MME 312 ASSIGNMENT

FARUQ OYENIRAN 170406023

1. We live in a material world. Today, it is the role of materials science to

study, develop, design and operate processes that transform raw materials
into useful engineering products intended to improve the quality of our lives. It
is often said that material science is the foundation upon which today’s
technology is based, and real-world applications would not be possible without
the material scientist. With such a broad-ranging scope, the question is, if we
really need metallurgical engineers, why are we graduating so few of them?
Part of the answer lies in the role metallurgists play in product design and
manufacturing.
 The industrial revolution thrust metals to the forefront of technology, and
they have stayed there ever since, becoming the very foundation of our modern
society. One cannot envision a life where transportation and communications
systems, buildings and infrastructure, industrial machines and tools, and
safety/convenience devices are not part of our daily lives. Today, other materials
have emerged as complements for (or threats to) metal’s dominance. Composites
are one such example. Metallurgy is also the technology of metals: the way in
which science is applied to the production of metals (including heat treatment),
and the engineering of metal components for use in consumer products and
manufactured goods. The production of component parts made from metals is
traditionally divided into several major categories:
Mineral processing, which involves gathering mineral products from the Earth’s
crust.

• Extractive metallurgy, which is the study and application of the processes used
in the separation and concentration of raw materials. Techniques include
chemical processing to convert minerals from inorganic compounds to useful
metals and other materials.
• Physical metallurgy, which links the structure of materials (primarily metals)
with their properties. Concepts such as alloy design and microstructural
engineering help link processing and thermodynamics to the structure and
properties of metals. Through these efforts, goods and services are produced.
2. What id metallurgical science?
Metallurgy, art and science of extracting metals from their ores and
modifying the metals for use. Metallurgy customarily refers to commercial
as opposed to laboratory methods. It also concerns the chemical, physical,
and atomic properties and structures of metals and the principles whereby
metals are combined to form alloys. Metallurgy is a field of materials science
and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic
elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called
alloys. Metallurgy encompasses both the science and the technology of metals;
that is, the way in which science is applied to the production of metals, and the
engineering of metal components used in products for both consumers and
manufacturers. Metallurgy is distinct from the craft of metalworking. A specialist
practitioner of metallurgy is known as a metallurgist.
2 b. Distinguish between Metallurgical Science and Metallurgical Engineering
Metallurgical Engineers extract, refine and recycle metals. They solve
problems such as reducing corrosion, maintaining heat levels and increasing the
strength of the product. They help develop or improve metals that are used in
healthcare, transportation, defense and entertainment industry. They develop
core materials that can enhance the function of many products and systems while
metalurgican science is a field of materials science and engineering that studies
the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic
compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Metallurgy encompasses
both the science and the technology of metals; that is, the way in which science is
applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components
used in products for both consumers and manufacturers.
2 c. What is Material Science?
Material science – describe the basic knowledge about the internal
structure, properties and processing of materials. It also involves the investigation
of the relationships that exist between the structure and properties of materials.
Materials science is a syncretic discipline hybridizing metallurgy, ceramics, solid-
state physics, and chemistry. It is the first example of a new academic discipline
emerging by fusion rather than fission.
2 d. Distinguish between Materials Science and Materials Engineering
Understanding of how materials behave like they do, and why they differ in
properties was only possible with the atomistic understanding allowed by
quantum mechanics, which first explained atoms and then solids starting in the
1930s. The combination of physics, chemistry, and the focus on the relationship
between the properties of a material and its microstructure is the domain of
Materials Science. The development of this science allowed designing materials
and provided a knowledge base for the engineering applications (Materials
Engineering).
3a. I should be studying Metallurgical and Materials Engineering because the field
is one of the most rapidly developing and exciting areas of research.
And it encompasses all that has to do with material processing and their
applications.
4. The movement of a slip is regard as a poor analogue to simple slide because
Slip is the large displacement of one part of a crystal relative to another part
along crystallographic planes and directions. Slip occurs by the passage of
dislocations on close packed planes which are planes containing the greatest
number of atoms per area and in close-packed directions (most atoms per
length). Close-packed planes are known as slip or glide planes. A slip system
describes the set of symmetrically identical slip planes and associated family of
slip directions for which dislocation motion can easily occur and lead to plastic
deformation.
• Slip systems are particular modes of deformation that are activated when
stresses are large enough to induce plastic deformation. Slip systems consist of
slip planes (m) and slip directions (s).
5. To my understanding it is possible for slipping and twining to occur at the same
time in a grain because Slip and twinning processes, occurring during plastic
deformation result in formation of preferred orientation of the grains.
 Also twinning may favorably reorient slip systems to promote dislocation
movement.
7i. Size: The grain size decreases as the degree of deformation increases during
the high temperature mechanical treatment
Strength: The strength increases as the grain size decreases.
Ductility: As the degree of deformation increases, the more difficult deformation
or slippage becomes i.e. the fewer the grain boundaries present the better the
ductility.
Hardness: As the degree of deformation increases, the strength and hardness
increase concurrently.
Toughness: The toughness property is highly sensitive to change in grain size i.e.
the smaller the grains, the tougher the sample becomes.
ii. As metallurgists, we need to know the importance of grain size, and as heat
treatment , we need to be sure we understand how grain size will affect
mechanical properties.
Grain size has a measurable effect on most mechanical properties. For example,
at room temperature, hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, fatigue strength
and impact strength all increase with decreasing grain size. Machinability is also
affected; rough machining favors coarse grain size, while finish machining favors
fine grain size.
8. I think it will affect the mechanical properties because Chromium nitride
coatings exhibit good mechanical, corrosion and oxidation protection properties
and can have various orientations. Preferred orientations of CrN(200) and
Cr2N(111) were successfully deposited on SKD11 by unbalanced magnetron
sputtering. To compare with different orientations, several mechanical properties
of deposited films were studied, e.g. hardness, adhesion and wear behavior. The
structural characterization and surface morphology were investigated using
atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray
diffraction (XRD). The chemical composition and stoichiometry were determined
using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The cross-section morphology of
CrN coating is a columnar structure and Cr2N is a denser structure. Of the two
orientations CrN(200) and Cr2N(111), CrN(200) possesses stronger adhesion and
lower hardness.
9. common intermediate alloy phase include
Intermetallic , interstitial ,electron
10.
It proved the Hume-Rothery rules' three main factors with Support Vector
Classification Machine Learning method.
This work can judge the relative importance of each factor in Hume-Rothery rules
to the solid solubility.
It can be more accurate to judge whether any metal alloy is soluble if the more
factors are extended.
When the six factors are used with Support Vector Regression, it can be known
how many the solid solubility is.