )( x 2 − iy2 ) x 2 − i y2
z1 x1x 2 − ( −1) y1y 2 + ( x 2 y1 − x1y 2 ) i ( x1x 2 + y1y2 ) i ( x 2 y1 − x1y2 )

= = +
z2 x 22 − ( −1) y 22 x12 + y22 x 22 + y22

Example 5
1. Find 1 + 2i
1− i
1 + 2i (1 + 2i )(1 + i ) 1 + 2i 2 + i + 2i
= = = 1 + 2 ( −1) + 3i = −1 + 3i
1− i (1 − i )(1 + i ) 1 − (i )
2
1 − ( −1) 2
1 + 2i 1 3
=− + i
1− i 2 2
4 + 3i ( 4 + 3i )( 4 + 3i ) = 16 + 9i + 24i = 16 + 9 ( −1) + 24i = 7 24

2
2. = + i
4 − 3i ( 4 − 3i )( 4 + 3i ) 16 − 9i 2 16 − 9(−1) 25 25
Activity 2
Express the following numbers of the form x + iy, where x , y  R
1. (5 – 9i) + (2 – 4i) 2. 3(2 – i) – 4(5 + 2i)

3. i(5 + 8i) 4. i(4 + i) + 3i(i + 3)
 1 3  2 5 
5. (2 + 3i)(4 + i) 6.
 − i  + i 
 2 2  3 3 
i i
7. 3i + 8.
2−i 1+ i
9. 2−i 10.
10 − 5i
3 + 5i 8 + 2i
11.
4 − 2i 12. (1 + i )(1 − 2i )
3 + 5i ( 2 + i )( 4 − 3i )
i (1 − i )( 2 − i )( 3 − i ) (1 + i ) (1 − i )
2 3
13. 14.
2−i 
2
( 2 + 3i ) 
1
15. 3 + 6i + 16.

2−i  + 2i 
1
(1 + i ) (1 − i ) (1 + 2i ) (1 − 3i )
2 2 2
17. 18.
i (2 + i) (4 + i)
12 − 5i 1− i
19. 20.
4 + 3i 3 + 2i
332
16.3 Modulus (absolute value) of a complex number
Definition
If z = x + iy , where x , y  R , x 2 + y2 is defined as the modulus of z .
It is denoted by z .
Example 6
Find the modulus of the following complex numbers.
(a) 4+3i z = 42 + 32 = 5
4 – 5i z = 42 + ( −5 ) = 41
2
(b)
-1 – 3i ( −1) + ( −3)
2 2
(c) z = = 10
16.4 The polar form of a complex number
Let z = x + iy ,where x, y  R and x  0 or y  0

 x y 
z = x + iy = x 2 + y2  + i
 x + y
2 2
x + y2
2

Take sin  = y x
, cos  =
x +y
2 2
x + y2
2
Then cos2  + sin 2 = 1 and x 2 + y2 = r  0
 z = r ( cos  + i sin  ) and z =r
This form is called the polar form of z.
16.5 Argument and principle argument of a complex

number
If z = r ( cos  + i sin  ) ,  is defined as the argument of z.
The argument of z is denoted by arg(z).

Principle argument of a complex number .

If z = r ( cos  + i sin  ) , the value of  such that −     ( or 0  <2 ) is
defined as the principle argument of z. The principle argument of z is

denoted by Arg(z).
Example 7
Find the modulus, argument and principle argument of the following
complex numbers.
 1 1  =   
1. z = 1+ i = 2  +i  2  cos + i sin 
 2 2  4 4
 
 Arg ( z ) = and z = 2  arg ( z ) = + 2k where k  Z
4 4
2.   
z = i =  cos + i sin 
 2 2
 
 Arg(z) = and z = 1  arg(z) = + 2k where k  Z
2 2
1 3  =         
3. z = 1 − 3i = 2  − i  2 cos − i sin  = 2 cos  −  + isin  −  
2 2   3 3   3  3 

 Arg(z) = − and z =2
3

 arg(z) = 2k − where k  Z
3
4. 4 3 
4 + 3i = 5  + i 
5 5 
Take  = tan −1  3  = 5 ( cos  + i sin )

4
5
3 4
 Arg ( z ) = tan   and z = 5
−1
4 
3 3
 arg ( z ) = 2k + tan −1   where k  Z
4
5. z = −4i = 4  cos  − isin  

 2 13
2 3
     

z = 4 cos  −  + isin  −  
  2   2  2
 
Arg ( z ) = − and z = 4  arg ( z ) = 2k − where k  Z
2 2
334
z = −2 + 3i =  2 3 
6. 13  − + i
 13 13 
= 13  − cos  + i sin 
= 13 cos (  − ) + isin (  −  )
3
 Arg ( z ) =  − tan −1   and z = 13
2
3
 arg ( z ) = 2k − tan −1   where k  Z
2
7 z = −3 − 4i = 5  − 3 − 4 i 
 5 5 
Take  = tan −1 4 = 5 ( − cos  − i sin ) = 5 cos (  − ) − isin (  − )

3 5
4
= 5 cos (  − ) + isin (  −  ) 
4 3
 Arg ( z ) = tan −1   −  and z = 5
3
4
 arg ( z ) = 2k −  + tan −1   where k  Z
3
8. z = −1 = 1( cos  + i sin  )
 Arg(z) =  and z = 1
arg ( z ) = 2k +  where k Z
9. z = 4 = 4 ( cos  + i sin  )
 Arg ( z ) = 0 and z = 4 arg ( z ) = 2k, where k Z
Activity 5
Find the modulus, argument and principle argument of the following complex numbers.
(1) -5 (2) 3 (3) 4 + 9i (4) 4i (5) -5 + 12i (6) -3 – 4i

(7) - 5i (8) 4 – 9i (9) 4 – 4i (10) – 3 - 4i

16.6 Theorems
Theorem 16.1
z1 , z 2 , z  C
Let
1. (i) Re ( z ) =
1
2
(
z+z ) (ii) Im ( z ) =
1
(
2i
z−z )
2. z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 3. z1z 2 = z1 z 2
4.  z1  = z1 where z 2  0 5. z = z  z  R
 z2  z2
6. ( z ) = z
Proofs
Let z = x + iy , where x , y  R
1. (i) Im ( z ) = y , Re ( z ) = x
z = x − iy
z + z = x + iy + x − iy 2x = z + z
z+z z+z
x= Re ( z ) =
2 2
(ii) z − z = ( x + iy ) − ( x − iy ) = 2iy
y =
1
2i
(
z−z ) Im ( z ) =
1
2i
(
z−z )
2. z1 = x1 + iy1 , z 2 = x 2 + iy 2 . Where x1 , x 2 , y1 , y 2  R
z1 = x1 − iy1 , z 2 = x 2 − iy 2
z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + x 2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 ) = ( x1 + x 2 ) − i ( y1 + y2 ) =
( x1 − iy1 ) + ( x 2 − iy2 )
 z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
336
3. z1z 2 = ( x1 + iy1 )( x 2 + iy2 ) = ( x1x 2 − y1y2 ) + i ( x1y2 + x 2 y1 )

= ( x1x 2 − y1y2 ) − i ( x1y2 + x 2 y1 ) = x1x 2 − ix1y2 + i 2 y1y 2 − ix 2 y1
= x1 ( x 2 − iy2 ) − iy1 ( x 2 − iy2 ) = ( x1 − iy1 )( x 2 − iy2 )
z1z 2 = z1 z 2
4. Proof is left for the reader.

Deduction from (3)
Since z2  0 z1
z1 = z2
z2
Taking conjugates both sides
z1 z 
z1 = z2 z1 =  1  z 2 (using 3)
z2  z2 
Since z2  0 z2  0
z1  z1  z  z
=   1  = 1
z2  z2   z2  z2
5. z = z  x + iy = x − iy
2iy = 0  y=0  zR
6. ( z ) = x − iy = x – (- iy)= x + iy
(z) = z
Theorem 16.2
Let z , z1 , z 2  C
1. zz = z 2
2. z = −z = z = −z
3. z1z 2 = z1 z 2 4. z1 z
= 1 where z 2  0
z2 z2
Proofs

Let z , z1 , z 2  C
1. z = x + iy where x , y  R z = x − iy
zz = ( x + iy )( x − iy ) = x 2 − i2 y2 = x 2 + y2
zz = z
2
2. z = x + iy , z = x − iy , − z = −x − iy , − z = −x + iy
z = x 2 + y2
z = x 2 + ( − y ) = x 2 + y2
2
( −x ) + ( − y ) = x 2 + y2
2 2
−z =
( −x )
2
−z = + y2 = x 2 + y2
 z = −z = z = −z
3. z1z 2 = z1 z 2
Proof is left for the reader.

Deduction
= ( z1z 2 )( z1z 2 ) = ( z1z 2 ) (z1 z 2 ) = z1z 2 z1 z 2
2
z1z 2
= ( z1 z1 )( z2 z2 ) = z1 2 z 2 2
= ( z1 z 2 )
2 2
z1z2
z1z 2 = z1 z 2
z1 z
4. = 1 where z2  0
z2 z2
Proof is left for the reader.

Deduction
Since z2  0
z1
z2 = z1
z2
Taking modulus of both sides

z1 z1
z2 = z1 z2 = z1
z2 z2
338
Since z2  0 z1 z
z2  0 = 1
z2 z2
Theorem 16.3
Re ( z )  z Im ( z )  z
1. and 2. z1 + z 2  z1 + z 2
z1 − z 2  z1 − z 2
3.
Proof
Let z , z1 , z 2  C
1. z = x + iy where x , y  R
Im ( z ) = y , Re ( z ) = x
x  x 2 + y2 , y  x 2 + y2
Re ( z )  z , Im ( z )  z
z1 + z 2 = ( z1 + z 2 )( z1 + z 2 ) = ( z1 + z2 ) ( z1 + z2 )
2
2.
= z1 z1 + z1 z2 + z1z2 + z2 z2 = z1 2 + z1 z 2 + z1 z 2 + z 2 2
= z1 2 + z1 z 2 + z1 z 2 + z 2 2 = z1 2 + z2 2 + 2Re ( z1 z2 )
 z1 + z 2 + 2 Re z1 z 2
2 2
( )  z1 + z2 + 2 z1 z 2
2 2
=|𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 + 2|𝑧1 ||𝑧̅2| = |𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 + 2|𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |

z1 + z 2  ( z1 + z 2 )
2
 z1 + z 2  z1 + z 2
2
3. z1 , z 2  C
z1 − z 2 , z2  C
|𝑧1 | = z1 − z2 + z2  z1 − z2 + z2
z1  z1 − z 2 + z 2
z1 − z 2  z1 − z 2 ----------- (1)
z 2 − z1 , z1  C

|𝑧2 | = z2 − z1 + z1  z2 − z1 + z1
z 2  z1 − z 2 + z1
 z1 − z2  z2 − z1 = − ( z1 − z2 )
z1 − z 2  − ( z1 − z2 ) ----------- (2)
 from (1) & (2)

z1 − z2  z1 − z2
Theorem 16.4
zi  C for i = 1, 2, …n
1. z1 + z2 + .... + zn = z1 + z2 + .... + zn
2. z1z2 ....zn = z1 z 2 .....z n
3. z1z 2 ....z n = z1 z2 ........ zn
4. Re ( z1 + z 2 + ... + z n ) = Re ( z1 ) + Re ( z 2 ) + ... + Re ( z n )
5. Im ( z1 + z2 + .... + z n ) = Im ( z1 ) + Im ( z2 ) + ... + Im ( zn )
6. z1 + z2 + ... + z n  z1 + z 2 + ... + z n
Proof
Proof of the theorem is left to the reader.
( Hint : Use mathematical induction )
Note
z is purely imaginary

 Re ( z ) = 0  arg ( z ) =   z+z =0
2
z is purely real
 Im ( z ) = 0  arg ( z ) = 0 or   z−z = 0
Example 8
Find the modulus of (3 + 4i)(5 + 12i)
340
Solution:
(3 + 4i )(5 + 12i ) = 3 + 4i 5 + 12i = 32 + 42 52 + 122 = 5.13 = 65
Example 9
Find the modulus of 5 − 12i

4 − 3i
Solution:
5 − 12i 52 + ( −12 )
2
5 − 12i = = 13
=
4 − 3i 4 − 3i 4 2 + ( −3 )
2 5
Example 10
If 1 = 1 + 1 prove that z = a b2 + c2
a,b,c  R
b + ic (a + b)
2
z a + c2
Answer
1 1 1 1 b + ci + a a ( b + ci )
= + = z =
z a b + ci z a ( b + ci ) ( a + b ) + ci
a ( b + ci ) = a b + ci = a b2 + c2 = a b2 + c2
z =
( a + b ) + ci a + b + ic
(a + b)
2
+ c2 (a + b)
2
+ c2
Example 11
1 1
z = 2 prove that |𝑧 4−5𝑧−1| ≤ 5
Answer
|𝑧 4 − 5𝑧 − 1| = |𝑧 4 − (5𝑧 + 1)|
 z 4 − 5z + 1
 z − ( 5 z + 1)  2 − ( 5.2 + 1) = 5
4 4
|𝑧 4 − 5𝑧 − 1| ≥ 5
1 1
|𝑧4 −5𝑧−1| ≤ 5
Example 16.12
If t  R prove that 1 + it = 1
1 − it

Answer
Let z = 1 + it z =
1 + it = 1+ t2
1 − it 1 − it 1 + ( −t )
2
z =1 1 + it
 =1
1 − it
Example 13
Prove that
z + w − z − w = 4Re zw
2 2
( )
Answer
|𝑧 + 𝑤|2 − |𝑧 − 𝑤|2 = (𝑧 + 𝑤)(𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

+ 𝑤 ) − (𝑧 − 𝑤)(𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)
−𝑤
|𝑧 + 𝑤|2 − |𝑧 − 𝑤|2 = (𝑧 + 𝑤)(𝑧̅ + 𝑤
̅) − (𝑧 − 𝑤)(𝑧̅ + 𝑤
̅)
|𝑧 + 𝑤|2 − |𝑧 − 𝑤|2 = 𝑧𝑧̅ + 𝑤𝑧̅ + 𝑤𝑤
̅ + 𝑧𝑤
̅ − 𝑧𝑧̅ − 𝑤𝑤
̅ + 𝑤𝑧̅ + 𝑧𝑤
̅
|𝑧 + 𝑤|2 − |𝑧 − 𝑤|2 = 2(𝑤𝑧̅ + 𝑧𝑤
̅)
|𝑧 + 𝑤|2 − |𝑧 − 𝑤|2 = 2(𝑤𝑧̅ + ̿̿̿̿
𝑧𝑤̅)
̅̅̅̅)
(𝑤𝑧̅ + 𝑤𝑧̅
|𝑧 + 𝑤|2 − |𝑧 − 𝑤|2 = 4
2
2 2
|𝑧 + 𝑤| − |𝑧 − 𝑤| = 4𝑅𝑒(𝑤𝑧̅)
Example 13
If 1 = 1 + 1 prove that z =
ab where a , bR
z a ib a + b2
2
Answer
1 1 1
= +
z a ib
1 a + ib abi
= z=
z abi a + ib
abi ab i ab
z = = =
a + ib a + ib a 2 + b2
Example 15
If z ,   C and z −  = 1 prove that  = 1 or z = 1

1 − z
Solution:
342
z−
=1
1 − z
z −  = 1 − z
2
z− = 1 − z
2
( z −  ) ( z −  ) = (1 − z ) (1 − z )
( z −  ) ( z −  ) = (1 − z ) 1 − z ( )
( z −  ) ( z −  ) = (1 − z )(1 − z )
zz − z − z +  = 1 − z − z + zz
z +  = 1 + zz
2 2
0 = 1− z −  + 
2 2 2 2
z
0 = 1− z − 
2
(1 − z )
2 2
(
0 = 1− z
2
)(1 −  ) 2
 z = 1 or  = 1
2 2
z = 1 or  = 1
Example 13
Prove that
z+w
2
+ z−w
2
=2 w ( 2
+ z
2
)
Solution:
z + w + z − w = (z + w) z + w + (z − w) z − w
2 2
( ) ( )
= (z + w)(z + w) + (z − w)(z − w)
|𝑧 + 𝑤|2 − |𝑧 − 𝑤|2 = 𝑧𝑧̅ − 𝑤𝑧̅ + 𝑤𝑤

̅ − 𝑧𝑤
̅ + 𝑧𝑧̅ + 𝑤𝑤
̅ − 𝑤𝑧̅ − 𝑧𝑤
̅
|𝑧 + 𝑤|2 − |𝑧 − 𝑤|2 = 2(|𝑤|2 + |𝑧|2 )
Polynomial Equations
Often in practice we require solutions of polynomial equations having the
form
𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑧 + 𝑎2 𝑧 2 + ⋯ … … … … . +𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 = 0,

where 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, 𝑎0 , … … . , 𝑎𝑛 are given complex numbers and 𝑛 is a positive

integer called degree of the polynomial. Such solutions are called zeroes or
roots of the polynomial equation.
Theorem 16.5
If  is a root of a polynomial equation with real coefficients, then

 is also a root.
Proof
Let p ( z ) = a 0 + a1z + a 2z 2 + ... + a n z n = 0 be a polynomial equations where
a i  R for i = 0, 1, 2, …n and 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.
If  is a root of p(z) = 0 then p( ) = 0
a 0 + a1 + a 22 + .... + a n n = 0
a 0 + a1 + a 2  2 + .... + a n  n = 0
a 0 + a1  + a 2  2 + ... + a n  n = 0
Since a i  R a i = a i for i = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ........n
( )
m
m = 
( ) ( ) ( )
2 n
a 0 + a1  + a 2  + ... + a n  =0
( )
p  = 0
 is also a root of p(z) = 0
Example 17
Prove that -1 + i is a root of z 4 + 6z3 + 15z 2 + 18z + 10 = 0 Hence find the other
roots of the above equation.
Solution:
Let p ( z ) = z 4 + 6z3 + 15z 2 + 18z + 10 = 0
p ( −1 + i ) = ( −1 + i ) + 6 ( −1 + i ) + 15 ( −1 + i ) + 18 ( −1 + i ) + 10
4 3 2
= (1 + i 2 − 2i ) + 6 ( −1 + i ) (1 + i 2 − 2i ) +15 (1 + i 2 − 2i ) + 18 ( −1 + i ) + 10
2
344
= ( −2i )2 + 6 ( −1 + i )( −2i ) + 15 ( −2i ) + 18 ( −1 + i ) + 10
= 4i 2 + 12i − 12i 2 − 30i − 18 + 18i + 10 = -4 + 12 – 18 + 10 = 0

 -1 + i is a root of p(z) = 0
Since the coefficients of p(z) = 0 are real, −1 + i = −1 − 𝑖 is also a root of
p(z) = 0 .
 ( z + 1 − i )( z + 1 + i ) is a factor of p(z).
= ( z + 1) − i 2 = z 2 + 2z + 2
2
( )(
 p ( z ) = z 2 + 2z + 2 z 2 + Az + 5 ) , where A is a constant.
Equating the coefficients of z3

6=A+2 A=4
p(z) = 0 gives
(z 2
)( )
+ 2z + 2 z 2 + 4z + 5 = 0
( z + 1)2 + 1 ( z + 2 )2 + 1 = 0
  
( z + 1 − i )( z + 1 + i )( z + 2 − i )( z + 2 + i ) = 0
 The roots of p(z) = 0 are
-1 + i, -1 – i, -2 + i, -2 – i
Example 18
Prove that 2 + 3i is a root of 2z 4 − 11z3 + 39z 2 − 43z + 13 = 0 .
Find the other roots of the equation.
Answer
Let p ( z ) = 2z 4 − 11z3 + 39z 2 − 43z + 13 = 0
p ( 2 + 3i ) = 2 ( 2 + 3i ) − 11( 2 + 3i ) + 39 ( 2 + 3i ) − 43 ( 2 + 3i ) + 13
4 3 2
= 2 ( 4 + 9i 2 + 12i ) − 11( 2 + 3i ) ( 4 + 9i 2 + 12i )

2
( )
+39 4 + 9i2 + 12i − 43 ( 2 + 3i ) + 13
= 2(−5 + 12i) 2 − 11(2 + 3i)(−5 + 12i) + 39(−5 + 12i) −86 −129i + 13
= 2 ( 25 + 144i2 −120i ) −11( −10 + 9i + 36i 2 ) −195 + 468i − 73 −129i
= 2 ( −119 − 120i ) − 11( −46 + 9i ) − 268 + 339i

= −238 − 240i + 506 − 99i − 268 + 339i

= 506 – 339i - 506 + 339i
p ( 2 + 3i ) = 0
 2 + 3i is a root of p(z) = 0
Since p(z) = 0 has real coefficients
2 + 3i is a root of p(z) = 0
2 + 3i = 2 − 3i
 ( z − 2 + 3i )( z − 2 − 3i ) is a factor of p(z)
( z − 2 + 3i )( z − 2 − 3i ) = ( z − 2 )
2
+ 9 = z 2 − 4z + 13
( )(
p ( z ) = z 2 − 4z + 13 2z 2 + Az + 1 )
Equating the coefficients of z3
-11 = -8+A  A = -3
2z 2 − 3z + 1 = 0
( 2z − 1)( z − 1) = 0
 The roots are 1
, 1 , 2 + 3i , 2 − 3i
2
Review Questions 16.1
1. Using algebraic method, prove that
z+w
2
= z2 + w + 2 Re zw
2
( )
Deduce that |𝑧 + 𝑤 + 𝑢|2 = |𝑧 |2 + |𝑤 |2 + |𝑢 |2 + 2𝑅𝑒 (𝑧𝑤
̅ + 𝑧𝑢̅ + 𝑤𝑢̅ )
2. (i) If a, b  R and z, w  C prove that
az + bw
2
+ bz − aw
2
(
= a 2 + b2 )( z 2
+ w
2
)
If z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 prove that z1 is purely imaginary.
2 2 2
(ii)
z2
3. If A  C , B  R and z 2 + Re ( zA ) + B = 0 has a solution prove that
A  4B and solutions lie on a circle or a point.

2
4. (i) Prove that 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧1 𝑧̅2 ) = 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧̅1 𝑧2 )
346
(ii) Prove that z −   1 − z    1 and z  1
5. az 2 + bz + c = 0 has real roots if and only if b 2 − 4ac  0. Check whether the

above statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
6. Prove that 2 + 3i is a root of 2z 3 − 9z 2 + 30z − 13 = 0 . Hence solve the

equation.
7. Prove that 2i is a root of z 4 + 3z 3 + 12z − 16 = 0 . Find the other roots of the

equation.
8. Prove that 2 − 𝑖√3 satisfies the equation z 4 − 11z 3 + 27z 2 − 25z + 7 = 0 .

Find the other roots of the equation.
9. Given that 4 + i is a root of the equation z 3 + az 2 + 33z + b = 0 , Where a, b  R ,
Find the values of a , b and solve the equation.
10. It is given that 1 – 2i is a root of the equation 2z 3 + az 2 + bz − 5 = 0. If a, b  R ,
find the values of a,b and solve the equation.
Summary
Complex number system


C = x + iy : x , y  R , i 2 = −1 
Let z , z1 , z 2  C
z1 = x1 + iy1 , z 2 = x 2 + iy 2 , z = x + iy
Where x1, x 2 , y1, y2 , x, y  R

Equality
z1 = z 2  x1 = x 2 , y1 = y 2
Addition
z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + x 2 ) + i ( y1 + y 2 )
Multiplication
z1z 2 = ( x1x 2 − y1y2 ) + i ( x1y2 + x 2 y1 )

Division
z1 ( x1x 2 + y1y2 ) i ( x 2 y1 − x1y2 )
= +
z2 x 22 + y22 x 22 + y22
Modulus
z = x 2 + y2
z1 z
z1z 2 = z1 z 2 , = 1
z2 z2
Conjugate
z = x − iy z=z
z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 z1z2 = z1 z2
 z1  z1
 =
 z2  z2
Argument and principle argument

z = r ( cos  + i sin  ) r > 0
 = arg ( z )
If −     , then Arg z = 
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session, you should be able to,

▪ Define operations on complex numbers
▪ Express the complex numbers in polar form
▪ Solve polynomial equations with real coefficients, if a root of the
equation is given.
▪ Solve complex inequalities using triangle inequality.
348
Session 2: Argand plane
Session 17
Argand Plane
Contents
Introduction, p
17.1 Concept of Argand Plane, p 349
17.2 Geometric representation of complex numbers, p 350
17.3 Theorems, p 350
17.4 Examples, p 355
17.5 Straight lines, p 364
17.6 Circles, arcs of circles, p 367
17.7 Conics, p 370
17.8 Examples, p 371
17.9 Examples & exercises & regions satisfying inequalities, p 376
Summary, p 383
Introduction
In this session, the concept of Argand diagram is introduced. Since a

complex number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 can be considered as an ordered pair of real
numbers, we can represent such numbers by points in xy plane called the
argand diagram. By using the geometrical properties of complex numbers in
argand plane, we can obtain many useful results. Intent of this session is to
explore such geometrical properties of complex numbers.

Consider the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 represented by 𝑃, where 𝑃 is the

point (𝑥, 𝑦). If 𝑧 varies subject to some given condition, then the
corresponding set of points in the Argand Diagram is called the locus of 𝑃.
Since many loci can be defined using distances or angles, equations of the
loci in the Argand Diagram often involves moduli or arguments of complex
variables. We discuss such representation of straight lines, circles and
conics.
In the latter part of the session we explore inequalities using argand
diagrams. Inequalities in complex number system are associated with
modulus or argument of a given complex number. Thus the familiarity of
such topics is expected from the reader. The inequalities we discuss in this
session are connected to the representation of straight lines, circles and
conics such as parabola and hyperbola in argand diagram. Familiarity of
algebra of complex numbers is also expected.
17.1 Concept of Argand Diagram
A complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point P whose co-

ordinates are (x , y) referred to rectangular axes OX and OY, usually called
the real axis and the imaginary axis respectively. This plane is called
Argand plane or complex plane or Gaussian plane.
17.2 Geometric representation of complex numbers
y
OP = x 2 + y2 P (z=x+iy)
OP = z

 = argument of z
O M x
Figure 1
17.2.1 Sum of two complex numbers
350
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 , z 2 = x 2 + iy2 , where x1, x 2 , y1, y2  R .
If z1 , z 2 are represented by the points P1 and P2 on an the Argand plane, then
the co-ordinates of the point P and P are ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x 2 , y2 ) .

1 2
Complete the parallelogram OP1PP2 . The diagonals OP and P2 P1 intersect at
M.
 x + x 2 y1 + y2  ∵ 𝑃 𝑀 = 𝑀𝑃
M= 1 ,  2 1
 2 2 
y P2 P
Let z = x + iy
M
Then P  ( x, y )
P1
 0 + x 0 + y  ∵ 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑀𝑃
M   , 
 2 2  O x
x x1 + x2 , y y1 + y2 Figure 2
= =
2 2 2 2
x = x1 + x2 , y = y1 + y2 z = ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 )
z = z1 + z2
Triangular inequality
OP  OP1 + P1P OP  OP1 + OP2 z1 + z 2  z1 + z 2
When O, P1 , P2 are collinear
1. P1 and P2 lie on the opposite sides of the origin O
 OP  OP1 + OP2
z1 + z 2  z1 + z 2
𝑃 𝑃1
𝑥
𝑂
𝑃2
Figure 3
2. P1 and P2 lie on the same side of the origin O

OP1 + OP2 = OP
z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2
 z1 + z 2  z1 + z 2
𝑦 𝑃
𝑃1
𝑃1
𝑥
𝑂
Figure 4
17.2.2 Subtraction of two complex numbers
z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 = x 2 + iy2 Where x1 , x 2 , y1 , y2  R
If z1 , z 2 are represented by the points P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , P2 ( x 2 , y2 )
Complete the parallelogram OPP1P2
The diagonals OP1 and P2 P bisect at M.

y P2 ( x 2 , y2 )
 x + x 2 y2 + y 
M ,  
 2 2 

P1 ( x 1, y1 )
 x + 0 y1 + 0 
M 1 , 
 2 2  M
 x = x1 − x 2 , y = y1 − y2 O  x
 z = ( x1 − x 2 ) + i ( y1 − y2 ) P ( x ,y )
= ( x1 + iy1 ) − ( x 2 + iy2 ) Figure 5

z = z1 − z2
Since OPP1P2 is a parallelogram, OP = P1P2
P1P2 = z1 − z 2  = arg( z1 − z2 )
17.2.3 Product of two complex numbers
Let P1 , P2 represent the complex numbers
z1 = r1 ( cos 1 + i sin 1 ) , z 2 = r2 ( cos 2 + i sin 2 ) on the argand diagram.
352
1 + i0 represents by A. Join A and P1. Draw a straight line through O making

an angle 1 anti-clock wisely with OP2. Point P lies on the drawn line such
that  OP2 P is similar to OAP1
y P(z )
From the properties of similar triangles P
OP r2  OP = r1r2
= r
r1 1 P2 (z 2)
r2 P(1 z 1)
ˆ = POP
ˆ + P OX
ˆ
POX 2 2 1
r1
ˆ + P OX
= P1OX ˆ =  + 2  1
2 1 2
O A x
zp = r1r2 cos ( 1 + 2 ) + isin ( 1 + 2 )
Figure 6
zp = z1z2 (Proof for the reader )
Note (i) arg ( z1z 2 ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z 2 ) (ii) z1z 2 = z1 z 2
17.2.4 Division of two complex numbers
Let P1 , P2 represent the complex numbers
z1 = r1 ( cos 1 + i sin 1 ) and z 2 = r2 ( cos 2 + i sin 2 ) on the argand diagram.
1 + i0 represents from the point A and join AP2 . Draw a line through O
making an angle 2 clock-wisely with OP1 . The point P lies on the above
line such that  P2OA is similar to  OP1P.
y P1(z1)
Using the properties of similar triangles
OP1 PO r
=  OP= 1
OP2 1 r2 r1 P(zP )
P( z )
XOP = 1 − 2  arg z p = ( 1 − 2 ) 2 2
2
r2
 1 2
r1 O A x
zp = cos ( 1 − 2 ) + i sin ( 1 − 2 ) 1
r2 
z1 (Proof for the reader ) Figure 7

zp =
z2
z  z1 z
arg  1  = arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z 2 ) = 1
Note (i)  z2  (ii) z2 z2

17.2.5 Rotations
17.2.5.1 Rotations about the origin
If P represents the complex number z the complex number z ( cos  + i sin  )
represents the point such that OP makes an anti-clock wise rotation of an

angle  about the origin O.
Proof z ( cos  + i sin  ) = z cos  + i sin  y
Q (z )
Q
= z = OP ( PO = OQ )
P (z )
= OQ 
arg z ( cos  + isin  ) = arg ( z ) + arg ( cos  + isin  ) O x
= arg ( z ) + 
Figure 8
 zQ = z ( cos  + isin  )
Note
For counter clock wise rotation
zQ = z cos ( − ) + i sin ( − ) = z ( cos  − i sin  )
17.2.5.2 Rotations about any point

If Po and P1 represent the complex numbers z0 and z1 the complex number
z0 + ( cos  + i sin  )( z1 − z 0 )
Represents the point such that 𝑃0 𝑃1 makes an anti clock wise rotation of
angle  about the point P0.
Let 𝑃′ , 𝑄 ′ represent the complex numbers z1 − z0 and zQ − z0
Q represents zQ
Q ( ZQ ) P1( Z 1)
y

Q' ( ZQ - Z )
0 P' ( Z 1- Z )
0
P0 ( Z 0 )

O x
Figure 17.9
354
Using the previous theorem

zQ − z0 = ( z1 − z0 )( cos  + i sin  ) zQ = z0 + ( z1 − z0 )( cos  + i sin  )
Note For counter clock wise rotations

zQ = z0 + ( z1 − z0 ) cos ( − ) + isin ( − )
zQ = z0 + ( z1 − z0 )( cos  − i sin  )
17.3 Theorems
Theorem 17.1
Section formula
The point P(z) which divides the line segment AB in the ratio m:n
is given by z = mz 2 + nz1
m+n
Proof : for the reader.
B ( Z 2)
n
P
m
A ( Z1)
Figure 17.10
Theorem 17.2
If z1 , z 2 , z 3 are the vertices of a triangle ABC described in the
counter-clock wise sense show that
(i) arg  z3 − z1  =  (ii) z3 − z1 AC

= ( cos  + i sin  )
 z 2 − z1  z 2 − z1 AB

y
C( Z3 )
B( Z2 )

A( Z 1 )
Q( Z - Z )
3 1
P(Z -Z )
2
 1
O x
Figure 17.11
Let P and Q be two points in the Argand diagram representing z 2 − z1 and z3 − z1
respectively.
Since AB = OP and AC =OQ
ˆ = POQ
BAC ˆ =  OPQ  ABC
𝑧3 − 𝑧1
∴ 𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧3 − 𝑧1 ) − 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝑧 −𝑧 |𝑧 −𝑧 | 𝑂𝑄 𝐴𝐶
|𝑧3 −𝑧1 | = |𝑧3 −𝑧1 |=𝑂𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵
2 1 2 1
z3 − z1 AC
 = ( cos  + isin  )
z 2 − z1 AB
Theorem 17.3
AC and BD lines intersect at M AMB =  . If z1 , z 2 , z3 , z 4 the
vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD described in the counter clock
wise sense then arg  z 2 − z 4  = 

 z1 − z 3 
356
C( Z ) 3
B( Z )2
y
M 
D( Z )4 A( Z ) 1
Q
(Z -Z )
2 4


O  x
P
(Z -Z )
1 3
Figure 17.12
Let P and Q represent z1 − z3 and z 2 − z 4 respectively
arg ( z1 − z3 ) = −, arg ( z 2 − z 4 ) =  POQ =  =  + 
z −z 
 = − arg ( z1 − z3 ) + arg ( z 2 − z 4 ) arg  2 4  = 
 z1 − z 3 
Note arg  z 2 − z 4  =   AC ⊥ BD  z 2 − z 4 is purely imaginary

 z1 − z3  2 z1 − z3
 z −z  𝑧 −𝑧 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 −𝑧
 Re  2 4  = 0 ↔ (𝑧2 −𝑧4 )+(𝑧2 −𝑧4 )=0
 z1 − z3 
1 3 1 3
Example 1
If 2 + 2i , 6 + 6i, 4 + 10i represent the points A, B, C on an Argand diagram.
Find the complex number which represents the point D such that ABCD is a
parallelogram. Find the lengths of the diagonals.
Solution y Z
C
C 4+10i
D B 6+ 6 i
Z Z
D B
A 2+ 2 i
Z
A
O x
Figure 17.13

Using the section formula

2 + 2i + 4 + 10i
zm = = 3 + 6i
2 AC:CM=1:1
6 + 6i + z D
3 + 6i =  z D = 6i DM:MD=1:1
2
AC = zC − z A 10i + 4 − 2 − 2i
= = 2 + 8i = 2 1 + 42 = 22 + 82
AC = 2 17
BD = z B − z D 6 + 6i − 6i
= = 6
Example 2
ABCD is a square with center at the origin.

If A represents the complex number 4 + 3i find the complex numbers which
represent the other vertices. Also find the lengths of a diagonal and a side.
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧𝐵 = 𝑧𝐴 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = (4 + 3𝑖)𝑖 = −3 + 4𝑖
2 2 y
zC = iz B = i ( −3 + 4i ) = −4 − 3i
B A
z D = iz C = i ( −3 − 4i ) = 3 − 4i Z = 4 + 3i
0
The length of diagonal

O x
AC = z A − zC
= 4 + 3i − ( −4 − 3i )
C D
= 2 4 + 3i = 2 42 + 32 = 10
The length of a side AB = z A − z B = 4 + 3i − ( −3 + 4i ) = 7 − i = 5 2
Example 3
The center A0 of a square A1A 2 A3A 4 and A1 represent the complex numbers
1 + i , 5 + 4i . Find the complex numbers at A 2 , A3 , A 4 . Calculate the lengths of
the sides and the diagonals.

Solution
z1 = 5 + 4i , z2 = 1 + i
z 2 = z0 + i ( z1 − z0 ) 1 + i + i ( 4i + 5 − 1 − i )
= = -2 + 5i
z3 = z 0 + i ( z 2 − z 0 )
= 1 + i + i ( −2 + 5i − 1 − i ) = −3 − 2i
358
y
A1 Z 1
z 4 = z0 + i ( z3 − z0 ) = 1 + i + i ( −3 − 2i − 1 − i ) = 4 − 3i A2Z 2
A0Z 0
The length of a side = z1 − z 2 = 5 + 4i − ( −2 + 5i )
O x
7−i A4Z 4
= = 7 +1 = 5 2
2 2
A3 Z3
The length of a diagonal = z1 − z3 = 5 + 4i + 3 + 2i = 10
Figure 17.14
Example 4
If z1 , z 2 , z3 represents the points A , B , C on an argand diagram if
1
i ( z 2 − z3 ) = ( z1 − z 2 ) + ( z1 − z 3 ) 
2
Prove that ABC is isosceles triangle and the area is 1 z3 − z 2 2

2
A Z 1
y B
Z
Q 2
Z 1- Z 3
M C
Z3
P
Z 1- Z 2
O x
R
Z3 - Z 2
Figure 17.15
Solution
Let A , B , C represents the complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z3 P, Q, R represent
z1 − z 2 , z1 − z3 and z3 − z 2 .
Take midpoint of PQ as M
zp + zQ
 zM = = 1 ( z1 − z 2 + z1 − z 3 ) PQ = z 2 − z3 = OR
2 2
If OR is rotated an angle  anti clock wise, let the position of R be R.

2
𝑧𝑅′ = 𝑖(𝑧3 − 𝑧2 ). Since OR is parallel to PQ and ⊥ 𝑂𝑅 ′ , 𝑃𝑄 ⊥ 𝑂𝑅 ′ .

Given that
1
i ( z3 − z 2 ) = ( z1 − z 2 ) + ( z1 − z 3 )  𝑧𝑅′ = 𝑧𝑚 M = R
2
OM ⊥ PR & PM:MQ=1:1
 OP = OQ AC = AB  ABC is a isosceles triangle

1 1
The area = 1 .OM.PQ = 2 |𝑖(𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )||𝑧3 − 𝑧2 | = 2 |𝑖||(𝑧3 − 𝑧2 )||𝑧3 − 𝑧2 |
2
1
= z3 − z 2
2
Example 5
z − z = z1 − z 2
The points P1 , P2 , P3
represent the complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z3 . If 1 3
2z1 − z 2 − z 3 = 3 z 3 − z 2
and prove that P1P2 P3 is an equilateral triangle.
3
z 2 − z3
2
Prove that the area of the triangle is 2
P 1( Z ) 1
Solution
P2( Z )2
z1 − z 2 = P1P2 , z1 − z3 = P1P3
Since z1 − z 2 = z1 − z3  P1P2 = P1P3 P
Let P be the mid point of P2 P3 P3( Z ) 3

Figure 17.16
z 2 + z3
 P1P ⊥ P2 P3 zp =
2
P1P = z1 − z p = z1 − z2 + z3
2
2P1P = 2z1 − z 2 − z3 Since 2z1 − z 2 − z 3 = 3 z 3 − z 2
2PP1 = 32PP3 PP1

 = 3
PP3

tan ( P1P3P ) = 3  P1P2 P =  P1P2 P3 is an equilateral
3
triangle.
The area of the triangle is = 1 P2 P3 P2 P3 tan  = 3

z3 − z 2
2
2 2 3 4
360
Example 6
The points P, Q, R represent the complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z3 respectively and
the angles of the triangle PQR at Q and R are both   prove that
−
2 2

( z3 − z 2 ) = 4 ( z 3 − z1 )( z1 − z 2 ) sin 2
2
Solution
y
P (z 1)
Q (z 2) 
 z −z   
 arg  3 1  =  − 
 z 2 − z1   
− 
 z3 − z1  PR R (z 3 )
 = ( cos  + i sin  )
 z 2 − z1  PQ O x
Since PR = PQ Figure 17.17
z3 − z1
= cos  + i sin 
z 2 − z1
z3 − z1    z3 − z 2   
− 1 = −2sin 2 + i2sin cos = 2i sin  cos + i sin 
z 2 − z1 2 2 2 z 2 − z1 2 2 2
( z3 − z 2 )
2
   = 
2
= 4i 2 sin 2  cos + i sin  −4sin 2 ( cos  + i sin  )

( z 2 − z1 ) 2 2
2
2 2
( z3 − z 2 )  ( z3 − z1 )
2
= −4sin 2
( z 2 − z1 )
2
2 ( z 2 − z1 )
 
 ( z3 − z 2 ) = −4 ( z 2 − z1 )( z 3 − z1 ) sin 2 ( z3 − z 2 ) = 4 ( z1 − z 2 )( z 3 − z1 ) sin 2
2 2
2 2
Example 7
If P1 , P2 , P3 represents the complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z3 and Q1 , Q2 , Q3 represent
the complex numbers zz1 , zz 2 , zz3 prove that P1P2 P3 and Q1Q2Q3 are similar.
y
Q2 Z Z 2 P2 Z 2
Solution P3 Z 3
Where z  0 Q3 Z Z 3
 P1P2 = z1 − z 2 P1 Z
Q1 Z Z 1 1
Q1Q2 = zz1 − zz 2 O x
Q1Q2 = z ( z1 − z 2 ) = z z1 − z 2 = z P1P2 Figure 17.18

Q1Q2
= z 0
P1P2
Q1Q 2 Q 2 Q3 Q3Q1
Similarly = = =z
P1P2 P2 P3 P3P1
 PP
1 2 P3 and  Q1Q2Q3 are similar triangles.
Example 8
P lies on the circle of which AB is a diameter in an Argand plane. If A, B, P
represent the complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z respectively. prove that z − z1 is
z − z2
purely imaginary.
Solution
Let Q, R represent the complex numbers z − z 2 , z − z1
P(Z )
OR = PA OQ = PB
y B ( Z2 )
Since AB is a diameter and P lies on the circle
PB ⊥ PA  OQ ⊥ OR R ( Z - Z1 )
A ( Z 1)
Let arg ( z − z2 ) = 
Q ( Z - Z2 )

arg ( z − z1 ) = +  
2
O x

arg ( z − z1 ) − arg ( z − z 2 ) =
2
Figure 17.19
 z − z1  
arg  =
 z − z2  2
If the points are in clock wise
Similarly arg  z − z1  = −   z − z1  
 arg  = 
z − z1 is purely
 z − z2  2  z − z2  2 z − z2
imaginary.
Example 9
If P lies on the circle z − r = r r > 0 prove that z − 2r is purely imaginary and
z
 z−r 
arg   = arg z
Deduce that z − 2r = i tan ( arg(z) ) and z − r = 1 1 + i tan(arg(z)) 
 z  z z 2
Where z lie on the first quadrant.

Solution
362
y
Since OP ⊥ PA P
 z − 2r    z − 2r  
arg  =  arg  =  2 A
 z  2  z  2 r C x
O 2r
𝑧−2𝑟
is purely imaginary.
𝑧
Let arg ( z ) =  arg ( z − r ) = 2 Figure 17.20
 arg ( z − r ) = 2arg ( z ) arg ( z − r ) − arg ( z ) = arg ( z )
 z−r  z − 2r 2r sin 
arg   = arg ( z ) = = tan 
 z  z 2r cos 
z − 2r z−r
= i tan ( arg ( z ) )
r 1
 = = sec 
z z 2r cos  2
𝑧−𝑟 1 z−r 1
= 2 sec 𝜃 ⌈cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃⌉ = 1 1 + i tan()  = 1 + i tan(arg(z)) 
𝑧 2 z 2
Example 10
The complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z3 represent the non collinear points P1 , P2 , P3 .
Let P be the circum center of the triangle 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 representing the complex
number z . Prove that 2z − z1 − z2 , 2z − z 2 − z3 , 2z − z3 − z1 are purely imaginary

z1 − z 2 z 2 − z3 z3 − z1
and z − z1 = z − z 2 = z − z3
P1 (z )
Solution 1
z3 + z 2 Since P2 P3 ⊥ PM
zM =
2
P(Z)
z − z M is purely imaginary
P(Z )
z 2 − z3 P(Z )
2 2 M 3 3
𝑍 +𝑍
𝑍−𝑍𝑀 𝑍− 2 3 2𝑍−𝑍2 −𝑍3
2
= =
𝑍2 −𝑍3 𝑍2 −𝑍3 2(𝑍2 −𝑍3 )
Figure 17.21
 2z − z 2 − z3 
  is purely imaginary.
 z 2 − z3 
In the above manner we can prove that

2z − z1 − z 2 2z − z3 − z1 are purely imaginary .
,
z1 − z 2 z3 − z1
PP1 = PP2 = PP3 z − z1 = z − z 2 = z − z3

Activity 1
1. If the center of a regular hexagon ABCDEF is the origin and A represents 𝑎 +
𝑖0 , find the complex numbers which represent the other vertices.
2. 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 are non-zero complex number such that z1 = z 2 = z3 and
z1 + z 2 + z3 = 0 . Show that P1P2 P3 is an equilateral triangle where P1 , P2 , P3 represent

the complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z 3 in the argand diagram respectively.
3. P1 , P2 , P3 lie on an argand plane representing complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z 3 and
they are non collinear. If P1P2 = P1P3 and P2 P1P3 = 2 prove that z1 − z 2 = z1 − z3
1
and z1 = ( z 2 + z3 )  ( z 2 − z3 ) i cot 
2
4. Using the algebra of complex numbers, prove that the altitudes of a triangle are con-
current.
5. O, P1 , P2 , P3 lie on a circle and they represent the complex numbers 0, 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 . Show
that z 2 ( z1 − z3 ) is purely real.

z1 ( z 2 − z3 )
17.5 Straight lines
17.5.1 Form |𝒛 − 𝒂| = |𝒛 − 𝒃| where a , b  C
Let A,B represent the complex numbers a , b and P represents any z  C on

the argand plane.
z−a = z−b PA = PB  P lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB
P
The Cartesian Equation of P
If 𝑎 = 𝑎1 + 𝑖𝑎2, 𝑏 = 𝑏1 + 𝑖𝑏2
where a1 , a 2 , b1 , b 2  R
x + iy − a1 − ia 2 = x + iy − b1 − b 2i A
( x − a1 )
2
+ ( y − a2 ) =
2
( x − b1 )
2
+ ( y − b2 )
2 M B
a12 + a 22 − b12 − b 22 O x
( a1 − b1 ) x + ( a 2 − b2 ) y =
2 Figure 17.22
364
17.5.2 Form arg (z – a) = 
Take 𝑎 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑖
y
𝑃(𝑧)
𝛼
(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 )
x
Figure 17.23
17.5.3 Form 𝑎̅𝑧 + 𝑎𝑧̅ + 𝑏 = 0 where b  R , a  C

Let z = x + iy , a = a1 + a 2i
Where x , y , a1 , a 2  R
az + az + b = 0
𝑎̅(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) + 𝑏 = 0

(𝑎 + 𝑎̅)𝑥 − 𝑖(𝑎 − 𝑎̅)𝑦 + 𝑏 = 0
𝑖(𝑎 − 𝑎̅)𝑦 = (𝑎 + 𝑎̅)𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑎̅ = 2𝑎1, 𝑎 − 𝑎̅ = 2𝑎2 𝑖 .
Substituting, 𝑖(2𝑎2 𝑖)𝑦 = 2𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑎1 𝑏
𝑦 = −( )𝑥 − ( )
𝑎2 2𝑎2
Thus 𝑎̅𝑧 + 𝑎𝑧̅ + 𝑏 = 0, represents a straight line.
17.5.4 Parametric form
The equation of the straight line joining the points A1 ( z1 ) , A2 ( z 2 ) is
z = tz1 + (1 − t ) z 2 where t  R and t is a parameter.
(The equation is derived using section formula)

B(𝑧2 )
t
P(𝑧)
1-t
A(𝑧1 )
O
Figure 17.24
17.5.5 Complex slope
If A1 ( z1 ) and A 2 ( z 2 ) are two points on the complex plane then the complex
slope is defined to be z1 − z 2
=
z1 − z 2
Two lines with complex slopes 1 and 2 are parallel it 1 = 2 they are
parallel.
Perpendicular if 1 + 2 = 0
z z 1
The equation of line joining A1 ( z1 ) , A 2 ( z 2 ) is z z 1 = 0
1 1
z2 z1 1
( )
z z1 − z2 − z ( z1 − z2 ) + z1 z2 − z2 z1 = 0
17.5.7 Perpendicular Distance
Consider the straight line 𝑎̅𝑧 + 𝑎𝑧̅ + 𝑏 = 0 .

Where a  C , b  R
The perpendicular distance from the point 𝐴(𝑧0 ) to the line az + az + b = 0 is
az 0 + az 0 + b
p=
2a
366
17.6 Circles, arcs of circles
17.6.1 The locus of z − a = r , where r > 0, a  C
Suppose P, A represent the complex numbers z and 𝑎 respectively.

z−a = r PA = r
Since 𝑎 is a constant, P lies on the circle with the radius r and the center A.
y
The Cartesian Equation of P
z−a = r
P
x + iy − a1 − a 2i = r Where a1 , a 2  R v
A(a)
( x − a1 ) + ( y − a 2 )
2 2 a2
=r
O x
( x − a1 ) + ( y − a 2 ) = r
2 2 2
Figure 17.25
17.6.2 A circle of a given diameter
If z1 and z2 are two fixed numbers and they represent the points A , B,
z − z1 + z − z 2 = z1 − z 2
2 2 2
represents a circle with AB as a diameter
z − z1 + z − z 2 = z1 − z 2
2 2 2
P(z)
B ( z 2)
PA2 + PB2 = AB2

𝜋
𝐴𝑃𝐵∠ = when P does not lie on A or B.
2
 P lies on the circle with diameter AB. A ( z 1)
Figure 17.26
 z − z1 
arg  =
 z − z2 
17.6.3 Form
Let 𝐳𝟏 , 𝐳𝟐 be two fixed numbers and they represent the points A, B.

 R and 0    

(a) If x   and 0 <  < 

2
 z − z1 
arg   =  represents a segment of the circle excluding the
 z − z 2  P
points A,B.

B A
Figure 17.27
(b) If  =  arg  z - z1  =  represents a circle with diameter AB

2  z - z2 
excluding the points A,B. P
A B
Figure 17.28
(c) If  =  arg  z - z1  =  represents two rays originating from points

 z - z2 
A and B.
Figure 17.29
(d)  z - z1 
 = 0 arg   =  represents the straight line passing through the
 z - z2 
points A and B.
368
Example 11
Sketch the locus of arg  z − 2  =  and find the equation of the locus.
z+2 4
Answer
 z−2
arg   = arg ( z − 2 ) − arg ( z + 2 )
z+2
Let A , B and P represent the complex numbers 2 + i0 , −2 + i0 and x + iy on an

argand diagram y
P( z ) 
 
Take arg ( z − 2 ) =  , arg ( z+2 ) = 
P

− =  −  = APB
4

APB =
4 A 

-2 O a 1 B x
 P can vary such that APB = 
4
Then P lies on an arc of a circle Figure 17.30

Excluding the points A and B.
𝜋
Since the angle (Figure 3.15) ABD = 2 , AD is a diameter of the circle. Thus
C should be the center.

AO=OC gives, C = 2i y
Center = 2i
Radius = 2√2
D
Equation of the locus,
|𝑧 − 2𝑖| = 2√2 , Im(z) > 0.
C
45°
-2 x
A
O 2 B
Figure 17.31

17.7 Conics
17.7.1 Ellipse
Let A , B , P represent z1 , z 2 and z and k  z+ and z1 , z2 are fixed.
(a) If k  z1 − z 2 , z − z1 + z − z 2 = k represents an ellipse with foci A and
B and the length of the major axis is k. D
B ( z2)
A ( z 1)
C
Figure 17.32
z − z1 + z − z 2 = k
−z + z1 + z − z 2  −z + z1 + z − z 2 k  z1 − z 2
(b) If k = z1 − z 2
z − z1 + z − z 2 = k represents the line segment joining A and B.
Figure 17.33
17.7.2 Hyperbola
(a) If k  z1 − z 2 then z − z1 − z − z 2 = k represents a hyperbola with foci
A and B.
370
A( z )
1
B( z2 )
Figure 17.34
(b) 𝑘 = |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |, |𝑧 − 𝑧1 | − |𝑧 − 𝑧2 | = 𝑘, represents the straight line

passing through A and B excluding the segment AB.
Figure 17.35
17.8 Examples
Example 12
Draw the locus of arg ( z ) = 

4
y
arg z = 
P(z)
Z = x + iy
y


O a x
x
Figure 17.36

Example 13
Draw the locus of arg ( z − 1) = 

3
P(z) 
arg (z -1 ) = 
1 

O x
Figure 17.37
Example 14

Draw the locus of arg ( z + 1) =
2
x+1 = 0 and y > 0

arg (z+1 ) = 
O x
-1
y
Figure 17.38
Example 15 2
 3
Draw the locus of arg ( 2 − 3z ) =
3 O  x

 2 
arg ( −3)  z −  =
 3 3
2  arg ( z -  ) = −

arg ( −3) + arg  z −  =
 3 3
 2 
 + arg  z −  =
 3 3 Figure 17.39
372
 2 2
 arg  z −  = −
 3 3
Example 16
Draw the locus of arg  1 − 2z  = 
 1 + 3i  4 y
( −2 )  z −
1
 
 2
= 1ൗ
( )
arg 2
1 + 3i 4
O x
5

 1
( )
12
arg ( −2 ) + arg  z −  − arg 1 + 3i =
 2 4
Figure 17.40
 1    1   2  1 5
 + arg  z −  − =  arg  z −  = − arg  z −  = −
 2 3 4  2 4 3  2 12
Example 17
Using the algebraic method find the locus of z − 1 = 2 z − 3 and sketch the
locus.
y
2 z − 3 = z −1
4 z − 3 = z −1
2 2
( )
4 ( z − 3) z − 3 = ( z −1) z −1 ( ) 2 6
3
O x
( ) ( )
11
4 ( z − 3) z − 3 = ( z −1) z −1 3
4zz − 12z − 12z + 36 = zz − z − z + 1
3𝑧𝑧̅ − 11𝑧̅ − 11𝑧 = −35

2 2
11 11  11   11  35 Figure17.41
zz − z− z+  =  −
3 3 3 3 3
 11  11  24
 z −  z −  =
 3  3 9
 11   11  24
 z −  z −  =
 3  3 9
2
11 29 11 24 2 6
z− = z− = =
3 9 3 3 3
 The locus is a circle with radius 2 6 and center 11

+ i0 .
3 3

Example 18
Draw the path of Re ( z ) = z − 2
y
Since z − 2  0
 Re ( z )  0
Let z = x + iy 1 x
z − 2 = x + iy − 2 = ( x − 2 )2 + y 2
( x − 2)
2
+ y2 = x x0
Figure 17.42
x 2 − 4x + 4 + y 2 = x 2
 y2 = 4 ( x − 1)
Example 19
Draw the path of ( )
Im z2 = 2
y
Let z = x + iy 𝑥𝑦 = 1
z 2 = x 2 − y 2 + 2xyi
x
( )
Im z 2 = 2xy
2𝑥𝑦 = 2
Figure 17.43
Example 20
Find the complex number of the form x + iy, where x , y  R , at the point of
intersection of arg ( z − 2 ) = 2 and arg ( z+2 ) = 

3 6
y
arg (z -2 ) = 


arg (z+2 ) = 

B  
 A
-2 O 2
x
Figure 17.44
374
Since APB =  P lies on the circle as a diameter AB.

2
 OP = 2  OPA is an equilateral triangle AOP = 

3
  
z p = 2  cos + i sin  = 1 + 3i
 3 3
Example 21
Draw the locus of z − 2 = z −1 − 3i and z - 2 = 2 in the same diagram. Find
the complex numbers at the intersection point of the loci.

y
𝐵 = (3, √3)
I z -2 I = 2
2
A 30° 60°
2 2 x
z = 3 + 3i
Figure 17.45
Activity 2
1. Sketch the locus of z and find the Cartesian equation if
(a) z = 16 (b) z −3 = 4
(c) z −i = 3 (d) z+3 = 3
(e) z − 2 + 3i = 4 (f) z + 2 + 4i = 1
(g) 2z + 3i − 4 = 4 (h) 1 − 3z = 4
2. Sketch the locus of z and find Cartesian equation if;

 
(a) arg ( z ) = (b) arg ( z ) = −
3 6

5
(c) arg ( z ) = − (d) arg ( z + 1 − i ) = 
4
2
(e) arg ( z − i ) = (f) arg ( z + 1 − i ) = 
3
 z + i  3  1 + 3z  3
= =
(g) arg  (h) arg 
 1+ i  4  1− i  4
3. Sketch the locus of z and find the Cartesian equation of z if;
(a) z + i = z −1 (b) z − 2i = z
z + 2i = z + 4i − 3 z +1− i
(c) (d) =1
z+2+i
(e) z + 1 = 2 z −1 (f) z + 3i = 3 z − 5
z+i
(g) =3 (h) z = 5 z − 2i
z−2+i
4. Sketch the locus of z and find the equation of z of form z−a = r
 z −1    z −i  
(a) arg  =
(b) arg  =
 z +1  4 z+2 3
 z − 2i    z  
(c) arg  =
(d) arg  =
 z −3  3  z − 3i  2
5. Sketch the locus of z

(a) Re z2 =( ) 3 −i (b) Re ( z ) = z + 2
17.9 Examples, exercises and regions satisfying

inequalities.
Example 22
 
Shade the region satisfying the inequality  arg ( z ) 
6 3
Answer
376
y
arg (z ) =
\
arg (z ) =

 

Figure 17.46
Example 22
Shade the region satisfying the inequality z − 3  4

y
Answer
I z-3 I = 4
3 x
Figure 17.47
Example 24
Shade the region satisfying the inequality z − 2i  z + 3

y
Answer
2i
A
-3
I z - 2i I =I z + 3 I
Figure 17.48

Example 25
Shade the region satisfying the inequality 2  z  4
Answer
y
Iz I=4
IzI=2 P(z)
2< z  4
O 2 4
2 < OP  4
x
Figure 17.49
Example 26
Shade the region satisfying the inequality 1  z − 2  2
Answer
y
Iz-2I=2
O 2 3 4 x
Iz-2I=1
Figure 17.50
Example 27
Shade the region satisfying the inequality Im ( z )  2

y
Answer
I (z)=2
m
O
x
Figure 17.51
378
Example 28
Shade the regions satisfying the inequality z  4 and -2 < Im ( z )  3
Answer
y
Z (z ) = 3
m
IzI=4
O
-4 4 x
Im(z)=3
Im Z = - 2
Figure 17.52
Example 29
 2
Shade the regions satisfying the inequality 2  z  4 and  arg ( z ) 
6 3
Answer
y
arg (z ) =
arg (z ) =

x
I z I =2
I z I =4
Figure 17.53
Example 30
Shade the regions satisfying the inequality z − 1  1 and z-2i  z − 2

Answer
I z - 2i I < I Z - 2 I
2i
I z-1 I = 1
Figure 17.54
Example 31
Shade the region satisfying the inequality 3  Im ( z − 2 )  4
Answer
3  Im ( z − 2 )  4
y
Im ( z − 2 ) = Im ( z ) − Im(2)
I ( Z ) =4
m
Let z = x + iy
I ( Z ) =3
Im ( z − 2 ) = Im ( x + iy ) − Im(2) = y
m
O x
3 y 4
Figure 17.55
Example 32
Shade the region satisfying the inequality Re ( z )  z − 3
Answer
Re ( z )  z − 3 and z = x + iy
x  ( x − 3) + iy
( x − 3)
2
x + y2 x  0
x 2  x 2 − 6x + 9 + y 2  y 2 − 6x + 9  0
380
y 2- 6x + 9 = 0
y
P (x ,y )
1 0 1
P (x ,y )
0 0 0
0 3
x
2
Figure17.56
𝑦12 − 6𝑥0 + 9 = 0
y0  y1 y02  y12
y02  6x0 − 9 y02 − 6x 0 + 9  0

Example 33
Shade the region satisfying the inequality Im ( z2 )  4
Answer
( )
Im z2  4 and z = x + iy y 2
I Z = 4
m
z 2 = x 2 − y 2 + 2xyi
 2xy  4 P (x,y )
o o o y =
2
1 xo
(x,y )
xy  2 P o 1
y1  y0 (x ,y')
2 2 2
2 I (Z) = 4
 y0 m
x
x0 y 0  2
(x,y )
P2 2 2
y  y2
1
2
2
 y2
x2 Figure 17.57
Since x 2  0 x 2 y2  2

Review Questions
1. Shade the regions satisfying the following inequalities :
(a) z −1  z + 3 (b) −1  Im ( z )  2
 
(c) −3  Re ( z )  2 (d) −  arg ( z ) 
6 2
 2 
(e)  arg ( z − i )   (f) −   arg ( z + 2 + i )  −
4 3 3
(g) z 2 (h) z + 4i − 4  4
(i) 2 z−2  4 (j) Im ( z + 2 ) = z − 2
2. Shade the regions satisfying the both inequalities :
(a) z  z + 1 − i and z  z − 1 + i
(b) z + 3  z − i and z  z + 4 + 4i
 2
(c)  arg ( z )  and z+i-1  z
6 3
2 
(d) 4  z  16 and -  arg ( z )  −
3 6
 
(e) 2  z − 2  4 and  arg ( z − 2 ) 
6 2
(f) z + 1  2 and z  z + 1 + i
(g) −2  Im ( z )  1 and z  4
(h) 2  Re ( z )  4 and 1  Im ( z )  6
(i) 2  Re ( z − 1)  3 and z-1  8
(j) z  4 and Re ( z+2 )  z − 2
382
Summary
Straight lines
z − a = z − b , arg ( z-a ) = 
az + az + b = 0 where b  R , a  C
z = tz1 + (1 − t ) z 2 where t  R are main equation of straight lines
Complex slope
z1 − z 2
=
z1 − z 2
If complex slope of two lines are 1 , 2

(i) 1 = 2 they are parallel ii) 1 + 2 =0 they are
perpendicular
Perpendicular distance from the point A1 ( z 0 ) to the straight line az + az + b = 0
is
az 0 + az 0 + b
P=
2a
2. Circles
The main equations of circles
z − a = r r>0
The circle of a given diameter

z − z1 + z − z 2 = z1 − z 2 where A1 ( z1 ) , A1 ( z 2 ) is a diameter
2 2 2
 z − z1 
arg   =  is a arc of a circle
 z − z2 
z − a =  z − b where   1
3. Conics
z − z1 + z − z 2 = k is an ellipse A1 ( z1 ) A 2 ( z 2 ) is the major axis
k  z1 − z 2
z − z1 − z − z 2 = k is a hyperbola k  z1 − z 2
Identify curves of lines, circles, conics and demonstrate the regions

satisfying a given inequality.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session the student should be able to:

▪ Identify equations of straight lines and draw their paths in Argand
Diagrams.
▪ Recognize Circles in Argand Diagram.
▪ Distinguish the loci of conics such as ellipse, parabola and
hyperbola.
▪ Identify the argument of a complex number.
▪ Distinguish the regions satisfying complex inequalities.
384
Session 3: De Moiver’s Theorem
Session 18
Contents
Introduction, p 385
18.1 De Moivre’s theorem, p 386
18.2 Formula for sin n , cos n in terms of cos  and sin  , p 388
18.3 Expression for cosn  , sin n  in terms of multiple angles, p 392
18.4 applications of cubic roots of unity, p 395

18.5 nth roots of unity, p 397
18.6 nth roots of any complex number, p 398
Summary, p 404
Introduction
In this Section we introduce De Moivre’s theorem and examine some of its

consequences. We shall see that one of its uses is in obtaining relationships
between trigonometric functions of multiple angles and powers of
trigonometric functions. Another important aspect of De Moivre’s theorem
lies in its use in obtaining complex roots of polynomial equations. In this
application we re-examine our definition of the argument 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧) of a
complex number.

Engineering Mathematics II – Unit 6
18.1 De Moivre’s Theorem
( cos  + isin )n = ( cos n + isin n)  n Q
Case I When n  z +
Proof
Using the principle of mathematical induction
Let p ( n ) : ( cos  + isin )n = cos n + isin n
When n = 1
R.H.S = cos  + i sin  L.H.S = ( cos  + isin )

1
 p (1) is true.
Assume that p(k) is true for k  z +
i.e ( cos +i sin )k = ( cos k + isin k)
( cos  + isin )k +1 = ( cos  + isin )k ( cos  + isin )
= ( cos k + i sin k)( cos  + i sin  )
= cos k cos  − sin k sin  + i (sin k cos  + cos k sin  )
( cos  + isin )k +1 = cos ( k + 1)  + isin ( k + 1) 
 p(k+1) is true.
 By principle of mathematical induction p(n) is true for all n  z+
Case II When n is a negative integer
Let n = - m then m  z+
( cos  + isin )n = ( cos  + isin )−m = 1 1

=
( cos  + i sin  ) m cos m + i sin m
( cos  + i sin  )n =
cos m − i sin m = ( cos m − i sin m )
( cos m + i sin m)( cos m − i sin m ) cos2 m − i2 sin 2 m
= cos m− isin m
386
( cos  + isin )n = cos ( −m) + isin ( −m) = cos n + isin n
 The theorem is correct for negative integers.
Case III When n  Q
Let n = p where p 𝜖 ℤ, q 𝜖 ℤ+ .
q
p 1
= ( cos  + isin )p 
1
( cos  + i sin  )n = ( cos  + i sin  ) q
 
q
= ( cos p + isin p) q ---
(1)
q
 p p p p
Consider  cos  + i sin   = cos q + i sin q = ( cos p + i sin p ) Since
 q q q q
q 𝜖 ℤ+ , we can take inverse root and obtain
p p 1
cos + i sin = ( cos p + i sin p ) q ------ (2)
q q
 By (1) and (2)
 p p 
( cos  + i sin )n =  cos  + i sin  
 q q 
( cos  + isin )n = cos n + isin n
Example 1
Find the values of the following complex numbers
6
             
( )
6
1. 3 −i =  2  cos  −  + i sin  −    = 26 cos 6  −  + i sin 6  −  
   6  6     6  6 
= 26 ( cos ( −) + isin ( −) ) = 26 ( −1 + i0 ) = -64
10 1
     10    
2. (1 + i )10 =  2  cos + i sin   = 2 2  cos 10  + i sin 10  
  4 4    4  4 
= 25  cos  5  + i sin  5   = 25  cos  2 +   + isin  2 +   

 2  2   2  2  
= 25  cos  + i sin   = 32i

 2 2

7
  3 3   21 21 
( 2)
7
3. ( −1 + i )7 =  2  cos + i sin   =  cos + isin 
  4 4   4 4 
= 8 2 cos  5 +   + isin  5 +   = 8 2  − cos  − isin  

 4  4   4 4
= 8 2  − 1 − 1 i  = - 8 – 8i
 
 2 2 
18.2 Expressions for 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽, 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 in terms of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

and 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Assume that n 𝜖 ℤ+
Using the Moivre’s theorem
( cos n + isin n) = ( cos  + isin )

n
= n C0 cosn  + n C1 cosn −1  ( isin ) + n C2 cosn −2  (isin )2
+... + n Cr cosn −r  ( isin ) + ... + n Cn (isin  )

r 2
Using the binomial expansion. Equating real and imaginary part of each
side of the equation gives the desired result.
Example 2
Prove that i. sin 3 = 3sin  − 4sin 3 
ii cos 3 = 4 cos3  − 3cos 
Deduce formula for tan 3 in terms of tan 
Solution
By Moivre’s theorem ( cos3 + isin 3) = ( cos  + isin )3
cos 3 + i sin 3 = cos3  + 3cos 2  i sin  + 3cosi 2 sin 2  + i3 sin 3 
( ) (
cos3 + i sin 3 = cos3  − 3cos  sin 2  + i 3cos 2  sin  − sin 3  )
Equating the real parts
cos 3 = cos3  − 3cos  sin 2  = cos3  − 3cos  (1 − cos2  )
388
cos 3 = 4 cos3  − 3cos 
Equating the imaginary parts
sin 3 = 3cos 2  sin  − sin 3  = 3 (1 − sin 2 ) sin  − sin 3 
sin 3 = 3sin  − 4sin 3 
3sin  − 4sin 4 
sin 3 = 3sin  − 4sin 3  = 3sec 2  tan  − 4 tan 3 
tan 3 = cos 3
 =
cos 3 4 cos3  − 3cos  4 cos3  − 3cos  4 − 3sec 2 
cos3 
tan 3 =
( )
3 1 + tan 2  tan  − 4 tan 3 
=
3 tan  − tan 3 
(
4 − 3 1 + tan 2  ) 1 − 3 tan 2 
Example 3
Prove that
i. sin 5 = 16sin 5  − 20sin 3  + 5sin 
ii. cos 5 = 16 cos5  − 20 cos3  + 5cos 
5 tan  − 10 tan 3  + tan 5 

iii. tan 5 =
1 − 10 tan 2  + 5 tan 4 
Solution
By Moivre’s theorem
cos5 + i sin 5 = ( cos  + i sin  ) =

5 5
C0 cos5  + 5 C1 cos4 isin  + 5 C2 cos3 i 2 sin 2  +
+ 5 C3 cos2 i3 sin3  + 5 C4 cos i 4 sin 4  + 5 C5i5 sin5 
= ( cos5  − 10cos3  sin 2  + 5cos  sin 4 ) +
(
i 5cos4  sin  − 10cos 2  sin 3  + sin 5  )
Equating the real parts cos 5 = cos5  − 10 cos3  sin 2  + 5cos  sin 4 
= cos5  − 10cos3  (1 − cos2  ) + 5cos  (1 − cos2  )

2
= cos5  − 10cos3  + 10cos5  + 5cos  − 10cos3  + 5cos5 
= 16 cos5  − 20 cos3  + 5cos 

Equating the imaginary parts sin 5 = 5cos 4  sin  − 10 cos 2  sin 3  + sin 5 
= 5 (1 − sin 2  ) sin  − 10 (1 − sin 2  ) sin 3  + sin 5 

2
= 5sin  − 10sin 3  + 5sin 5  − 10sin 3  + 10sin 5  + sin 5 

sin 5 = 16sin 5  − 20sin 3  + 5sin 
16sin 5  − 20sin 3  + 5sin 

sin 5 = 16sin 5  − 20sin 3  + 5sin  =
tan 5 = cos5  =
cos 5 16 cos  − 20cos  + 5cos 
5 3
16 cos  − 20 cos3  + 5cos 
5
cos5 
16 tan5  − 20 (1 + tan 2 ) tan 3  + 5tan  (1 + tan 2 )

2
16 − 20 (1 + tan 2 ) + 5 (1 + tan 2 )
2
= 16 tan  − 20 tan  − 202tan  + 5 tan 2 + 10 tan 4 + 5 tan 

5 3 5 3 5
16 − 20 − 20 tan  + 5 + 10 tan  + 5 tan 
5 tan  − 10 tan 3  + tan 5 

tan 5 =
1 − 10 tan 2  + 5 tan 4 
Example 4
Show that cos 6 = 32 cos  − 48cos  + 18cos  − 1
6 4 2
3 9 1
Deduce that for all  R , 0 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 + 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ≤ 16
Find sin 6 .
Solution
From the Movire’s theorem ( cos 6 + isin 6) = ( cos  + isin  )6
cos6 + isin 6 = 6 C0 cos6  + 6 C1 cos5 isin  + 6 C2 cos4 i 2 sin 2 
+ 6 C3 cos3 i3 sin3  + 6 C4 cos2 i 4 sin 4  + 6 C5 cos i5 sin 5  + 6 C6i6 sin 6 
= cos6  − 15cos 4  sin 2  + 15cos 2  sin 4 
(
− sin 6  + i 6cos5  sin  − 20cos3  sin 3  + 6cos  sin 5  )
Equating the real parts cos 6 = cos6  − 15cos 4  sin 2  + 15cos2  sin 4  − sin 6 
= cos6  − 15cos4  (1 − cos 2  ) + 15cos 2  (1 − cos 2  ) − (1 − cos 2  )

2 3
= cos6  − 15cos 4  + 15cos6  + 15cos 2  − 30 cos 4 
390
+15cos6  − 1 + 3cos 2  − 3cos 4  + cos6 
cos 6 = 32 cos6  − 48cos 4  + 18cos 2  − 1
sin 6 = 6 cos5  sin  − 20 cos3  sin 3  + 6 cos  sin 5 
1 3 9
(1 + cos 6 ) = cos6  − cos 4  + cos 2 
32 2 16
−1  cos6  1
0
(1 + cos 6 )  1
32 16
3 9 1
0 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ≤
2 16 16
Example 5
Using the Moivre’s theorem prove that
cos 4 = 8cos 4  − 8cos 2  + 1 and sin 4 = 4sin  cos3  − 4 cos  sin 3 
Deduce that the solutions of the equation 8x 2 − 8x + 1 = 0 are

 3  3
cos 2 , cos 2 and cos 2 + cos 2 =1
8 8 8 8
Solution
( cos 4 + isin 4) = ( cos  + isin )

4
cos 4 + isin 4 = 4 C0 cos4  + 4 C1 cos3 isin  + 4 C2 cos2 i 2 sin 2 
+ 4 C3 cos i3 sin3  + 4 C4i4 cos4 
= cos 4  + 4i cos3  sin  − 6 cos 2  sin 2  −4i cos  sin 3  + sin 4 
Equating the real parts
cos 4 = cos 4  − 6 cos 2  sin 2  + sin 4  = cos 4  − 6cos 2  (1 − cos 2  ) + (1 − cos 2  )

2
= cos 4  − 6 cos 2  + 6 cos 4  + 1 − 2 cos 2  + cos 4 
cos 4 = 8cos 4  − 8cos 2  + 1

sin 4 = 4 cos3  sin  − 4 cos  sin 3 
8x 2 − 8x + 1 = 0
Substitute x = cos 2  x  0
 8cos4  − 8cos2  + 1 = 0
  n 
cos 4 = 0 = cos 4 = 2n  = 
2 2 4 8
     3 
 ,  ,  , 
8 4 8 2 8 4 8
 3
 The distinct value of cos 2  are cos2  , cos2   +   cos 2 , cos 2
8 4 8 8 8
 The roots of the equation are cos 2  , cos 2 3 then cos 2  + cos 2 3 = 1
8 8 8 8
18.3 Expressions for 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝜽, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝜽 in terms of multiple

angles
Let z = cos  + isin 
Then 1 = 1
= cos  − i sin  -------- (1)
z cos  + i sin 
Then z + 1 = 2 cos  z−
1
= 2i sin  ----------- (2)
z z
1 1
Also z n = cos n + i sin n = = cos n − i sin n
z n
cos n + i sin 
1 1
zn + = 2 cos n ------- (3) zn − = 2i sin n --------- (4)
zn zn
By (1), (2) and the binomial theorem, terms like sin n  and cos n  could be
expressed in terms of z and 1 . Using (3) and (4), we can substitute the
z
expressions in the form of z n + 1n and z n − 1n by sine and cosine multiple

z z
angles.
392
Example 6
Prove that i. 8cos  = cos 4 + 4 cos 2 + 3 ii. 8sin  = cos 4 − 4 cos 2 + 3

4 4
Solution
4
 1
 z +  = 2 cos 
4 4
 z
4
1 1 1 1
0𝐶 𝑧 4 + 41𝐶 𝑧 3 + 42𝐶 𝑧 2 2 + 43𝐶 𝑧 3 + 44𝐶 4 = 16𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 1
z 4 + 4z 2 + 6 + 4 + = 16 cos 4 
z2 z4
 4 1  2 1
 z + 4  + 4  z + 2  + 6 = 16cos 
4
 z   z 
2 cos 4 + 4.2 cos 2 + 6 = 16 cos 4 
 8cos 4  = cos 4 + 4 cos 2 + 3
4
 1
 z −  = ( 2i sin  )
4
 z
1 1 1 1
4
C1z 4 − 4 C1z3 + 4 C2 z 2 2 − 4 C3z 3 + 4 C 4 4 = 16sin 4 
z z z z
1 1
z 4 − 4z 2 + 6 − 4 + = 16sin 4 
z2 z4
 4 1  2 1
 z + 4  − 4  z + 2  + 6 = 16sin 
4
 z   z 
2 cos 4 − 4.2 cos 2 + 6 = 16sin 4 
 8sin 4  = cos 4 − 4 cos 2 + 3
Example 7
Show that 128cos  = cos8 + 8cos 6 + 28cos 4 + 56 cos 2 + 35
8
Deduce the general solution of the equation

2 ( cos8 + 8cos 6 + 28cos 4 + 56cos 2 ) + 69 = 0
Solution

1
2 cos  = z +
z
8
 1
28 cos8  =  z + 
 z
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 80𝐶 𝑧 8 + 81𝐶 𝑧 7 + 82𝐶 𝑧 6 2 + 83𝐶 𝑧 5 3 + 84𝐶 𝑧 4 4 + 85𝐶 𝑧 3 5 + 86𝐶 𝑧 2 6
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 1
+ 87𝐶 𝑧 7 + 88𝐶 8
𝑧 𝑧
1 1 1 1
256cos8  = z 8 + 8z 6 + 28z 4 + 56.z 2 + 70 + 56 2
+ 28 4 + 8 6 + 8
z z z z
 1  1  1  1
=  z 8 + 8  + 8  z 6 + 6  + 28  z 4 + 4  + 56  z 2 + 2  + 70
 z   z   z   z 
= 2cos8 + 8.2cos6 + 28.2cos 4 + 56.2cos 2 + 70
128cos8  = cos8 + 8cos 6 + 28cos 4 + 56 cos 2 + 35
69 1
128cos8  = − + 35 =
2 2
1 1
cos8  = = 8
256 2
 4 1  4 1
 cos  + 4  cos  − 4  = 0
 2  2 
 4 1  2 1  1  1
 cos  + 4  cos  + 2  cos  −  cos  +  = 0
 2  2  2  2
1 1
 cos  = − or cos  =
2 2
2 
cos  = cos or cos  = cos
3 3
2 
 = 2n  or  = 2n  Where n 𝜖 ℤ.
3 3
Example 8
Prove that 64 cos  sin  = cos 7 − cos5 − 3cos 3 + 2 cos 
3 4
Find solution of the equation cos7 + 2cos  = cos5 + 3cos3
Proof:
394
3 4
128cos3  sin 4  = ( 2cos ) ( 2isin  )
3 4  1  1
= z +  z − 
 z  z
 1 1  1 1 
=  z3 + 3z + 3 + 3  z 4 − 4z 2 + 6 − 4 2 + 4 
 z z  z Z 
1 1 1
= z 7 − 4z 5 + 6z 3 − 4z + + 3z 5 − 12z 3 + 18z − 12 + 3 3
z z z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3z 3 − 12z + 18 − 12 3 + 3 5 + z − 4 + 6 3 − 4 5 + 7
z z z z z z z
 1  1  1  1
=  z 7 + 7  −  z5 + 5  − 3  z3 + 3  + 2  z + 
 z   z   z   z
= 2cos7− 2cos5− 6cos3+ 4cos 
 64 cos3  sin 4  = cos 7 − cos5 − 3cos 3 + 2 cos 
cos7 + 2cos  = cos5 + 3cos3
cos7− cos5− 3cos3+ 2cos  = 0
64 cos3  sin 4  = 0
cos  = 0 or sin  = 0
𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝜋2 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜖ℤ
18.4 Applications of cubic roots of unity
z3 = 1
Let z = cos  + isin 
( cos  + isin )
3
= cos 0 + isin 0
cos3 + i sin 3 = cos ( 0 + 2k ) + i sin ( 0 + 2k ) where k 𝜖 ℤ
2k
 = k = 0 , 1, 2
3
2 2 4 4
1 , cos + i sin , cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
2 2 4 4
Let  = cos + i sin 2 = cos + i sin
3 3 3 3

The cubic roots can be expressed of the form 1 ,  , 2 where
3 = 1
2 2 4 4
1 +  + 2 = 1 + cos + i sin + cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
= cos   −   + i sin   −   + cos   +   + i sin   +   + 1

 3  3  3  3
= − cos  + i sin  − cos  − i sin  + 1

3 3 3 3
1 +  + 2 = 0
 The cubic roots of unity lie on the circle with center 0 and radius 1 on
the argand diagram equally spaced by 2 .
3
y
P
2


2𝜋 
3 1
O P
1 x


P
3
2
Figure 18.1
Example 9
Prove that
x3 − y3 = ( x − y )( x − y ) x − 2 y ( )
Solution
(
R.H.S. = ( x − y )( x − y ) x − 2 y = ) ( x − y )  x 2 − 2 xy − xy + 3 y2 
( )
= ( x − y )  x 2 − + 2 xy + 3 y2 
Since 1 +  + 2 = 0 and 3 = 1
396
(
= ( x − y ) x 2 + xy + y2 = x − y
3 3
)
Example 10
Prove that
( x + y ) ( x + 2 y ) = x 2 − xy + y2
Solution
( )
L.H.S = ( x + y ) x + 2 y = x 2 + 2 xy + xy + 3 y 2 = x 2 + 2 +  xy + 3 y2 ( )
Since 2 +  + 1 = 0 . 3 = 1
L.H.S = x 2 − xy + y 2
Example 11
Prove that (1 − ω +  ) + (1 +  −  )
2 5 2 5
= 32
Solution
( ) + (1 +  −  ) ( ) ( )
5 5 5 5
L.H.S. = 1 −  + 2 2
= 1 + 2 −  + 1 +  − 2
(
= ( − − ) + 1 +  − 2 )
5 5
= ( −2) + −22 ( ) ( )
= −25 ( 5 + 10 ) −32 23 + ( 3 )  = −32 2 +  ( )
5 5 3
= −32 ( −1) = 32
18.5 nth root of unity
zn = 1
Suppose z = r ( cos  + i sin ) r > 0
r n ( cos  + isin ) = 1
n
r n ( cos n + i sin n ) = cos 2k + i sin 2k Where k 𝜖 ℤ.
2k
 r = 1 and  =
n
Let k = cos 2k + i sin 2k for distinct roots k = 0, 1, 2…… n-1
n n

2 2
0 = 1 1 = cos + i sin
n n
k = 1k For k = 2, 3,……. n-1
Note that further values of k merely reproduce the roots already contained in
above set.
 The roots of unity are 1, 1 ,..........1n−1
They are equally spaced by 2 and lie on the unit circle with origin as
n
the center.
y
2
1
1


O  x
n-1
1
Figure 18.2
1 − 1n
1 + 1 + 12 + 13 + ...1n −1 =
1 − 1
Since  1 is a root of zn = 1 1n = 1 1 + 1 + 12 + 13 + ... + 1n −1 = 0
18.6 𝒏𝒕𝒉 Roots of any complex number
Let u be any complex number
u = R ( cos  + i sin  ) where R > 0
zn = u
Suppose z = r ( cos  + i sin  )  r n ( cos  + i sin )n = R ( cos  + i sin )
(
r n ( cos n + isin n) = R cos (  + 2k) + isin 2k +  ( )) Where kz
𝑛
𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑅 ∴ 𝑟 = √𝑅 r>0
398
 2k
= + , k = 0 , 1, 2...
n n
If the principle argument of u is , the principle nth root of u is
  
n
R  cos + i sin 
 n n
The distinct n roots are obtained by giving k the values 0 , 1 , 2 , ….n – 1
Note that further values merely reproduce the roots already contained in the
above set.
𝑛
The roots can be represented by the points on the circle of radius √𝑅 and
y
center O spaced by 2
n 
2 =
n
0


O  x
n
Figure 18.3
Example 12
Find the values of √2𝑖
Solution
        
2i = 2  cos + i sin  = 2  cos  2k +  + i sin  2k +   where k  z
 2 2   2  2 
     
2i = 2  cos  k +  + i sin  k +  
  4  4 
When k = 0, we get the principle value
  
2  cos + i sin  = 1 + i When k = 1
 4 4
 5 5   1 1 =-1–i
2  cos + i sin  = 2  − − i
 4 4   2 2 

Example 13
Find the values of ( −1)
1
3
Solution
−1 = cos  + isin  = cos ( 2k +  ) + i sin ( 2k +  ) where k  z
2k +    2k +  
( −1) 3 = cos 
1
 + i sin  
 3   3 
  1 3 (Principle value)
k = 0 : cos + i sin = + i
3 3 2 2
k = 1: cos  + isin  = −1 k = 2 : cos 5 + i sin 5 = 1 − 3 i

3 3 2 2
Example 14
Find the values of ( −16)
1
4
Solution
−16 = 16 ( cos  + isin  ) = 16 cos ( 2k +  ) + isin ( 2k +  ) Where k  z
 2k +    2k +   
( −16) 4 = 2 cos 
1
 + i sin  
  4   4 
  
k = 0 : 2  cos + i sin  = 2 (1 + i ) Principle value
 4 4
 3 3 
k = 1: 2  cos + isin  = 2 ( −1 + i )
 4 4 
 5 5 
k = 2 : 2  cos + i sin  = 2 ( −1 − i )
 4 4 
 7 7 
k = 3: 2  cos + isin  = 2 (1 − i )
 4 4 
400
Example 15
Find the values of (1 + 3i )
1
3
Solution
1 i 3   
1 + 3i = 2  +  = 2  cos + i sin 
2 2   3 3
    
1 + 3i = 2 cos  + 2k  + i sin  + 2k   Where k  z
  3   3 
   2k    2k  
(1 + 3i )
1
= 3 2 cos  +  + i sin  +
3

  9 3  9 3  
3 𝜋 𝜋
𝑘 = 0 ; √2 (cos 9 + 𝑖 sin 9 ) (Principle root)
 7 7   13 13 
k = 1: 3 2  cos + i sin  k = 2 : 3 2  cos + i sin 
 9 9   9 9 
Example 16
Solve the equation w 5 = 1 . Substituting w = z + 1 prove that the roots of
z
k
the equation ( z + 1) = z are − − i cot
1 1
5 5
where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
2 2 5
Solution
w5 = 1 Let w = r ( cos  + i sin  ) r > 0
r 5 ( cos  + isin ) = ( cos 0 + isin 0 )

5
r 5 ( cos 5 + i sin 5 ) = cos 2k + i sin 2k Where k  z
 r 5 = 1 and 5 = 2k
r=1 and  = 2k , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4

5
 2k 2k 
( z + 1)
5
= z5 w =  cos + i sin 
 5 5 
 z +1 
5
Clearly z  0   =1
 z 
z +1 2k 2k
 = cos + i sin
z 5 5

1 = 1
z=
2k 2k k k k
−1 + cos + i sin −2sin 2 + 2i sin cos
5 5 5 5 5
 k k 
−  sin + i cos 
=  5 5 
k  k k  k k 
2sin  sin − i cos  sin + i cos 
5  5 5  5 5 
 k k 
 sin + i cos 
= −  5 5 
k  k 2 k 
2sin  sin 2 − i cos 2 
5  5 5 
1 1 k Where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
z = − − i cot
2 2 5
Review Questions
1. Prove the following
(1 −  +  ) ( 2 + 5 + 2 )
6 6
i. 2
= 64 ii. 2
= 729
iii. ( a + b+ c )( a + b2 2

)
+ c = a 2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca
iv. ( a + b + c ) ( a + b+ c2 )( a + b2 + c) = a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc

v. If 𝑎1 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 , 𝑎2 = 𝑧1 + 𝜔𝑧2 + 𝜔2 𝑧3,
𝑎3 = 𝑧1 + 𝜔2 𝑧2 + 𝜔𝑧3
prove that a1 + a2 + a3 = 3 z1 + z2 + z3
2 2 2
( 2 2 2
).
2. Find the values of the following in the form x + iy , x, y 𝜖 ℝ.
(1 − 2i ) ( )
5
( 3 + 4i )
6 5
i. ii. 3 +i iii.
( −1 − 2 )
8
iv.
3. Find the roots of the following
( )
1 1 1
i. −2i ii. 1 − 3i 4
iii. (1 − i ) 2 iv. ( −81) 4
402
4. Prove that
i. cos 3 = 4 cos3  − 3cos 
ii. sin 3 = 3sin  − 4sin 3 
Hence solve the equation
4z 3 − 3z − 1 = 0
5𝑇−10𝑇 3 +𝑇 5
5. Prove that tan 5𝜃 = where T = tan  .
1−10𝑇 2 +5𝑇 4
Finding the general solution of tan 5 = 0 prove that the solutions of the
equation x 2 − 10x + 5 = 0 are tan 2 

 2  2 
 , tan   . Hence prove that
 
5  5 
 2
sec 2 + sec 2 = 112
5 5
sin 5
6. By using Moivre’s theorem, show that = 16 cos 4  − 12 cos 2  + 1
sin 
when   n , n 𝜖 ℤ.Prove that the solutions of the equation 4x 2 − 6x + 1 = 0 are

 2
2 cos 2 , 2 cos 2
5 5
7. i. ( ) (
Prove that 3 cos 4  + sin 4  − 2 cos6  + sin 6  = 1 )
ii. Solve the equation 5x 2 − 11x 3 + 6x 2 − 11x + 5 = 0
8. Prove that
i. ( )
64 cos8  + sin8  = cos8 + 28cos 4 + 35
ii. ( )
8 cos8  − sin 5  = cos 6 + 7 cos 2
9. In an Argand diagram P1 , P2 and P3 represent the complex numbers
z1 , z 2 and z3 respectively.
If ( z3 − z1 ) =  ( z 2 − z3 ) prove that P1P2 P3 is a equilateral triangle.
10. In an argand diagram P1 , P2 and P3 represent complex numbers z1 , z 2 and z3
If z12 + z22 + z32 − z1z2 − z2 z1 − z3z1 = 0 prove that P1P2 P3 is a equilateral triangle.

Summary
( cos  + i sin )
n
= cos n + i sin n for n  Q
1
z = cos  + isin  = cos  − i sin 
z
1 1
z+ = 2 cos  , z − = 2i sin 
z z
1
z n = cos n + i sin n , = cos n − i sin n
zn
1 1
zn + = 2 cos n , z n − n = 2i sin n
zn z
Cubic roots of unity
The roots are 1,  , 2 , where  =  cos 2 + i sin 2 

3  3 
1 +  + 2 = 0 , 3 = 1
nth root of unity
The roots are 1, 1 , 1 ............ 1n −1
2 2
1 = cos + i sin
n n
1 + 1 + 12 + ... + 1n −1 = 0 , 1n = 1
nth root of any complex number u
u = r ( cos  + i sin  )
1
  + 2k  + 2k 
u n = n R cos + sin
 n n 
k = 0, 1, 2 ,... , n − 1
404
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session the student should be able to do the following,
• Prove De Moivre’s theorem.

• Apply De Moivre’s theorem in trigonometry.
• Find nth root of any number.

Unit 06

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Unit 06

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Session 1: Algebra of Complex Numbers

©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka 325

In this session, we discuss the algebra of complex numbers. First we discuss

©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka 327

introduced. A given polynomial equation can be completely factorized in

16.1 Historical examples

Squaring both sides and simplifying, we get

This quadratic equation has no real solutions.

When 𝑥 = 5 + √−15 , 𝑦 = 5— √−15 .

©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka 329

Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler first introduced the identity 𝑖 2 = −1 .

−15 = ( −1)15 = √15 𝑖 2 = √15 𝑖

16.2 Basic definitions

When x , y  R , the number x + iy, where i2 = −1 is defined as a complex

If z = x + iy, where x , y  R , the conjugate of z is defined as x – iy. It is

Equality of two complex numbers

Addition of two complex numbers

Multiplication of two complex numbers

z1z 2 = ( x1x 2 − y1y2 ) + i ( x 2 y1 + x1y2 )

Division of two complex numbers

= ( x1 + iy1 )( x 2 − iy2 ) = x1x 2 − i y1y22 + (2x 22y1 − x1y2 ) i

z1 x1x 2 − ( −1) y1y 2 + ( x 2 y1 − x1y 2 ) i ( x1x 2 + y1y2 ) i ( x 2 y1 − x1y2 )

©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka 331

4 + 3i ( 4 + 3i )( 4 + 3i ) = 16 + 9i + 24i = 16 + 9 ( −1) + 24i = 7 24

Express the following numbers of the form x + iy, where x , y  R

1. (5 – 9i) + (2 – 4i) 2. 3(2 – i) – 4(5 + 2i)

16.3 Modulus (absolute value) of a complex number

If z = x + iy , where x , y  R , x 2 + y2 is defined as the modulus of z .

16.4 The polar form of a complex number

Let z = x + iy ,where x, y  R and x  0 or y  0

Then cos2  + sin 2 = 1 and x 2 + y2 = r  0

 z = r ( cos  + i sin  ) and z =r

This form is called the polar form of z.

16.5 Argument and principle argument of a complex

If z = r ( cos  + i sin  ) ,  is defined as the argument of z.

The argument of z is denoted by arg(z).

©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka 333

If z = r ( cos  + i sin  ) , the value of  such that −     ( or 0  <2 ) is

defined as the principle argument of z. The principle argument of z is

Take  = tan −1  3  = 5 ( cos  + i sin )

5. z = −4i = 4  cos  − isin  

= 13 cos (  − ) + isin (  −  )

Take  = tan −1 4 = 5 ( − cos  − i sin ) = 5 cos (  − ) − isin (  − )

arg ( z ) = 2k +  where k Z

 Arg ( z ) = 0 and z = 4 arg ( z ) = 2k, where k Z

(1) -5 (2) 3 (3) 4 + 9i (4) 4i (5) -5 + 12i (6) -3 – 4i

©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka 335

3. z1z 2 = ( x1 + iy1 )( x 2 + iy2 ) = ( x1x 2 − y1y2 ) + i ( x1y2 + x 2 y1 )

= x1 ( x 2 − iy2 ) − iy1 ( x 2 − iy2 ) = ( x1 − iy1 )( x 2 − iy2 )

4. Proof is left for the reader.

Taking conjugates both sides

2iy = 0  y=0  zR

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Proof is left for the reader.

Proof is left for the reader.

Taking modulus of both sides

=|𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 + 2|𝑧1 ||𝑧̅2| = |𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 + 2|𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |

©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka 339

 from (1) & (2)

3. z1z 2 ....z n = z1 z2 ........ zn

(3 + 4i )(5 + 12i ) = 3 + 4i 5 + 12i = 32 + 42 52 + 122 = 5.13 = 65

Find the modulus of 5 − 12i

©2020, The Open University of Sri Lanka 341