INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE

We use the infinitive + to to state the purpose of an action:

Strel swam the Amazon to raise awareness of water pollution.

I took part to make a lot of money for charity

We can also use the phrase in order to, although it is more formal than just the infinitive:

He did it in order to draw attention to water problems.

We form the negative by putting not before the infinitive:

He wore a mask in order not to get sunburnt.

Note that we cannot form the negative with just the infinitive:

He wore a mask not to get sunburnt.

Note that we don’t use for + infinite to say why we do something:

I came here to meet people.

We can, however, use for + noun to say why we do something:

She went to London for a holiday

And we can also use for + -ing form when we are talking about the purpose of a thing (what it is
used for):

You can use this event for raising lots of money.

You can use it for helping people with injuries

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and object are the same

She is talking to herself.

He fell and hurt himself.

Note that we don’t use themselves when we are talking about other people:

They are saying the words to themselves (each person is saying the words to himself/herself)

They are saying the words to each other (each person is saying the words to the other person)

MODAL VERBS

can/can’t
have/don’t have to

must/mustn’t

should/shouldn’t

ought to/oughtn’t to

could for advice

USED TO v USUALLY

Note that people sometimes confuse USED TO and USUALLY.

Remember that usually is an adverb of frequency, so we use it to talk about how often we do
something, not to talk about something we did regularly in the past:

I usually go riding on Sundays. (This is something I do regularly now.)

I used to go riding on Sundays. (This is something I do regularly in the past.)

FOR and SINCE

We use the present perfect with FOR or SINCE to say how long something has been happening or
when it started:

I’ve been living here for three years. (a period of time)

I’ve been living here since 2007 (a point in time)

HAD BETTER

We use had better to give strong advice:

You’d better leave early tomorrow. (because your train leaves very early)

We can also use it to talk about ourselves:

I’d better go now. (or I’ll be very late home)

It doesn’t mean that one action is better than another – it just means it would be good to.

We use had better rather than should or ought to when we want to say that something is more
urgent:
 I should go and see my mum this week- You’d better go tomorrow because she’s going
away on Wednesday.

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE / INFINITIVO DE PROPÓSITO / TO+INFINITIVE

When we want to say why we do something. we can use a verb in infinitive. Let’s see how it works
when we talk about the future.

I am going the gym to exercise.

He is going to meet Louise to have lunch.

They are selling the car to buy a new house.

child/life/kind

MINI TALK Read the instructions, then prepare a short talk.

Is there an activity you do regularly or that you go to classes for?

How would you answer questions 1-4 in 11 in relation to that activity?

Write down some ideas, then shape them into a short talk

share your ideas with your group

Does listeninf to the instructor make you want to try it out , or not? Where would you do it?
READ AND ORDER:
A
FIRST, KNEEL JUST BEHIND THE CENTRE OF THE BOARD, THEN STAND UP. IF IT’S TOO
DIFFICULT TO STAND UP, YOU CAN KNEEL AND LEARN TO PADDLE BOARD ON YOUR KNEES AT
THE BEGINNING. REMEMBER, YOUR FEET SHOULD BE PARALLEL, YOUR KNEES BENT AND
YOUR BACK STRAIGHT. USE YOUR HIPS TO BALANCE. THE FRONT OF THE BOARD SHOULD BE
IN THE WATER NOT UP IN THE AIR. ONE THING I’VE FOUND THAT HELPS ME TO STAND UP ON
THE BOARD, IS NOT TO LOOK DOWN. ALWAYS LOOK STRAIGHT AHEAD AT THE HORIZON. HOLD
THE PADDLE WITH BOTH HANDS: ONE AT THE TOP, ONE LOWER DOWN.

B
HERE AT THE SPORTS CENTRE WE HAVE SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE. TWO OF OUR
TRAINERS INTRODUCE TWO OF OUR MOST POPULAR CLASSES, AND OFFER YOU TIPS ABOUT
WHAT YOU NEED AND WHAT TO DO IN THE CLASS. IF YOU’RE STILL NOT SURE IT’S RIGHT FOR
YOU, COME ALONG AND FIND OUT!

C
THIS CLASS IS PERFECT FOR THOSE WHO CANNOT SWIM, OR FOR THOSE WHO HAVE SOME
FEAR OF WATER. BEFORE YOU COME TO THE CLASS, PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU HAVE
EVERYTHING YOU NEED. YOU SHOULD WEAR A WETSUIT, BOOTS, GLOVES AND EVEN A HAT IF
THE WATER’S VERY COLD. WEARING A FLOATATION BELT AROUND YOUR WAIST WILL HELP
KEEP YOUR CHEST ABOVE WATER.

D
THE CLASS BEGINS WITH EVERYONE WALKING INTO THE SEA. WE START IN SHALLOW, WAIST-
HIGH WATER AND GRADUALLY MOVE TO DEEPER, SHOULDER-HIGH WATER. MOVE FORWARDS
NATURALLY, KEEPING YOUR ARMS OUT OF THE WATER TO HELP YOU BALANCE. PLACE YOUR
HEEL, THEN YOUR TOE. DON’T WALK ON TIPTOE!

E
THIS CLASS IS PERFECT FOR THOSE WHO ARE STRONG SWIMMERS AND WHO WANT TO TRY
SOMETHING A BIT MORE EXCITING IN THE WATER. YOU DON’T NEED THAT MUCH EQUIPMENT
BESIDES THE BOARD AND THE PADDLE, BUT YOU HAVE TO WEAR A LIFE JACKET BECAUSE
PADDLE BOARDS ARE CLASSIFIED AS BOATS. THE MOST DIFFICULT PART IS GETTING ON.
COULD/ WAS ABLE TO/ MANAGED TO

We use all three of these to talk about ability in the past.

We use could or was able to to talk about general ability (or inability):

She could play the play the guitar when she was three. = She was able to play the guitar
when she was three.

She realized she couldn’t hear very well. =She realized she wasn’t able to hear very well.

We use managed to or was able to to say that somebody was able to do something on one
occasion. Managed to implies that it was difficult to do this things:

He managed to / was able to learn how to play in a different style. (even though two of his
fingers were paralysed)

We cannot use could for this meaning.

PAST CONCLUSIONS

We use must have, can’t have, could have and might have to make conclusions about the past. We
choose which one to use depending on the degree of certainty.

The form is modal verb + have + past participle

I am 90% sure

He must have been awful. (I’m sure he was.)

He can’t have been very good. (I’m sure he wasn’t.)

I think it’s possible

He could have had a bad day. (I think perhaps he did.)

He might have been ill. (I think perhaps he was.)

ARTICLES

COMPARISON

SUPERLATIVE SENTENCES