A

Seminar report

On

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN AGRICULTURE

Submitted for the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

MARAMREDDY MANASA
179E1A04A5

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)
TIRUPATI – 517507

2020-2021
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)
TIRUPATI – 517507

2020-2021

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that a seminar report entitled “ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE IN AGRICULTURE” a bonafied record of the seminar work done and
submitted by MARAMREDDY MANASA (179E1A04A5) for the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of B.Tech Degree in ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Of JNT University Anantapur, Anantapuramu.

MR. N. Gunasekhar Reddy Dr. C. Chandrasekhar

Project Guide Head of the Department

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to my Project Guide Mr. N. Gunasekhar Reddy, Assistant

Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for his
valuable guidance and encouragement. His helping attitude and suggestions have
helped us in the successful completion of the Seminar.

I would like to express my gratefulness and sincere thanks to

Dr. C. Chandra Sekhar, Professor & HOD, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, for his kind help and encouragement during the
course of my study and in the successful completion of the Seminar.

I am thankful to the Principal Dr. T. Kalpalatha Reddy for her consistent

support in completing the Seminar report.

I would like to thank my parents and friends, who have the greatest
contributions in all my achievements, for the great care and blessings in making
as successful in all my endeavors.
 ABSTRACT

The United Nations FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) states that the world
population would increase by another 2 billion in 2050 while the additional land area under
cultivation will only account to 4% at that time. In such circumstance more efficient farming
practices can be attained using the recent technological advancements and solutions to current
bottlenecks in farming. A direct application of AI (Artificial Intelligence) or machine
intelligence across the farming sector could act to be an epitome of shift in how farming is
practiced today.

Farming solutions which are AI powered enables a farmer to do more with less, enhancing the
quality, also ensuring a quick GTM (go-to-market strategy) strategy for crops. The current
paper throws a vision of how the diverse sectors of agriculture can be fuelled using AI. It also
investigates the AI powered ideas in for future and the challenges anticipated in future.

Keywords: Agriculture, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Crop, Farming

Maramreddy Manasa
179E1A04A5
SERIAL SUB TITLE NAME PAGE NO
No TOPICS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Scope 2
2 INTERNET OF THINGS(IOT) DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT 3-5
2.1 Image Based Insight Generation
2.2 Disease Detection
2.3 Identify the Readiness of the crop
2.4 Field Management
2.5 Identification of optimal mix for agronomic products
2.6 Crop Health monitoring System
2.7 Automation Techniques Irrigation Enabling Formats
3 SIGNIFICANT OF DRONE 6-10

3.1 Precision Farming

3.2 Efficiency
3.3 Goals for Precision Framing Profitability
3.4 Sustainability
3.5 Cases for Precision Framing Management
3.6 Yield Management Using AI
 3.7 Challenges in AI Adoption in Agriculture
4 LIFE CYCLE OF AGRICULTURE 11-12

4.1 Preparation of Soil

4.2 Sowing of Seeds
4.3 Adding Fertilizers
4.4 Irrigation
4.5 Weed Protection
4.6 Harvesting
4.7 Storage
5 APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN

AGRICULTURE 13-15

5.1 Use of Weather Forecasting

5.2 Soil and Crop Health Monitoring System
5.3 Analyzing Crop Health by drones
5.4 Precision Farming & Predicting Analytics
5.5 Agriculture Robotics
5.6 AI Enabled System to Detect Pests
6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 16

6.1 Advantages
6.2 Disadvantages
7 CONCLUSION 17

8 REFERENCES 18
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure. No Title Page No.
Figure 1 Disease Detection 6
Figure 2 Plant Stress Recognition using Machine
Learning and Intelligence 6
Figure 3 Robotics in Digital Farming 7
Figure 4 Life Cycle of Agriculture 11
Figure 5 Use of Weather Forecasting 13
Figure 6 Analyzing Crop Health by Drones 14
 Artificial intelligence in agriculture

1. INTRODUCTION
Artificial intelligence is based on the principle that human intelligence can be defined in a way that a
machine can easily mimic it and execute tasks, from the simplest to those that are even more complex.
The goals of artificial intelligence include learning, reasoning, and perception.

Some examples, vision-recognition systems on self-driving cars, in the recommendation engines that
suggest products you might like based on what you bought in the past, speech, and language recognition
of the Siri virtual assistant on the Apple iPhone.

AI is making a huge impact in all domains of the industry. Every industry looking to automate certain
jobs through the use of intelligent machinery.

Agriculture and farming are one of the oldest and most important professions in the world. It plays
an important role in the economic sector. Worldwide, agriculture is a $5 trillion industry.

The global population is expected to reach more than nine billion by 2050 which will require an
increase in agricultural production by 70% to fulfill the demand. As the world population is increasing
due to which land water and resources becoming insufficient to continue the demand-supply chain. So,
we need a smarter approach and become more efficient about how we farm and can be most productive

In this article, I will cover are challenges faced by farmers by using traditional methods of farming
and how Artificial Intelligence is making a revolution in agriculture by replacing traditional methods by
using more efficient methods and helping the world to become a better place.

In the 19thcentury in the times of industrial revolution machines were deployed as a substitution or
reduction for human labour. This in course of time, with the advancements and in information technology
in the 20th century, post the arrival of the computers, initiated the vision for artificial intelligence (AI)
powered machines. In the preset day it’s a reality that AI is tardily taking over the human labour.

1.1 Scope
In agriculture there is a quick adaptation to AI in its various farming techniques. The concept of cognitive
computing is the one which imitates human thought process as a model in computer. This results as
turbulent technology in AI powered agriculture, rendering its service in interpreting, acquiring and
reacting to different situations (based on the learning acquired) to enhance efficiency. To harvest
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benefits in the field by catching up with the recent advancements in farming sector, the farmers can be
offered solutions via platforms like chatter bot.

At present in India, Microsoft Corporation is working in the state of Andhra Pradesh with 175 farmers
rendering services and solutions for land preparation, sowing, addition of fertilizers and other nutrient
supplements for crop. On an average, a 30% increase in crop yield per ha has already been witnessed in
comparison to the previous harvests. The various areas where the solutions for benefitting agriculture
involving cognition possess knowledge are furnished below.

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2. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT

There are massive volumes of data getting generated each day in structured and unstructured format.
These data are regarding weather pattern, soil reports, new research, rainfall, vulnerability to pest attack,
imaging through drones and cameras. IOT solutions relating to cognition would sense, recognize and
yield smart solutions to enhance crop yields.

There are two primary technologies deployed for intelligent data fusion, namely proximity and
remote sensing. The important application of these high resolution data is for testing the soil. Unlike
remote sensing, proximity sensing doesn’t need sensors to be built into aerial or satellite systems; it only
requires sensors that are in contact with the soil at a close range. This facilitates in the characterization
of the soil based on the soil beneath the surface at a particular region.

The hardware solutions like Rowbot (concerning to crops like corn) has already begun pairing
software that collect data with robotics to develop the best fertilizer for the cultivation of corns in to
maximizing the most possible crop yield.

2.1 Image-based insight generation

In the current world scenario one of the most dissertated areas in farming today is Precision farming.
Imaging through drones can assist in rigorous field analysis, in monitoring crops and scanning of fields.
With a combination of Computer vision technology, drone data and IoT will ascertain that the farmers
take rapid actions.

Data fed from drone image could bring forth alerts in real time which would accelerate precision
farming. Commercial drones makers like Aerialtronics have enforced IBM Watson IOT Platform and the
Visual Recognition APIs for eal time image analysis. Some areas computer vision technology can be
putto use are as follows,

2.2 Disease detection

The image sensing and analysis ensure that the plant leaf images are sectioned into surface areas like
background, diseased area and non diseased area of the leaf. The infected or diseased area is then cropped
and sent to the laboratory for further diagnosis. This further renders assistance in the identification of pest
and sensing nutrient deficiency. A detailed sequence is presented in figure 1.
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2.3 Identify the readiness of the crop

Images of various crops captured under white light and UVA light are to check how ripe the green
fruits are. From this analysis the farmers could create different levels on the readiness of the fruit or crop
category. Then add them into assorted stacks before sending them to the market.

2.4 Field management

Employing images of high definition from drone and copters systems, real time estimations can be
attained during the times pan of cultivation by building a field map and discovering areas where the crops
require water, fertilizer and pesticides. The optimization of resource is assisted to a huge extent by this.
2.5 Identification of optimal mix for agronomic products

Cognitive solutions recommend the farmers on the best choice of crops and a hybrid seed which is
grounded on multiple parameters likes’ oil condition, weather forecast, type of seeds and pest infestation
in a specific area. A personalized recommendation based on the farm’s requirement, native conditions,
and data pertaining to successful farming in the past. The other external factors like trends in marketplace,
crop prices, consumer needs, requirements and aesthetics may also be factored to enable farmers take a
clued-up decision.
2.6 Crop health monitoring
Remote sensing (RS) techniques along with hyper spectral imaging and 3D laser scanning are crucial
to construct crop metrics over thousands of acres of cultivable land. It has the potential to introduce a
revolutionary shift in how farmlands are monitored by farmers from the perspectives of both time and
effort.

This technology will also be employed in monitoring crops throughout their lifecycle including
genesis of report in case of abnormalities.

2.7 Automation techniques in irrigation and enabling farmers

Irrigation is one of the most labour intensive processes in farming. AI trained machines aware of
historical weather pattern, soil quality and kind of crops to be grown, can automate irrigation and increase

Overall yield. Nearly 70% of the world’s fresh water resource is utilized for irrigation; such

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automation can conserve water and benefit farmers in managing their water probs.

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3. SIGNIFICANT OF DRONE

According to a recent PWC (Price Water House Coopers) study, the total available market for drone
based solutions throughout the world is $127.3 billion. And for agriculture is at $32.4 billion. Such Drone
based solutions in agriculture sector have a lot of implication like dealing with adverse climatic
conditions, productivity gains, precision farming and crop yield management.

Fig 1. Disease detection

Fig.2: Plant Stress recognition using machine learning and intelligence

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Fig.3: Robotics in digital farming

A detailed 3D map of the field, its terrain, irrigation drainage and soil viability must be developed
using the drone. This has to be carried out before the crop cycle begins.

The soil N2 levels management can also be done by solutions powered by drone. Drone powered
aerial spraying of pods with seeds and plant nutrients into the soil supplies necessary supplements for
plants, also the drones can be programmed to atomize liquids by regulating the distance from the ground
surface depending on the terrain.

Crop monitoring and crop health assessment prevails as one of the most important domains in
agriculture to offer drone based solutions in coactions with computer vision technology and AI.

Drones with high resolution cameras gather precision field images which can flow through
convolution neural network to detect areas with weeds, individual crops requiring more water, plant stress
level in various growth stages.

In case of infected plants, by scanning crops in both RGB (Red Green Blue) and infra red light,
potential multispectral images can be generated using drone devices. Through this individual and specific
cluster of plants infected in any region of the field can be spotted and supplied with remedies at once.

The multi spectral images taken from the drone cameras blend hyper spectral images with 3D
scanning techniques to define the spatial information system employed for acres of farm land. This
renders guidance throughout the lifecycle of the plant as a temporal component.

3.1 Precision farming

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Precision farming is a more accurate and controlled technique of farming which substitutes the
repetitive and labour intensive part of farming, besides providing guidance regarding crop rotation.
This distinguished key technologies that enable precision farming are high precision positioning
system, geological mapping, remote sensing, integrated electronic communication, variable rate
technology, optimum planting and harvesting time estimator, water resource management, plant and soil
nutrient management, attacks by pest and rodents.

3.2 Goals for precision farming Profitability

Recognize crops and market strategically as well as prefiguring ROI (Return on Investment) based
on cost and gross profit.
3.3 Efficiency
By putting in precision algorithm, improved, rapid and low cost farming opportunities can be utilized.
This lets the overall use of resource efficiently.

3.4 Sustainability
Better socio-economic and environmental operation assures additive improvements in each season for
all the performance indicators.

3.5 Cases of precision farming management

The detection of different levels of stress in a plant via high resolution images and multiple sensor
data by AI. This entire set of data generated from multiple sources needs to be utilized as an input data
for AI machine learning. This enables fusion of these data and features identification parameters for plant
stress recognition (Figure 2).

AI machine learning models developed are trained on a wide range of plant images and could
recognize the different levels of stress in plants. This total approach can be categorized into four
sequential stages of recognition, categorization, quantification and forecasting to take better and
improveddecisions (Figure 2).

3.6 Yield management using AI

With the emergence of futuristic techs like Artificial Intelligence (AI), cloud machine learning (ML),
satellite imaging and advanced analytics are developing an ecosystem for smart, efficient and sustainable
farming. The Fusion of these technologies is enabling farmers to achieve higher average yield per hand

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better control over the price of food grains, ensuring they remain in profit.

At present in India, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, Microsoft Corporation is working with farmers
rendering farm advisory services using Cortana Intelligence Suite including Machine Learning and Power
BI, it enables in transforming the data into Intelligent Actions.

This pilot project makes use of an AI based sowing application which recommends sowing date,
preparation of cultivable land, fertigation based on soil analysis, FYM requirement and application, seed
treatment and selection, optimization of sowing depth suggestions to the farmers which had resulted in
an 30% increase in the average crop yield per ha.

AI models can also be employed in recognizing optimal sowing period in various seasons, statistical
climatic data, real time Moisture Adequacy Data (MAI) from daily rainfall statistics and soil moisture to
construct forecast charts and also carter in puts on best sowing time to farmers.

Forecasting potential pest attacks, Microsoft in collaboration with United Phosphorus Limited is
developing a Pest Risk Prediction Application Programming Interface (API) that has a strategic advantage
of AI and machine learning to signal in advance, the potential chances of pest attack (Figure 3). Grounded
on the weather conditions, growth stage of the crop in field, pest attacks are forecast as high, medium or
low.

3.7 Challenges in AI adoption in agriculture

Although AI presents immense opportunities in agriculture application, there still prevails a
deficiency in familiarity with advanced high tech machine learning solutions in farms around the world.
Exposing farming to external factors like weather conditions, soil conditions and vulnerability to the
attack of pests is high. A crop raising plan scheduled at the start of the season might not seem to be good
at the start of harvesting as it gets influenced by external parameters.

AI systems too require a lot of data for training machines, to take precise forecasting or predictions.
Just in case of a very large area of agricultural land, spatial data could be collected easily while getting
temporal data is a challenge.

The various crop specific data could be obtained only once in a year when the crops are grown. As
the database takes time to mature, it involves a substantial amount of time to construct a robust AI

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machine learning model. This is a major reason for the utilization of AI in agronomic products like seeds,
fertilizer and pesticides than that of on field precision solutions.

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4. LIFE CYCLE OF AGRICULTURE

We can divide the Process of Agriculture into different parts:

Fig.4: Lifecycle of Agriculture

4.1 Preparation of soil:

It is the initial stage of farming where farmers prepare the soil for sowing seeds. This process involves
breaking large soil clumps and remove debris, such as sticks, rocks, and roots. Also, add fertilizers and
organic matter depends on the type of crop to create an ideal situation for crops.

4.2 Sowing of seeds:

This stage requires taking care of the distance between two seeds, depth for planting seeds. At this
stage climatic conditions such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall play an important role.

4.3 Adding Fertilizers:

To maintain soil fertility is an important factor so the farmer can continue to grow nutritious crops and
healthy crops. Farmers turn to fertilizers because these substances contain plant nutrients such as nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium. Fertilizers are simply planted nutrients applied to agricultural fields to

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supplement the required elements found naturally in the soil. This stage also determines the quality ofthe
crop.

4.4 Irrigation:

This stage helps to keep the soil moist and maintain humidity. Under watering or overwatering can
hamper the growth of crops and if not done properly it can lead to damaged crops.

4.5 Weed protection:

Weeds are unwanted plants that grow near crops or at the boundary of farms. Weed protection is
important to factor as weed decreases yields, increases production cost, interfere with harvest, and lower
crop quality

4.6 Harvesting:

It is the process of gathering ripe crops from the fields. It requires a lot of laborers for this activity so
this is a labor-intensive activity. This stage also includes post-harvest handling such as cleaning, sorting,
packing, and cooling.

4.7 Storage:

This phase of the post-harvest system during which the products are kept in such a way as to guarantee
food security other than during periods of agriculture. It also includes packing and transportation of crop

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5. APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN AGRICULTURE

The industry is turning to Artificial Intelligence technologies to help yield healthier crops, control
pests, monitor soil, and growing conditions, organize data for farmers, help with the workload, and
improve a wide range of agriculture-related tasks in the entire food supply chain.

5.1 Use of weather forecasting:

With the change in climatic condition and increasing pollution it’s difficult for farmers to determine
the right time for sowing seed, with help of Artificial Intelligence farmers can analyze weather conditions
by using weather forecasting which helps they plan the type of crop can be grown and when should seeds
be sown.

Fig.5: Use of weather forecasting

5.2 Soil and crop health monitoring system:

The type of soil and nutrition of soil plays an important factor in the type of crop is grown and the
quality of the crop. Due to increasing, deforestation soil quality is degrading and it’s hard to determine
the quality of the soil.

A German-based tech start-up PEAT has developed an AI-based application called Plantix that can
identify the nutrient deficiencies in soil including plant pests and diseases by which farmers can also get

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an idea to use fertilizer which helps to improve harvest quality. This app uses image recognition-based
technology. The farmer can capture images of plants using smart phones. We can also see soil restoration
techniques with tips and other solutions through short videos on this application.
Similarly, Trace Genomics is another machine learning-based company that helps farmers to do a
soil analysis to farmers. Such type of app helps farmers to monitor soil and crop’s health conditions and
produce healthy crops with a higher level of productivity.

5.3 Analyzing crop health by drones:

Sky Squrrel Technologies has brought drone-based Ariel imaging solutions for monitoring crop
health. In this technique, the drone captures data from fields and then data is transferred via a USB drive
from the drone to a computer and analyzed by experts.

Fig.6: Analyzing crop health by drones

This company uses algorithms to analyze the captured images and provide a detailed report containing
the current health of the farm. It helps the farmer to identify pests and bacteria helping farmersto timely
use of pest control and other methods to take required action

5.4 Precision Farming and Predictive Analytics:

AI applications in agriculture have developed applications and tools which help farmer’s inaccurate
and controlled farming by providing them proper guidance to farmers about water management, crop
rotation, timely harvesting, and type of crop to be grown, optimum planting, pest attacks, nutrition

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management.

While using the machine learning algorithms in connection with images captured by satellites and
drones, AI-enabled technologies predict weather conditions, analyze crop sustainability and evaluate
farms for the presence of diseases or pests and poor plant nutrition on farms with data like temperature,
precipitation, wind speed, and solar radiation.

Farmers without connectivity can get AI benefits right now, with tools as simple as an SMS-enabled
phone and the Sowing App. Meanwhile, farmers with Wi-Fi access can use AI applications to get a
continually AI-customized plan for their lands. With such IoT- and AI-driven solutions, farmers can meet
the world’s needs for increased food sustainably growing production and revenues without depleting
precious natural resources.

In the future, AI will help farmers evolve into agricultural technologists, using data to optimize yields
down to individual rows of plants

5.5 Agricultural Robotics:

AI companies are developing robots that can easily perform multiple tasks in farming fields. This
type of robot is trained to control weeds and harvest crops at a faster pace with higher volumes compared
to humans.

These types of robots are trained to check the quality of crops and detect weed with picking and
packing of crops at the same time. These robots are also capable to fight with challenges faced by
agricultural force labor.

5.6 AI-enabled system to detect pests:

Pests are one of the worst enemies of the farmers which damages crops. AI systems use satellite
images and compare them with historical data using AI algorithms and detect that if any insect has landed
and which type of insect has landed like the locust, grasshopper, etc. And send alerts to farmers to their
smart phones so that farmers can take required precautions and use required pest control thus AI helps
farmers to fight against pests

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6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6.1 Advantages

 The robots are not getting sick or tired, and the time off is not needed.
 With higher speeds and closer tolerances, they can operate with fewer errors.
 They make fewer errors and operate at higher velocities and higher quality.
 The robots can reduce the use of pesticides by up to 80% of the farm.
 In different fields, robots are more efficient and can work around trees,
rocks, ponds, and otherobstacles easily.
 For technicians, the robots can create jobs that can fix the robots.
 The robots can deliver products of high quality and lower the cost of
production.
 Robots gantry can function as both fertilizer and liquid sprays and, most
importantly, as an automatic self-control system that meets weather
conditions.
 They can be small in size, allowing accumulating near-crop data and
performing mechanical weeding, mowing, spraying, and fertilizing.
 Robotic cameras and sensors are capable of detecting weeds, identifying
pests, parasites or diseases, and other stress. Usually, the sensors are
selective and are only used to spray on the affected area.
 Robots provide an opportunity to replace human operators with a good
return on investment byproviding effective solutions.

6.2 Disadvantages
 It costs a lot of money to make or buy robots.
 They need maintenance to keep them running.
 The farmers can lose their jobs.
 The robots can change the culture / the emotional appeal of agriculture.
 Energy cost and maintenance.
 The high cost of research and development.
 Lack of access to poor farmers.

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7. CONCULSION
In conclusion the future of farming in the times to come is largely reliant on
adapting cognitive solutions. Though a vast research is still on and many
applications are already available, the farming industry is still not having
sufficient service, remains to be underserved. While it comes down in dealing
with realistic challenges and demands faced by the farmers, using AI decision
making systems and predictive solutions in solving them, farming with AI is only
in a nascent stage. To exploit the tremendous scope of AI in agriculture,
applications should be more robust. Then alone it will be in a position to handle
frequent shifts and changes in external conditions. This would facilitate real time
decision making and sequentially utilize appropriate model/program for
gathering contextual data efficiently.

The other crucial aspect is the extortionate cost of the various cognitive
solutions for farming readilyavailable in the market. The AI solutions have to
become more viable to assure that this technology reaches the farming
community. If the AI cognitive solutions are offered in an open source platform
that would make the solutions more affordable, which eventually will result in
faster adoption and greater insight among the farmers.

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8. REFERENCES
[1] Badia Melis. R et al., 2016. "Artificial neural networks and thermal image for
temperature prediction in apples," Food and Bioprocess Technology, vol.9
no.7, pp. 1089-1099.
[2] Balleda, K et al., 2014. "Agpest: An efficient rule-based expert system to
prevent pest diseases of rice & wheat crops, “in Proc. Intelligent Systems
and Control (ISCO)-2014, IEEE.
[3] Capizzi. G et al., 2016. "A Novel Neural Networks-Based Texture Image
Processing Algorithm for Orange Defects Classification," International
Journal of Computer Science & Applications, vol. 13 no. 2, pp. 45-60.
[4] Clark.F.2003. Striking Hypothesis, Human Sci. & Tech. Press, Changsha.

[5] Hanson A. M. G. J., Joy. A, Francis. J. Plant Leaf Disease Detection using
Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Network, International Journal of
Engineering Science, vol. 7 no. 3, pp. 5324- 5328, 2017.
[6] Hopfield. J. J. 1982. Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent
Collective ComputationalAbilities, In: Proceedings of the National Academy
of Science of the United States of America, Vol. 79:2554–2558.
[7] Karmokar B. C., et al., 2015. "Tea leaf diseases recognition using neural
network ensemble," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 114
no.17, pp. 27-30.
[8] Polya.G.2004. How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method,
Princeton University Press, and New Jersey.
[9] Rich. E and Kevin Knight.1991. "Artificial intelligence", New Delhi: McGraw-
Hill.

[10] S. Russell and P. Norvig, 2003. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach,

Prentice Hall, New York.

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