DU(SOL)-

Ba(POL.SC-H)
Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course(AECC)
1ST YEAR

2 -Semester
ND

SUBJECT-
Communication –
for-English A/B/ C
Medium –
ENGLISH TRANSLATED INTO
HINDI
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 Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course
Semester I / II
Communication –for-English A/B/ C

CONTENTS:
Unit 1 : Theory of Communication: An
Introduction

Unit 2 : Language of Communication

Unit 3 : Speaking Skills

Unit 4 : Reading and Understanding

Unit 5 : Writing Skills

(AECC – English A – December 2019 paper)

 Unit 1 : Theory of Communication: An Introduction
1. What is Communication? What are the different functions of Communication?

Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place,

person or group to another.
Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient.

Define the Communication Process with diagram.

The English word ‘communication’ is derived from the Latin word communis, which
means common. The term communication refers to the sharing of ideas in common.
In other words, it is the transmission and interaction of facts, ideas, opinions, feelings
or attitudes.
Following are some of the important definitions of communication:
Communication may be defined as “the transfer of information and understanding
from one person to another.”
According to Koontz and O’Donnel, Communication may be understood “as the
exchange of information at least between two persons with a view to create an
understanding in the mind of the other, whether or not it gives rise to conflict.”
Newman and Summer- “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or
emotions by two or more persons.”

The different functions of Communication?

Functions Communication serves four major functions within a group or

organization: 1- Control, 2- Motivation, 3-, Emotional Expression, 4- Information..

What is Communication – Concept

‘Information’ and ‘Communication’ are often used interchangeably, but they signify
quite different things. Information is giving out; communication is getting through.
Communication is the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person
to another; it involves a sender transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a

receiver. Effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the exact
information or idea that the sender intended to transmit.

“Sending, giving or exchanging information and ideas”, is defined by Webster’s

Dictionary.
What is Business Communication:
Business Communication is communication that promotes a product, service,
marketing, or organization; relays information within a business; or functions as an
official statement from a company. It is important to acquire the skills of effective
writing and speaking. It is also common for prestigious companies to insist upon
excellent communication skills as a requirement at the time of recruitment.
What are Medium of Communication:
Medium are the storage and transmission channels or tools used to store and deliver
information or data. At times we may even prefer to use signs and gestures. It’s
important to exchange thoughts and ideas with others if we have to play a
meaningful role in society.
What is Communication – Objectives
The primary objective of communication in management is to convey information—
instructions, policies, procedures, decisions, etc., so the listener will hear, read,
understand what is said, agree and accept the message, and react as intended by
the manager or sender of communication.
In addition, the manager will probably desire to influence or persuade the employee
in a way that will help maintain favourable relationships. Other motivating goals or
objectives of managerial communication may be social interchange, personal
advancement, self-expression. Conversely the employee also has similar goals of
communication in an organisation.
What are Role of Communication in Organisation
Decision-making is the core of management process. The relationship of
communication and decision-making is inseparable since decisioning must rely on
information. Decision is the triggering mechanism of communication. Decision cen-
tres also become communication centres. The manager is a decision-maker. But all
decisions are now based on communication of information to the management.
Management information system has assumed unique importance in modern
management. Then again we need effective communication for passing on decisions
to those involved in executing them. Communication enables a group to think
together, to see together, and to act together.
In fact, without communication, there could be no organisation. People would be link-
ed by a chain of command but they would be acting without a chain of

understanding. Poor communication leads to poor co-ordination. Similarly, cooperation itself

depends upon communication.

What is Communication – Characteristics

The characteristics of communication are as follows:
(i) At least two persons – Communication involves at least two persons—the
sender and the receiver. The sender sends the message and the receiver receives
the message. There is an exchange of information between two or more persons.
(ii) Two-way process – Communication is essentially a two-way process. It does
not merely means sending and receiving messages. It is not complete unless and
until the message has been understood by the receiver in the same sense.
(iii) Form of communication – Communication may take several forms, e.g., order,
instruction, report, queries, etc. It may be verbal or written. It may be formal or
informal.
(iv) Scope – Communication is present in all human relationships. It is essential in
all types of organisations and at all levels of management. It has a very wide scope.
(v) Dynamic process – Communication is influenced by the mood and thinking of
the sender and receiver. It keeps on changing depending upon the Level of
understanding of the sender and receiver.
(vi) Goal-oriented – Communication is goal-oriented and is effective only when
there is a congruence of goals of the sender and the receiver.
(vii) Interdisciplinary – Communication derives knowledge from several sciences
like anthropology (study of body language), sociology (study of human behaviour),
psychology (study of human), etc. The linking between these sciences makes
communication effective.
(viii) Interpersonal relations – The main purpose of communication is to influence
the human behaviour which creates interpersonal relations.
(ix) Circular process – There is circular flow of information in the communication
process. After the feedback, the receiver of the original message is required to
transmit another message. The response indicates the success of the
communication.

What is Communication – Importance and Guidelines for Effective

Communication
(i) Increase in Size:
With the large scale of operation in business firm, the need for effective
communication has been largely felt.
(ii) Growing Specialization:

Increase in departments has led to the requirement of specialization inside the organisation. Sound
communication is essential for ensuring mutual co-operation and understanding between different
departments for smooth functioning of the organisation.

(iii) Cut-Throat Competition:

Due to liberalization and globalization, severe competition has resulted in between
private, public sectors and foreign banks. Communication through mass media,
newspaper, advertisement etc. has become important to survive in the race.
(iv) Trade Union Movement:
Trade unions are very strong and powerful. Regular exchange of information,
consulting union leader’s etc. helps to maintain healthy relations between them.
(v) Human Relations:
To develop mutual trust and confidence, it is necessary for management and
employees to communicate with each other. Participation of employees in the
management process has bought in a sense of belonging and loyalty towards the
organisation.
(vi) Public Relations:
Every organisation needs to keep its customers, stakeholders, government and other
sections of the society informed about its product and contribution to the society.
Public relation helps in building goodwill for the organisation.
(vii) Personal Asset:
Communication skill is essential for every successful job. Managers are required to
speak to public at large on various occasions. The ability to communicate effectively
is equally essential for promotion in career.
Guidelines for Effective Communication are:
1. Choose the Right Means and Mode:
The right means and mode of communication is chosen after considering various
factors like cost, resources, organisation size and policy etc.
2. Own Your Message:
It is very important to take responsibility for what we say. Personal pronoun should
be used to lend credibility to the message.
3. Offer Complete and Relevant Information:
Message should never be left incomplete. It may create a huge barrier in
communication if messages are incomplete. For effective communication, message
should be relevant and complete. It should be supported by facts and observations.
It should be well planned and organized. No assumptions should be made by the
receiver.
4. Obtain Feedback:

Whether the message sent by the sender is understood in same terms by the receiver or not can be
judged by the feedback received. The feedback should be timely and in personal. It should be
specific rather than general.

5. Think of the Recipient:

Empathy with the listeners is essential for effective verbal communication. The
speaker should step into the shoes of the listener and be sensitive to their needs and
emotions. This way he can understand things from their perspective and make
communication more effective.
6. Verbal and Non-Verbal Congruence:
Meanings are usually communicated in more than one way. For example while
saying ‘yes’ our head should always nod up to down. This shows the verbal and non-
verbal congruence.
7. Repeat if Necessary:
Repetition is generally avoided but in many cases message should be repeated for
confirmation and feedback and to check whether the important part of the message
has not been lost.
8. Do not Judge:
Judgments are usually based on one’s own perception. Unfavourable judgments and
remarks should be avoided.
9. Rely on facts:
Facts are the best way to persuade the listener in agreeing with the message. An
incomplete message with assumptions holds no value. While sending a message,
sender should always try to state the facts to support his message.

What is Communication – Components of Communication Process

Communication is the process by which one person conveys meaning from one
person to another. It is a two- way process which takes place in the relationship be-
tween a sender and a receiver. It is a continuous and interpersonal process.
The communication process has following components:
1. Sender or communicator – Sender is an employee with ideas, intentions,
information, and a purpose for communicating. He is the source, or initiator of the
communication. He has something with a meaning to communicate. Communication
begins when a sender identifies the need to send a message based on certain
reasons.
2. Message – The sender encodes meaning into a message that can be transmitted.
The message represents the meaning the source is trying to convey.

3. Encoding – The function of encoding is to provide a form in which ideas and

purpose can be expressed as a message. The result of the encoding process is the
message. Encoding involves translating the sender’s intent or ideas into a systematic
set of symbols or gestures.
4. Channel or medium – The channel is the carrier of the message. It is the link that
connects the source and the receiver. In organisations, the channel or medium can
take the form of such components as face-to-face communication, telephone calls,
meetings, or other written reports.
5. Receiver – The receiver is the individual whose senses perceive the sender’s
message. There may be one or many receivers. If the message does not reach the
receiver, communication is not completed.
6. Decoding – Decoding is the process by which the receiver interprets the message
and translates it into meaningful information. Decoding is a two-step process – (a)
the receiver must first perceive the message; and (b) the receiver must then interpret
it. Decoding process is very much affacted by some factors such as the receiver’s
need, status, past experience, situational factors etc.
7. Communication noise – In communication, noise can be thought of as those
factors that disturb or distort the intended message. Noise may occur in each of the
elements of communication. “Noise” hinders communication.
It includes the following factors:
(a) Factors which hinder the development of a clear thought.
(b) Faulty encoding due to ambiguous symbols.
(c) Defects in channel.
(d) Inattentive reception.
(e) Faulty decoding due to prejudices, wrong understanding, personal outlook, wrong
meaning of words and symbols.
Noise can result in miscommunication. Hence the important point is to realize all
these possibilities of noise and to minimize them.
8. Feedback – A feedback provides a link or channel for the communicator to know
the receiver’s response and to determine whether the message has been received
and has produced the intended change. Feedback may come in many ways. In face-
to-face communication, feedback comes through facial expressions of the receiver.
Some indirect means of feedback are such factors as declines in productivity, poor
quality of production, lack of coordination, absenteeism etc. Feedback may cause
the sender to modify his future communication.

What is Communication – Functions: Information, Control, Motivation and

Emotional Expression and Interdependence
Function # 1. Information:
The first and foremost function of communication is to provide information. This
function is performed in many ways. Before providing or passing an information, one
has to receive, collect or sift information from various sources, both external and
internal, and through various media, verbal or non-verbal, body language or
paralanguage, sign language or audio-visual aids, books, journals, newspapers,
advertisements, brochures etc.
Function # 2. Control:
The next very important function of communication is to control ‘member behaviour’
in several ways. Every organization has a hierarchical system and formal guidelines
that the employees are supposed to follow.
When, for example, the employees are required to follow their job description or
instructions, or to comply with company policies, communication is performing a
control function. This very function also gives the employees their code of conduct.
Function # 3. Motivation:
In the words of Robbins, “communication fosters motivation by clarifying to
employees what is to be done, how well they are doing, and what can be done to
improve performance if it’s subpar… The formation of specific goals, feedback on
progress toward the goals, and reinforcement of desired behaviour all stimulate
motivation and require communication.”
.
Function # 4. Emotional Expression and Interdependence:
Emotional intelligence, according to Goleman, “is to do with how well we manage our
own inner lives and get along with people”.
It is profoundly concerned with self-awareness, the ability to manage one’s own and
other people’s emotions, self motivation and empathy. These characteristics or
qualities enable one to climb higher in the corporate ranks than colleagues having
superior IQs.
 Unit 2 : Language of Communication

Question- Differentiate between –Verbal and Non-verbal Communication

Verbal communication is the use of auditory language to exchange information with

other people. It includes sounds, words, or speaking. The tone, volume, and pitch of
one's voice can all contribute to effective verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication is communication between people through non-verbal
or visual cues. This includes gestures, facial expressions, body movement, timing,
touch, and anything else that communicates without speaking

Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR NON-VERBAL

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
COMPARISON COMMUNICATION

Meaning The communication in which The communication that takes

the sender uses words to place between sender and
transmit the message to the receiver with the use of signs is
receiver is known as verbal known as non-verbal
communication. communication.

Types Formal and Informal Chronemics, Vocalics, Haptics,

Kinesics, Proxemics, Artifacts.

Time Consuming No Yes

Chances of Rarely happens. Happens most of the time.

transmission of
wrong message

Documentary Yes, in case of written No

Evidence communication.
 BASIS FOR NON-VERBAL
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
COMPARISON COMMUNICATION

Advantage The Message can be clearly Helpful in understanding

understood and immediate emotions, status, lifestyle and
feedback is possible. feelings of the sender.

Presence The message can be The personal presence of both

transmitted through letters, the parties to communication is
phone calls, etc. so the a must.
personal presence of the
parties, doesn't make any
change.

Question- Diffrence between Channel Noise and semantic Noise ?

Channel Noise Semantic Noise

When there is any unwanted interference or Semantic Noise can be defined as noise or
snag in the medium of communication process barrier that is generated from within a
it is termed as channel noise, for example, a message. As language is connotative, that is,
noisy market place and illegible handwriting meaning of a word is not always stated
can be termed as channel noise as in both the directly and can also be implied; therefore the
cases the factors that create communication communication process fails many times as
failure are not an intrinsic part of the message the same word is interpreted differently by
–
different people. For example, if someone
in one case it is the communication
environment which is not suitable for says that ‘the bark is strong’ then the meaning
communication and in the other the medium of of the sentence will depend on the context in
communication, i.e. writing, is not readable. which it is spoken. In one context it may
mean a dog’s bark and in another the bark of a
There can be many kinds of channel noise.
tree. So if the context is not given to us then
Below are some of the causes with examples
the meaning becomes inaccessible
of Channel Noise: Below are some of the causes with examples
Physical Noise in the Channel: of Semantic Noise.
Undesirable physical noise is a great barrier
Limited Vocabulary: Limited vocabulary
to communication. Any physical noise
which is not related to the communication can become a significant barrier to
communication as it can create not only a
process can cause a barrier.
problem in understanding things, but also may
Use of Inappropriate Media: lead to a situation where the person is not able
Inappropriate selection of media to to express what s/he intends to express.
 communicate messages can lead to
miscommunication or may not have the
desired result. For example, you are the
manager of a company which is bidding for
a tender; will it be possible to bid for tender
using oral communication? Oral
communication is an inappropriate media
for a bid for tender.
Multiple Transfer Stations: If a clerical
staff of an organization figures out a mistake
in some document and wants to
communicate it to the Director and informs
her/his higher official who then informs
her/his superior and then her/his superior to
the Director, then it may happen that because
of the Multiple Transfer Stations, the content
of the message is lost. It may also happen
that the message changes in its tone and
meaning because of it being transferred too
many times which hampers the
communication.
Information Overload: A message
should only provide that much information
as is required to understand it. Too much
of information can lead to a situation where
the intended message is lost.
Incompatibility between Verbal and Non-
verbal Language: We communicate not
only with our words, but also with non-verbal
cues – dress, eye contact, physical touch,
facial expressions, gestures, postures, etc.
Often we use non-verbal cues or body
language consciously, but many a times the
non-verbal cues are unconscious. It is
essential that our gestures and postures are
compatible with our words. Whenever it is
not so, we are misinterpreted or
misunderstood
Wrong Assumptions and Inferences:
Wrong Assumptions can often lead to
miscommunication. Suppose there is a
string of letters that are written by two
departments regarding a certain issue and
one department writes a letter to the other
department without referring to the earlier
communications in this regard when the
Head of the other department has changed.
There is always a chance that the letter
would not serve its purpose.

Question- Diffrence between Formal and informal Communication?

Formal communication refers to the flow of official information through proper,

predefined channels and routes. The flow of information is controlled and needs
deliberate effort to be properly communicated. Formal communication follows a
hierarchical structure and chain of command. The structure is typically top down,
from leaders in various departments and senior staff in the organization, which
funnel down to lower level employees. Employees are bound to follow formal
communication channels while performing their duties.
Formal communication is considered effective as it is a timely and systematic flow of
communication.

Informal communication refers to communication which is multi-dimensional.

 Informal communication moves freely within the organization and is not bound by
pre-defined channels and communication routes. Informal communication is
particularly quick. Informal communication is far more relational than formal
communication and is by nature, a very natural form of communication as people
interact with each other freely and can talk about a diverse range of topics, often
extending outside of their work duties

Informal communication is considered effective as employees can discuss work-

related issues which saves the organization time and money. It also helps to build
more productive and healthy relationships in the workforce

Key differences between formal and informal communication

Reliability: Formal communication is the more reliable form, as there is a paper trail.
Compared to informal communication which has comparatively less reliability, and is
very unlikely to have a paper trail.
Speed: Formal communication is slower, sometimes feeling unbearably slow due to
bureaucracy. On the other hand, informal communication is very quick, often being
instantaneous.
Time-Consuming: Formal communication requires a number of different processes
before the whole communication flow is complete, whereas informal communication
requires very little process time.
Information Flow: Information through formal communication is only through
predefined channels, whereas information through informal communication moves
freely.
Secrecy: Secrecy is maintained with formal communication, whereas informal
communication makes it hard to maintain full secrecy due to its reliance on
individuals.

(a) Question- Diffrence between Internal and External Communication

Internal communication is the transmission of information within an organization.

Internal communication is a lifeline of a business. It occurs between an employer and
an employee.
It is communication among employees. Internal communication is the sharing of the
information, knowledge, ideas, and beliefs between the members of the company.
Internal communication can be formal or informal. It depends upon the persons to
which we are communicating. We use informal or not so formal language with our
colleagues. The language used while communicating the head of the company is
formal.

Effective Internal Communication

Effective internal communication must have the following.

• The open and clear reason for communication.
• Understanding the need of the audience.
• Consistent and regular communication.
• Clear, jargon-free, to the point, and brief language.
• Two-way communication.
• Good use of vocabulary.

Importance of Internal Communication

One can easily find the importance of internal communication. some of them are

• It increases productivity.
• Effective and responsive customer service.
• Easy attainment of goals.
• Reduce day-to-day conflict between team members.
• Enable fast response.
• Enable fast decision making.
• Helps in motivating the employees
External Communication

External communication is the transmission of information between two organizations.

It also occurs between a business and another person in the exterior to the company.
These persons can be clients, dealers, customers, government officials or authorities
etc. A customer’s feedback is also external communication. An organization invests a
lot of time and money to improve their image through external communication.

Effective External Communication

One can easily find the importance of external communication. Some of them are
• Clear ideas, thoughts, and statement or the reason for communication.
• It must be two-way communication.
• Clear, error-free, formal, jargon-free, and easy language.
• Understanding the need of the audience.
• Proper choice of words for communication.
Importance of External Communication
• It presents a favorable image of an organization.
• It provides information about products and services to customers.
• Advertise the organization.
• Promote an organization
• Reduces the risks of mistakes.

What are the Barriers to Communication? How can one overcome them?
Or

What is Communication – Few Barriers to Communication

A person at times wants to communicate one thing; but actually he communicates
something else which he never intended. This type of event in communication
behaviour is known as “The Arc of Distortion”.
Distortion could be due to some defect in any of the mechanisms of communication.
These obstructions to communication are also known as “barriers”.
The following are a few barriers to communication:
1. Lack of a proper style, of feedback.
2. Content irrelevant to the needs of the clientele.
3. Failure to maintain a two-way flow of communication.
4. Unsuited climate.

5. Lack of provision for horizontal flow of ideas.

6. Non-availability of technical consultants.
7. Semantic difficulties.
8. Lack of leadership.
9. Lack of motivation.
10. Lack of support from the heads of institution.

What is Communication – Guidelines for Effective Communication

Given below are some guidelines that must help us communicate effectively:
1. Clarity of Purpose:
In the first place we must make a careful analysis of what exactly we wish to
communicate. As is often the case in business, we may not be able to clarify the
issue completely, unless it is by nature very simple. But any effort made in this
direction proves to be fruitful. Hence it is absolutely necessary to understand the
purpose of our message.
2. Shared Activity:
. It means that all of them have a share, directly or indirectly, in many different ways,
in the process of communication.
Whether communication is effective can be judged on the basis of the intended
results. And the results are the responsibility of the entire organization.
3. Common Set of Symbols:
The encoding and decoding of the message should be done with symbols that are
familiar to the sender and the receiver. It is an immutable condition of communication
that the code or set of symbols be mutually understood/intelligible. That is why
managers, and especially the specialist staff, are advised to avoid unnecessary
technical jargon which is intelligible only to the experts in their respective fields.
4. Focus the Needs of the Receiver:
Whenever we communicate we must keep in mind the needs of the receivers of the
message/information. It should be our endeavour to see that whatever we
communicate should be of value to the receiver, both in the short run and in the
distant future. Our awareness of the needs of the receiver will make him more
receptive.
5. ‘Use Feedback’:
‘Use feedback’, exhorts Stephen Robbins, a renowned authority on organizational
behaviour. Communication is complete only when the message is understood by the

receiver. And we can never know whether communication/message is understood

unless the sender gets feedback.
Many communication problems arise because of misunderstandings and
inaccuracies. They are less likely to occur if we make sure that the ‘feedback loop is
utilized in the communication process’. We can achieve this target by asking
questions, requesting a reply to a letter, and encouraging the receiver to give his
reactions to the message/information.
6. Active Listening:
Active or ‘participative’ listening is as important as any other element in the process
of communication. It shows, again, that communication is a joint responsibility of
both the sender and the receiver.
7. Controlling Emotions:
Emotions play an important role in interpersonal relationships between superiors,
subordinates and colleagues in an organization. It should, be therefore, an important
aim of communication to create an environment in which people are motivated to
work toward the desired goals of the enterprise while they achieve their personal
goals.
There must be generated a healthy climate of involvement and synergistic growth. It
must also be remembered that an important function of communication is control-not
just top-down control but also self control. It means that a successful communicator
must learn/train himself to exercise restraint on his emotions, especially anger.
8. Politeness:
This leads us to the tonal aspect of communication. There is a saying, “The tone
makes the music”. In the same way, in communication, the tone of voice, the choice
of language and the congruency or logical connection between what is said and how
it is said influence the reactions of the receiver.
9. Eliminate Noise:
Every possible effort must be made to eliminate the element of noise that distorts
communication at the transmission stage. It becomes especially important in the
wake of modern technological advancement.
 10. Clarify Assumptions:
No effective communication can be based on assumptions. The sender of the
message must first clarify his assumptions and then go ahead with proper encoding
of the message.

What are the 7 Cs of Communication?

7 C’s of Communication

1. Clear: The message should be clear and easily understandable to the

recipient. The purpose of the communication should be clear to sender then
only the receiver will be sure about it. The message should emphasize on a
single goal at a time and shall not cover several ideas in a single sentence.
2. Correct: The message should be correct, i.e. a correct language should be
used, and the sender must ensure that there is no grammatical and spelling
mistakes. Also, the message should be exact and well-timed. The correct
messages have a greater impact on the receiver and at the same time, the
morale of the sender increases with the accurate message.
3. Complete: The message should be complete, i.e. it must include all the
relevant information as required by the intended audience. The complete
information gives answers to all the questions of the receivers and helps in
better decision-making by the recipient.
4. Concrete: The communication should be concrete, which means the
message should be clear and particularly such that no room for
misinterpretation is left. All the facts and figures should be clearly mentioned
in a message so as to substantiate to whatever the sender is saying.
5. Concise: The message should be precise and to the point. The sender should
avoid the lengthy sentences and try to convey the subject matter in the least
possible words. The short and brief message is more comprehensive and
helps in retaining the receiver’s attention.
6. Consideration: The sender must take into consideration the receiver’s
opinions, knowledge, mindset, background, etc. in order to have an effective
communication. In order to communicate, the sender must relate to the target
recipient and be involved.
7. Courteous: It implies that the sender must take into consideration both the
feelings and viewpoints of the receiver such that the message is positive and
focused at the audience. The message should not be biased and must include
the terms that show respect for the recipient.
 Unit -3- Speaking Skills
1. Write short notes on –
a) Advantages of Oral Communication
b) Instantaneous Feedback in Oral Communication
c) Presentation
d) Leadership Qualities in GD
e) Public Speech
How does speech differ from writing? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of speech and writing?
Written communication is communication by letters,emails,applications,complaints etc.
It is an innovative activity of mind. Writing is more unique and formal than speech.

Advantages of Written communication:

1. There is a record of the communication: When two people communicate

orally,they may forget that they had a conversation. In written communication,
all aspects of the communication are written and there is record of it.
2. It saves time: In written communication,whatever needs to be said is put down
on paper and the person receiving the communication can read it again and
again till he or she understands the communication. It helps to save a lot of
time.
3. A copy can be saved for the future: Any written communication is not only
useful for the immediate phase after the communication, but it can be stored
as a record of the communication. This can help for the future reference.
4. Can communicate to many people at different points of time: The message
can be read by all the people who receive the communication at different
points of time.
Disadvantages of written communication:

1. Stationery and Manpower requirement: Its cost are huge in terms of

stationery and the manpower employed in writing/typing and delivering letters.
2. Time consuming: It is time consuming as the feedback is not immediate. The
encoding and sending of message takes time.
3. Response is not Spontaneous: If the receivers of the written message are
separated by distance,and if they need to clear their doubts,the response is not
spontaneous.
 4. Need of Effective skills required: It requires great skills and competencies in
language and vocabulary use. Poor writing skills have negative impact on the
organisations reputation.

Oral(speech) communication is the process of verbally transmitting information and

ideas from one individual or group to another. Oral communication can be either
formal or informal

Advantages of oral communication

1. Time-saving: When action is required to be taken immediately it is best to

transmit a message orally. If the executive’s workload is high then they
stop writing and by oral instructions, they complete their message
transmission and released their workload and also it saves time.
2. Cost savings: Cost is involved in any communication. When the
communication is needed within the organization and if it and is completed
in orally, it has not needed any paper, pen or stamp or computer. So it
saves the money of the organization.
3. More powerful: Speech is a more powerful means of persuasion and
control. Therefore, executives often prefer to transmit messages orally.
4. Effectiveness: With the help of variations in the tone, pitch, and intensity
of voice, the speaker can convey shades of meaning. This factor also
contributes to the effectiveness of oral communication.
5. Immediate feedback: The speaker can get immediate feedback on whether it is
creating a favorable impression on the receiver or whether the receiver will protest or
whether the receiver has clearly understood his meaning or is feeling perplexed or
baffled and he can mold and adjust his message

Disadvantages of oral communication

1. No record: In oral communication, messages are difficult to record. So it is

impossible to preserve the message for the future.
2. Expensive: It is also expensive media of communication. Sometimes the
audience can be managed by paying T. A and D. A. On the other hand
Technological devices that are used in this system are costly.
3. Distortion of the word: If distortion of the word occurs in oral communication,
then main goals of the organization may be filed.
4. Inaccuracy: There is very possibility of inaccurate messages to reach the
destination. So, the reverse result of expected plan may be occurred.
5. Limited use: The scope of usage of oral communication is limited. It is not
suitable for lengthy messages. It should be sued for a short message.

What are the factors one should keep in mind while facing Interviews/
1. Dress appropriately
Plan out an outfit that fits the culture of the company you are applying for. If the company
does not have a dress code, it’s a good idea to wear business casual.
Leave your shorts and tank top at home, and put on a shirt and a pair of long pants. It’s
always better to be overdressed than under. Try on your outfit before the interview to make
sure that it fits and looks smart.
2. Arrive on time
Don’t ever arrive at a job interview late! It’s best to arrive 15 minutes before the scheduled
time in case you have to fill in some paperwork. This also allows you to settle down and
check out the dynamics of the office.
If you are not familiar with the area in which the company is located, do a test run a week
or two before to make sure that you won’t get lost. If you are driving, make a note on where

you can park your car.

3. Mind your manner
Be polite and greet everyone you meet, including people you meet in the elevator. When
you enter the interview, offer the interviewer a warm greeting. These first few seconds can
make or break your interview. At the end of the interview, don’t forget to thank the
interviewer for giving you the opportunity for the meeting. When you leave the company,
say goodbye to the receptionist.
4. Pay attention to your body language
Poor body language, such as playing with a pen, chewing gum, slouching, and even
brushing back hair, can be a distraction. If you notice you have a tendency to do any of
these, train yourself to avoid these bad habits. You can replace them with positive body
language that include nodding, eye contact, smiling, and solid posture.
5. Ask insightful questions
Most interviewers end an interview by allowing the candidate to ask questions. Regardless
of how well you know the company and how thorough the interviewer in telling you about
the job, you must ask a few questions. The more insightful your questions are, the more
you will impress your interviewer.

What is the difference between Monologue and Dialogue?

A dialogue always needs at least two people. Not only in real life, we come across
dialogues among characters in books, plays and dramas. A dialogue creates an
ambience where it allows characters to share their thoughts.

A monologue is a set of lines spoken by an individual where there is only one way
communication. Unlike in a dialogue, where there is two-way communication, a
monologue only focuses on a single individual who is the speaker. In a literary setting
such as a drama, monologues can be used for the purpose of narration as well as to
reveal the inner thoughts of a character. This allows the audience to have a better
understanding of the character
Difference between Monologue and Dialogue
• A dialogue is when there are two or more people who engage in a conversation.

• A monologue is where a single person speaks out.

• A monologue allows the audience to understand the inner thoughts of a character.

• The difference between a dialogue and monologue is that a monologue has a single
speaker but in a dialogue there is two or more.

• Also, a monologue only allows one-way communication but in a dialogue there is two-
way communication.

Unit 4- Reading and Understanding

Under this section unseen passage

So read unseen passage and given question answer carefully

1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
With eager anticipation we awaited the next stage. A tailor was called in to measure
us, five boys and one girl, Mary Lila Rao, for the sports kits. I was filled with
happiness, just like a child who had been given a bag full of candy. After all, I would
be fulfilling my dream to wear a blazer with INDIA written on it!
A week later, we left for Australia. The night before we left I could not sleep. My
small suitcase has been packed with my kit and bedding and I waited for the sun
to rise. Excited by the prospect of what lay ahead, we boarded the train to Bombay,
the first lap or our long journey across the seas to far-off Australia. When we
reached Bombay’s Churchgate station, we were taken by bus to the Astoria Hotel.
It was the first time that I had seen such a grand place, and I could barely believe
my eyes. What was I, a simple village boy doing in such a different world? While
we were at the Astoria, Commander Rekhi, our manager, showed us how to knot
a tie and gave us lessons on table manners.
When we reached Santa Cruz, the entire atmosphere at the terminal seemed
unreal its bright lights, the strange sounds, the rush of people. Except for Mary Lila
Rao, none of us had flown before. I was scared and confused. I had no bedding
and no food. Where would I sleep? What would I eat? How would the plane take
off with so many people, their luggage and other cargo? Would it crash under so
much weight? I followed my companions towards the huge monster that awaited
us, and blindly climbed up the ramp

into the cabin. I was asked to fasten my seatbelt, but naturally I did not know what
to do and was fumbling with the straps when the air-hostess kindly helped me.
When the plane started to taxi along the runway, I closed my eyes and prayed to
my God. I had butterflies in my stomach as the plane ascended. And then we were
airborne. When I looked out of the window I saw smoke pouring out of the engines,
and raised an alarm, thinking that the plane was on fire. The air-hostess calmed
me down, patiently explaining that it was only the fuel burning. I felt very foolish
and laughed with relief.
(Adapted from the Autobiography of Milkha Singh) उत्सुकता के साथ हमने अगले
चरण की प्रतीक्षा की। खेल ककट के ललए हम़ें, पाांच लड़कों और एक लड़की, मैरी लीला राव
को मापने के ललए एक दजी को बुलाया गया था। मैं खुलियों से भर गया, बबल्कुल उस
बच्चे की तरह जजसे कैंडी से भरा बैग कदया गया था। आजखर, मैं अपने सपने को पूरा

करने के ललए पूरा कर रहा हूां, जजसम़ें ललखा था कक भारत के साथ ब्लेज़र पहऩें!

एक हफ्ते बाद, हम ऑस्ट्रे ललया के ललए रवाना हुए। जाने से पहले की रात मैं सो नहीां
पाया। मेरा छोटा सूटकेस मेरी ककट और बबस्ट्तर के साथ पैक ककया गया है और मैं सूरज
के उगने का इां तजार कर रहा हूां। आगे क्या हुआ, इसकी सांभावना से उत्साकहत, हम बॉम्बे
जाने वाली रे न म़ें सवार हो गए, जो ऑस्ट्रे ललया के दरू -दरू तक के समुद्रों के पार पहली
गोद या हमारी लांबी यात्रा थी। जब हम बॉम्बे के चचचगेट स्ट्टे िन पर पहुुँचे, तो हम़ें बस से
एस्ट्टोररया होटल ले जाया गया। यह पहली बार था जब मैंने इतनी भव्य जगह दे खी थी,
और मैं अपनी आुँखों पर बवश्वास कर सकता था। मैं, एक साधारण गाुँव का लड़का इतनी
अलग दलु नया म़ें क्या कर रहा था? जब हम एस्ट्टोररया म़ें थे, तो हमारे प्रबांधक, कमाांडर
रे खा ने हम़ें एक टाई बाांधने का तरीका कदखाया और हम़ें टे बल पर पाठकों को सबक
कदया।

जब हम साांताक्रूज़ पहुुँचे, तो टलमचनल का पूरा वातावरण अपनी चमकदार रोिनी, अजीब

सी आवाज़, लोगों की भीड़ से अवास्ट्तबवक लग रहा था। मैरी लीला राव को छोड़कर, हम
म़ें से कोई भी पहले नहीां उतरा था। मैं डरा और सहमा हुआ था। मेरे पास ना तो बबस्ट्तर
था और ना ही खाना। मैं कहाुँ सोऊांगा? मैं क्या खाऊांगा? बवमान इतने सारे लोगों, उनके
सामान और अन्य कागो के साथ कैसे उड़ान भरे गा? क्या यह इतने वजन के तहत
दर्
ु टच नाग्रस्ट्त होगा? मैंने अपने बविाल राक्षस की ओर अपने सालथयों का पीछा ककया, जो
हम़ें इां तजार कर रहा था, और नेत्रहीन रैं प पर चढ गया

केबबन म़ें। मुझे अपना सीट बेल्ट बाांधने के ललए कहा गया था, लेककन स्ट्वाभाबवक रूप से
मुझे नहीां पता था कक क्या करना है और पजट्टयों के साथ लड़खड़ा रहा था जब एयर-
होस्ट्टे स ने कृ पया मेरी मदद की।

जब बवमान ने रनवे के साथ टै क्सी िुरू की, तो मैंने अपनी आुँख़ें बांद कर ली और अपने
भगवान से प्राथचना की। बवमान म़ें चढते ही मेरे पेट म़ें लततललयाुँ थीां। और तब हम हवाई
 थे। जब मैंने जखड़की से बाहर दे खा तो मैंने दे खा कक इां जनों से धुआां लनकल रहा है , और
एक अलामच उठाया, यह सोचकर कक बवमान म़ें आग लगी थी। एयर-होस्ट्टे स ने मुझे िाांत
ककया, धैयप
च ूवक
च समझाते हुए कक यह केवल ईंधन जल रहा था। मुझे बहुत मूखत
च ा महसूस
हुई और राहत के साथ हुँ सा।

(लमल्खा लसांह की आत्मकथा से अनुकूललत)

Attempt the following questions on the basis of the passage you have read.
a) Why couldn’t Milkha Singh sleep a night before they left?
Ans -My small suitcase has been packed with my kit and bedding and I waited for the
sun to rise.

b) How many people had flown earlier?

Ans -Only one person Mary Lila Rao, none of us had flown before

c) What made the atmosphere of Santa Cruz seem unreal?

Ans - Santa Cruz, the entire atmosphere at the terminal seemed unreal its bright
lights, the strange sounds, the rush of people
d) Give any two reasons responsible for Milkha’s worry or confusion?
Ans –1- He had no bedding and no food. 2- How would the plane take off with so
many people, their luggage and other cargo?
e) According to him what was a huge monster?
Ans -Aeroplane
f) Why was he fascinated by the hotel?

Ans -It was the first time that I had seen such a grand place, and I could barely believe
my eyes.
g) Why did the air-hostess need to help him?
Ans- The air-hostess need to help him because they were going first time in
Aeroplane

h) Why did he pray to his God?

Ans- When the plane started to taxi along the runway, He closed his eyes and prayed
to my God
i) Identify and name the figure of speech in para-1?
Ans - Mary Lila Rao

2.Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
 The news media are in crisis across the developed world. Journalism as we know
it is being described, obviously with some exaggeration, as ‘collapsing’,
‘disintegrating’, in ‘meltdown’. In this digital age, there is gloom in most developed

country, or ‘mature’, media markets over the future of newspapers and also
broadcast television. Two decades after a call issued from a conference in
Windhoek, Namibia for the establishment of World Press Freedom Day, ‘the arrival
of the digital revolution – the evolution of the Internet, the emergence of new forms
of media, and the rise of online social networks – has reshaped the media

landscape and made “the press” of 2011 something that those gathered in
Windhoek in 1991 could not have imagined’. There is a strong sense that ‘the news
industry is no longer in control of its own future’ and that it is technology companies
like Google and the social media that lead the way and look set to hegemonize the
public space that once belonged to the news media.
The global financial crisis and economic slowdown of 2008-2009 sent several
western media organizations into a tailspin. Advertising revenues, the lifeline of the
newspaper industry, took a body blow during this period. Many big newspapers,
whose strengths had been sapped and whose situational advantages had been
undermined over the years, went into bankruptcy or protection against bankruptcy.
The New York Times was bailed out by an emergency loan of US $250 million from
Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim: ‘to help the newspaper company finance its
business.’. Tens of thousands of journalists lost their jobs

in the United States, where newsrooms are 30 per cent smaller than in 2000
(Rosenstiel and Mitchell 2011), and across Europe.
There has been some recovery, or to be more precise, a slowdown in the decline
beginning mid-2010. But printed newspaper circulation and readership are in
irreversible decline across the developed world; they have been in steady, longterm,
secular decline much before the recent recession hit these countries and their news
media. ‘Circulation is like the sun. It continues to rise in the East and decline in the
West’, Christoph Riess, chief executive officer of the World Association of Newspapers
and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA), told those assembled at the World Newspaper
Congress and World Editors Forum in Vienna in October 2011. His presentation of
World Press Trends 2011, the annual survey done by WAN-IFRA, focused on ‘six key
areas’: the media consumption shift; economic developments; newspaper circulation
and number of titles; advertising expenditure by media; newspaper revenue; and
internet versus mobile.
There was a clear sense in the Vienna gathering that a historical era for the news
media was coming to an end and they had entered, even if differentially across the
world, an indeterminate period of uncertainty. With the changes in audience behaviour
and news consumption accompanying the migration to the web and to mobile
platforms gathering pace, the big challenge for the traditional news business is
engagement of the audience that is getting away, with grim financial implications. ‘We
have always been extremely efficient in using the time of our readers’, Riess told his
audience in Vienna. ‘But now we are in a more challenging environment, because

readers are more promiscuous, they have more choices, they read newspapers with
less frequency. We have to do more to attract them find new ways to garner loyalty.’
These industry-wide trends, and the accompanying stresses, pessimism, and
disarray, have already taken a big toll of independent and resourceful journalism in

the developed world. According to a report titled The Reconstruction of American

Journalism, commissioned and published by the Journalism School of Columbia
University, New York, ‘the era of dominant newspapers and influential network news
divisions is giving way to one in which the gathering and distribution of news is more
widely dispersed’ and the economic foundation of U.S. newspapers is ‘collapsing’.
Newspapers, ‘the country’s chief source of independent reporting, are shrinking –
literally’, with fewer journalists ‘reporting less news in fewer pages’ The situation and
prospects of broadcast television, which still commands a big audience across the
world and remains the world’s premier advertising medium, do not seem much
brighter. बवकलसत दलु नया म़ें समाचार माध्यम सांकट म़ें हैं । जैसा कक हम जानते हैं कक
पत्रकाररता का वणचन ककया जा रहा है , जाकहर है , कुछ अलतियोबि के साथ, जैसे कक 'पतन',
'बवर्टन', 'मांदी म़ें'। इस कडजजटल युग म़ें, अलधकाांि बवकलसत दे िों म़ें लनरािा है , या there
पररपक्व ’, अखबारों के भबवष्य पर मीकडया बाजार है और टे लीबवजन भी प्रसाररत करते हैं ।
बवश्व प्रेस स्ट्वतांत्रता कदवस की स्ट्थापना के ललए बवांडहोक, नामीबबया म़ें एक सम्मेलन से जारी
कॉल के दो दिक बाद, 'कडजजटल क्राांलत का आगमन - इां टरनेट का बवकास, मीकडया के नए रूपों
का उदय, और ऑनलाइन सामाजजक का उदय नेटवकच - ने मीकडया पररदृश्य को कफर से आकार
कदया है और 2011 के "प्रेस" को कुछ ऐसा बनाया है जो 1991 म़ें बवांडहोक म़ें इकट्ठा हुए
लोगों ने कल्पना नहीां की थी। एक मजबूत भावना यह है कक 'समाचार उद्योग अब अपने स्ट्वयां
के भबवष्य के लनयांत्रण म़ें नहीां है ' और यह Google और सोिल मीकडया जैसी प्रौद्योलगकी
कांपलनयाां हैं जो उस मागच का नेतत्ृ व करती हैं और सावचजलनक स्ट्थान को दे खने के ललए तैयार
रहती हैं जो एक बार समाचार से सांबांलधत था मीकडया।

2008-2009 के वैजश्वक बवत्तीय सांकट और आलथचक मांदी ने कई पजिमी मीकडया सांगठनों को

एक टे लजस्ट्पन म़ें भेजा। समाचार पत्र उद्योग की जीवन रे खा के बवज्ञापन राजस्ट्व ने इस अवलध
के दौरान िरीर को उड़ा ललया। कई बड़े अख़बार, जजनकी ताकत लछन गई थी और जजनका
जस्ट्थलतजन्य लाभ बपछले कुछ वर्षों म़ें कम हो गया था, कदवाललयापन या कदवाललयापन के
जखलाफ सांरक्षण म़ें चले गए। न्यू यॉकच टाइम्स को मैजक्सकन अरबपलत कालोस जस्ट्लम: यूएस
emergency से $ 250 लमललयन के आपातकालीन ऋण द्वारा जमानत दी गई थी: its अखबार
कांपनी को अपने व्यवसाय को बवत्तपोबर्षत करने म़ें मदद करने के ललए। ' हजारों पत्रकारों ने
अपनी नौकरी खो दी

सांयुि राज्य अमेररका म़ें, जहाां न्यूज़ रूम 2000 (रोसेनजस्ट्टल और लमिेल 2011) की तुलना म़ें
30 प्रलतित छोटे हैं , और पूरे यूरोप म़ें हैं ।

2010 के मध्य से िुरू होने वाली लगरावट म़ें कुछ सुधार हुआ है या अलधक सटीक है । लेककन
मुकद्रत अखबार पररसांचरण और पाठक बवकलसत दलु नया म़ें अपररवतचनीय लगरावट म़ें हैं ; इन
दे िों और उनके समाचार मीकडया म़ें हाल ही म़ें आई मांदी से पहले वे जस्ट्थर, दीर्चकाललक,
धमचलनरपेक्ष लगरावट म़ें रहे हैं । Like पररसांचरण सूयच के समान है । यह पूवच म़ें और पजिम म़ें
लगरावट जारी है ', वल्डच एसोलसएिन ऑफ न्यूजपेपसच एांड न्यूज पजब्लिसच (WAN-IFRA) के
मुख्य कायचकारी अलधकारी कक्रस्ट्टोफ रीस ने बवयना म़ें वल्डच न्यूजपेपर काांग्रेस और वल्डच एकडटसच
फोरम म़ें इकट्ठे लोगों को बताया। अक्टू बर 2011. वल्डच प्रेस ऱें ड्स 2011 की उनकी प्रस्ट्तुलत,
WAN-IFRA द्वारा ककया गया वाबर्षचक सवेक्षण, 'छह प्रमुख क्षेत्रों' पर क़ेंकद्रत: मीकडया उपभोग की
पारी; आलथचक बवकास; समाचार पत्र सांचलन और िीर्षचकों की सांख्या; मीकडया द्वारा बवज्ञापन खचच;
अखबार का राजस्ट्व; और इां टरनेट बनाम मोबाइल।

बवयना सभा म़ें स्ट्पष्ट अथच था कक समाचार मीकडया के ललए एक ऐलतहालसक युग समाप्त हो रहा
था और वे प्रवेि कर गए थे, भले ही दलु नया भर म़ें अलनजितता की अलनजित अवलध थी।
दिचकों के व्यवहार और समाचार की खपत म़ें पररवतचन के साथ वेब और मोबाइल प्लेटफॉमच
पर गलत बढाने के ललए प्रवासन के साथ, पारां पररक समाचार व्यवसाय के ललए बड़ी चुनौती
दिचकों की सगाई है जो दरू हो रही है , गांभीर बवत्तीय प्रभाव के साथ। , हम हमेिा अपने पाठकों
के समय का उपयोग करने म़ें बेहद कुिल रहे हैं ’, रीस ने बवयना म़ें अपने दिचकों को बताया।
Are लेककन अब हम अलधक चुनौतीपूणच वातावरण म़ें हैं , क्योंकक पाठक अलधक आिाजनक हैं ,
उनके पास अलधक बवकल्प हैं , वे कम आवृबत्त वाले समाचार पत्र पढते हैं । हम़ें वफादारी बढाने
के नए तरीके खोजने के ललए उन्ह़ें और अलधक करना होगा। '
ये उद्योग-व्यापी रुझान, और साथ-साथ तनाव, लनरािावाद और अव्यवस्ट्था, पहले से ही बवकलसत
दलु नया म़ें स्ट्वतांत्र और सांसाधनपूणच पत्रकाररता का एक बड़ा टोल ले चुके हैं । द जनचल ऑफ द
रीकांस्ट्रक्िन ऑफ अमेररकन जनचललज्म, न्यूयॉकच बवश्वबवद्यालय के जनचललज़्म स्ट्कूल ऑफ
कमीिन द्वारा प्रकालित और प्रकालित की गई एक ररपोटच के अनुसार, 'प्रमुख समाचार पत्रों और
प्रभाविाली नेटवकच समाचार प्रभागों का युग एक ऐसा रास्ट्ता दे रहा है जजसम़ें समाचारों का
एकत्रीकरण और बवतरण होता है । अलधक व्यापक रूप से बबखरे हुए 'और अमेररकी समाचार

पत्रों की आलथचक नीांव' ढह रही है । समाचार पत्र, apers स्ट्वतांत्र ररपोकटिं ग के दे ि के प्रमुख स्रोत,
लसकुड़ रहे हैं - िाजब्दक रूप से ’, कम पत्रकारों द्वारा and ररपोकटिं ग कम पृष्ठों म़ें कम समाचार’
प्रसारण टे लीबवजन की जस्ट्थलत और सांभावनाएां, जो अभी भी दलु नया भर म़ें एक बड़े दिचक वगच
को आदे ि दे ती हैं और दलु नया के प्रमुख बने हुए हैं बवज्ञापन माध्यम, ज्यादा उज्जवल नहीां
लगते।

1-The word “hegemonize’ means –( Ans- Dominate )

(a) Dominate
(b) Overturn
(c) Lack
(d) None of the above.

2. Which of the following statements are true –

(i) Economic slowdown impacted news room.
(ii) Social media has taken over public space.
(iii) Rise of online social networks have helped the news media.
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) All of them
Ans -(d) All of them
3. According to Christopher Riess, what has impacted the media most?
(a) Economic Slowdown
(b) Impact of Cyber Media
(c) Loss of Advertizing Revenue
(d) All of them. Ans
4. Which of the following statements are true?
(i) The developing world also saw similar fate of media as the developed
world.
(ii) Internet has made it possible for the media to reach larger number of
people.
 (iii) The economic foundation of the US media is collapsing.
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) All of them.ans
5. The state of the Audio-visual media, especially television, is similar to that of
the other traditional media.
(a) True
(b) False
(c) The passage does not give any concrete detail for the same.
(d) Television is one of the audio-visual media under threat.

Unit-5 Writing Skills

How to make notes?
The first significant thing about Note-making is that the reader should read or go through the
reading or the passage very carefully and try to figure out the key ideas, main theme, key
arguments of the reading / passage.
The Note-maker should them put the main idea of the passage as heading of the passage
The heading should be short and easy to understand
sub-headings should come in. sub-headings are the subordinate or associated ideas that come
under the heading, that are used to develop the heading or the main idea of the reading or passage
Other significant things –
o There is no need to write full sentences in Note-making – one can just write in the form
of just the necessary words which can be understandable.
o Abbreviations should be used as much as possible (and a list of abbreviations should be
provided at the end of Note-Making for other readers)
summary -----make summary in by 1/3 words without thinking about proper sentence-

How to write Letters?

Format of a Complaint Letter

SENDER’s ADDRESS- ……………………………..
DATE-………………..
RECEIVER’s ADDRESS- …………
SALUTATIONS- ……..Sir” or “Madam or others like manager etc any
one……
SUBJECT…………….
BODY- This is the main content of the letter. It is either divided into three
paragraphs or two paragraphs if the letter is briefer.

COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE-----------
At the end of your letter, we write a complimentary closing. The words “Yours
Faithfully” or “Yours Sincerely” are used.
SIGNATURE-(sender)………...

Example ---
QUESTION: Write a letter to M/s. H.M.T. Corporation Chandigarh,
complaining that the wrist watch you recently bought from them does
not function properly and ask for replacement. You are Dipti/ Deepak
Gupta, 450, Sector 20, Chandigarh.
Answer:
450, Sector-20
Chandigarh
March 1, 2018
M/s. H.M.T. Corporation
Customer Complaint Division
Chandigarh
Sir/Madam
Subject- Complaint regarding functioning of watch and its replacement
On February 27, 2018, I bought a Titan Watch (Model No. 2356) worth Rs.
5500 from your store.
Unfortunately, your product has not performed well. The watch doesn’t work
half the time despite several attempts at changing its battery. I am highly
disappointed because such act of neglect is not expected from such a
renowned store.
To resolve the problem, I would appreciate you changing the watch with a new
fully functioning model. I have the receipt intact. Enclosed are the copies of
receipt along with the guarantee card.
I look forward to your reply and a resolution to my problem and will wait until a
week before seeking help from a consumer protection agency. Please contact
me at the above address or by phone at 098100XXXXX.
Yours Sincerely
Dipti/Deepak Gupta
Enclosure(s): 1. Receipt
2. Guarantee card

QUESTION: Write a letter to the editor of a local daily complaining

against the school-bus drivers for rash-driving and overcrowding of
buses causing risk to the lives of innocent school children. You are
Dipti/ Deepak, C-4C Janakpuri, New Delhi.
Answer:
C-4C Janakpuri
New Delhi

February 19, 2018

The Editor
The Tribune
Mahatma Gandhi Marg
New Delhi
Subject- Regarding reckless driving of school-bus drivers
Sir/Madam
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the
attention of the
concerned authorities towards the grave issue of rash driving being done by
school bus
drivers that pose a threat to the lives of innocent school children and
trespassers.
Driving in a zigzag manner on packed roads, crossing speed-limits, not
following traffic lights
has become very common. Despite such strict regulations regarding speed,
none of these
drivers seem to follow them. This shows that there is lack of implementation.
This is a
menace to other road users as the bus drivers that drive at high speed might
crush down
whoever comes in their way.
By addressing this issue, it is hoped that the public awareness towards the
dangerous
of reckless driving can be raised. It is also the time for the traffic authorities to
take
strongermeasures against the reckless drivers, which includes levying heavy
fines and
forfeiting of their licenses if they are found guilty of breaching the traffic rules.
 Yours Sincerely
Dipti/Deepak

How to write short reports?

Format of a magazine report

i.Heading- A descriptive title which is expressive of the contents of the report.

ii. By line- Name of the person writing the report. It is generally given in the question.
Remember, you are not supposed to mention your personal details in your answer.
iii. Opening paragraph (introduction) – It may include the '5 Ws' namely, WHAT,
WHY, WHEN and WHERE along with WHO was invited as the chief guest.
iv. Account of the event in detail- The proper sequence of events that occurred along
with their description. It is the main paragraph and can be split into two short
paragraphs if required.
v. Conclusion- This will include the description of how the event ended. It may include
quote excerpts from the Chief Guest's speech or how did the event wind up.

Format of a newspaper report

i.Headline- A descriptive title which is expressive of the contents of the report.

ii. By line- Name of the person writing the report along with the designation. It is
generally given in the question. Remember, you are not supposed to mention your
personal details in your answer.
iii. Place and date of reporting- It is generally not mentioned in a magazine report
separately, but here, it is.
iv. Opening paragraph- It includes expansion of the headline. It needs to be short as it
is a general overview of the report.
v. Account of the event in detail- It is generally written in two parts: First, complete
account of what happened in it’s chronological sequence (preferably) and second,
the witness remarks.
vi. Concluding paragraph- This will include the action that has been taken so far or
that will be taken. It is the last paragraph.

MAGAZINE REPORT NEWSPAPER REPORT

Heading Headline

By line By line (along with the designation)

Opening paragraph Date and place

Account of the event Opening paragraph

Conclusion Account of the event and witness remarks

Conclusion

Example
Q1. MMD School, Nashik, recently organised a science symposium on
the topic: 'Effect of pollution on quality of life'. You are Amit/Amita
Raazdan, editor of the school magazine. Write a report on the event for
your school magazine.
Answer:
Report on Science Symposium held at MMD School, Nashik
-By Amit/ Amita Raazdan, Editor of the school magazine
A symposium was organised on 1 March 2018 in the school on the topic
"Effect of Pollution on Quality of Life". All the science students were a part of
the elucidative programme.
The event stared with the felicitation of the guest speakers. Thereafter, the
participants were espoused by Sh. Suraj Prakash. He acquainted them with
the objectives and goals of the workshop. The resource person Dr. Hari Om
Gupta reflected his profound knowledge on the topic and highlighted how
important it is to curb the menace of pollution.
An exalting demonstration of effects of pollution on our lives galvanized the
engrossed participants. After the lunch break Dr. K.K. Arora, Resource
Person, exhibited the possible steps that can be undertaken at the personal
level to reduce pollution. It was followed by another session on the basic
concept behind pollution reduction which triggered the young minds into
thinking innovative ways.
An interactive concourse ignited the inquisitiveness of participants. They have
committed themselves completely to bring about a change in the situation.
The informative workshop culminated with a vote of thanks proposed by the
head of the science department.
Q2. You are Karan/ Kirti of L.M. Memorial Public School, Dwarka. Your school has
adopted a village as a social responsibility. Students are being taken to teach the
children of that village on a regular basis. Write a report, for your school magazine,
on the various other programmes organized
Answer:
VILLAGE ADOPTION- A STEP TOWARDS BEING SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE
-BY KARAN/ KRITI
On the occasion of World Literacy Day, L.M. Memorial Public School, Dwarka
has taken an oath to embrace the village named Rajpur.

The school has taken the responsibility of educating the people residing in the village. Selected
students from each standard are taken there every weekend, during school hours to impart
knowledge. The first 6 month motive is to make each and every person capable of reading and
writing. Free books and stationery is being provided for quality education. Children are given time to
spend with each other, play games and interact. Apart from the educational needs, special care is
devoted to hygiene and sanitation. Girls are being given awareness on the importance of menstrual
hygiene as well. Various talent hunts have been organised which left everyone overawed. The
immense enthusiasm and zeal in the people to learn is the main driving factor.

A family kind of environment is being created. The school treats the people of
the village as its own students and is unbiased. By adopting a village, the
school is making its students sensitive towards the needs of the environment
at a young age. It is committed towards raising the leaders of tomorrow.

Q3. Cultural Society Sunshine Public School, Nellore organised an adult literacy
camp in its neighbourhood. Write a report in 150-200 words on the camp for your
school newsletter. You are P.V. Sunitha, Secretary. Use the following clues: no. of
volunteers – hours spent in teaching – location of the class – chairs, blackboards –
no. of people attending the camp – benefit.

Answer:
ADULT LITERACY CAMP
-BY P. V. SUNITHA, SECRETARY
An adult literacy camp was organised by Cultural Society Sunshine Public
School, Nellore in the school neighbourhood yesterday extending educational
options to those adults, who have lost the opportunity and have crossed the
age of formal education. The activities of the camp were carried out by the
cultural society of the school and there were a total of 25 volunteers.
The camp began with the welcome speech for the chief guest, Mrs. Kavita
Naik, a renowned social worker. 400 people were a part of the camp. They
were divided into different groups in accordance with their competencies.
They were taught the basics for being able to read and write. Free books and
stationery is being provided for quality education. All the arrangements
including desks and blackboard were done in advance. Apart from the
educational needs, special care was devoted to hygiene and sanitation. They
were taught basics of cleanliness like types of wastes and their management.
Refreshments were also provided to the participants. The immense
enthusiasm and zeal in the people to learn iwas the main driving factor.
The chief guest distributed the certificates of participation among the
volunteers. The camp ended on a positive note. There was an atmosphere of
learning and growing together.

Q4. You are Sandhya/ Sohan an active member of the Animal Lovers Club which
works for the welfare of animals by preventing cruelty to them. Recently you visited
Mahatma Gandhi Animal Care Home. You were pleasantly surprised to see the good
treatment given to the animals. Write a report in 150-200 words on your visit.
You may use the following points: injured dogs and cats – abandoned pets – very old
animals – all very well cared for – well-equipped medical room – veterinary surgeon
– green surroundings.

Visit to Mahatma Gandhi Animal Care Home

-Sandhya/Sohan
Animal Lovers Club was recently invited by the Mahatma Gandhi Animal Care
Home for a visit where an opportunity to oversee the working of the
organisation was given.
It is a home to abandoned pets, rescued animals and the ones injured on the
streets. There were many old animals as well. It was astounding to see the
quality of care the animals are being given. They have a family-like
environment for them. This helps them to heal faster and stay happy. The
animal home has all the facilities ranging from well- equipped medical room to
a veterinary surgeon. Regular check-ups of those unwell by a team of
veterinary specialists are carried out. The surroundings are animal-friendly as
well. They are not being ruthlessly kept in cages. They have green
surroundings with enough space for them to play and nurture.
Mahatma Gandhi Animal Care Home is doing a mind-blowing job by
understanding and fulfilling the needs of those who can’t speak for
themselves. The experience was an overwhelming one.
Q5. Independence Day was celebrated in your school. District Magistrate, Ms.
Indu Bala Sharma was the Chief Guest. Write a report on the function in 150-
200 words describing all the activities that took place. You are Head boy/Head
girl.

Answer:
GD Goenka School celebrated the Independence Day with great enthusiasm and
patriotic fervour. On the morning of August 14, 2018, our students presented hand-
made greeting cards and tri-colour flag badges to the senior management
functionaries of the school.
The cultural programme at school commenced with everyone singing ‘Vande
Mataram’ followed by flag hoisting by the chief guest, Ms. Indu Bala Sharma, the
District Magistrate. The spirit of freedom and nationalism was well exhibited by the
students as well as the teachers through a spectrum of patriotic poems,

speeches, quiz on freedom fighter, songs and dance. Committed to the task of
nation building, both faculty and student teachers pledged to serve their motherland
through spreading education and serving the community. A presentation on the
historical evolution of the national flag of India was shown. A documentary on the
contribution of unsung heroes of Indian freedom struggle like Tirupur Kumaran,
Kamla Devi Chattopadhayay and Khudiram Bose enlightened the audience. A few of
them spoke on the history and significance of the Independence Day and shed light
on the special highlight of celebrations this year
It ended with a speech by the principal on the topic, “What does freedom mean to
me?” The celebration concluded with the inspiring words of the principal madam,
followed by the National Anthem and the distribution of refreshments.

University Questions
AECC – English A—December 2019 Paper

S. No. of Question
Paper : 3267
Unique Paper Code : 72032801
Name of Paper : English A
Name of Course : Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course -I
Semester : I
Maximum Marks:
Duration : 3 Hours 75
(Write your Roll no. on the top immediately on receipt of this

question paper.) Answer All Questions.

1. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Is Anybody Inside?
(Author and publication details unknown)
The old man pressed his granddaughter’s face against the
chest. ‘Quiet’, he whispered urgently, ‘Don’t move. If you do,
we are lost.’ The mob came rushing down the road, shouting
slogans.
The Old man drew his arm protectively around the little girl’s shoulders. ‘Don’t cry,’
he whispered, ‘They will not find us here.’
Suddenly someone kicked the door open. It banged against the cement wall.
Framed in the open doorway, against a red sky, stood two men. Behind them
houses burned and the sky was thick with smoke.
‘Can you see anyone?’ asked the shorter of the two. ‘Not yet,’ was the reply.

A torch flashed. Its beam pierced the semi-darkness of the shed. The old man
shrank back against the stacks of firewood, hoping that the empty drums in front
would hide them from the searching light. Eyes wide with terror, he watched the
light sweep over the piles of wood. Probing the piles of charcoal, drawing closer and
closer, the powerful beam hit him in the eyes. His eyes caught the face of the tall,
dark man. For a moment, their eyes met and held. He knew the man, he knew him
very well. His neighbour’s son, his friend. But that didn’t seem to matter. Not now,
not any more. What mattered now was religion. To share the same belief in the
same God. The old man closed his eyes, and turned his face away. Trapped!
Caught! Too late to run. Too late to pray. Too late for anything. Time to die.
‘Do you see anything?’ The shorter pushed past. ‘Is anybody inside?’
The old man held his breath. With his eyes shut, his heart thumping wildly under his
sweat-stained shirt, he waited. After what seemed an eternity, the tall man’s words

reached

him, They came from far away. ‘No, let’s go. There is nobody here.’ And the shed
plunged into darkness once again.
(a) At the beginning of the story, what makes the old man feel that he and his
granddaughter are safe? 2
Or
How does the grandfather comfort his granddaughter? 2
In your own words, describe the atmosphere of fear in the
(b) story. 3
Or
What is the significance of the ‘red sky’, burning house, and a sky that
was ‘thick
with smoke’? 3
 Why does the old man not feel any relief when he recognizes his best
(c) friend, who is
also his neighbour’s son? 5
Or
What is the significance of the last paragraph of the story? What does it
suggest about
human relations? 5
(d) Use any 5 of the words given to write a descriptive paragraph of 50 -80
words. Mob, light, eyes, charcoal, powerful, closer, eternity, stained.
2. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions below:
From A Long Walk for Bina, by Ruskin Bond
Bina had been going to school in her own village of Koli, on the other side of the
mountain. But it had been a Primary School, finishing at Class Five. Now, in order

to study in the Sixth, she would have to walk several miles every day to Nauti, where
there was a High School going up to the Eighth. It has been decided that Sonu, her
younger brother, would also shift to the new school, to give Bina company. Prakash,
their neighbour in Koli, was already a pupil at the Nauti School. The children spoke
often about the fun they would have walking to and fro.
Pranab has mischievous nature, which sometimes got him into trouble, had resulted
in his having to repeat a year. But this didn’t seem to bother him. ‘What’s the hurry?’
he shrugged as he spoke, his tone careless and carefree. He had told his indignant
parents, ‘You’re not sending me to a foreign land when I finish school. And our cows
aren’t running away, are they?’ They are still angry about what he had said, but his
voice rose in amusement as he told Bina about the conversation.
‘You would prefer to look after the cows, wouldn’t you?’ asked Bina seriously, with
concern in her eyes, as they got up to continue their walk.
“Oh, school’s all right. But there’s more to life … Hey! Do you know, there’s a new
teacher this year, Miss Ramola. She’s very young, they say, just out of college.
Everyone in school is talking about her – I wonder what she’ll be like.”
Bina looked up, excited at this new piece of information. Her eyes shone as she
thought about all the questions she wanted to ask, all the new things she might
learn.

Bina walked faster and Sonu had some trouble keeping with them. She took his
hand and helped him along, walking close to him, her hand on his shoulder often.
She was thrilled about the new school and the prospect of different surroundings.
She had seldom been outside her own village, with its small school and single ration
shop. The day’s routine never varied – helping her mother in the fields or with
household task like fetching water from the spring or cutting grass and fodder for
the cattle. Her father, who was a soldier, was away for nine months in the year and
Sonu was still too small for the heavier tasks.
 As they neared Nauti village, they were joined by other children coming from
different directions. Even where there were no major roads, the mountains were full
of little lanes and short cuts. Like a game of snakes and ladders, these narrow paths
zigzagged around the hills and villages, cutting through fields and crossing narrow
ravines until they came together to form a fairly busy road along which mules, cattle
and goats joined the throng.
(a) Find examples of non-verbal communication in the passage. 2
Or
Find examples of effective communication by the pitch of the voice in this
speech. 2
Where do we find feedback to the speech in this passage? What is
(b) the feedback? 2
Or
Listening is as important as speaking. List examples from the above

passage to show
that the children are alert listeners. 2
(c) Define ‘Grapevine’ and locate relevant example(s) in the passage. 2
Or
Define ‘Social Space’ and locate relevant example(s) in the passage. 2
(d) Semantic noise is defined as barrier that is generated within a message, and is
caused by factors such as limited vocabulary, cultural differences, and blocked
categories. Find an example of semantic noise in the passage and explain why
you think it occurs
here. 3
Or
The 7Cs of effective communication are Completeness, Conciseness,
Consideration, Clarity, Comcreteness, Courtesy and Corrrectness. Find
examples of any three of
these in the passage above. 3
Answer any two of the 4 questions below based on the passage above:
(a) Imagine that you are a reporter sent to the village to interview the children Bina,
Sonu and Prakash about the hardships they face as rural students. Write an
interview based in the information in the passage. You may add details from your
imagination if necessary.
10
(b) You are a journalist who has been sent by your newspaper to interview Miss
Ramola about the challenges of teaching in a village. Based on the passage write
an interview
with her. 10

(c) If Bina and Praksh had a conversation about the importance of school education,
 how do you think it would proceed? Write a dialogue between Bina and Prakash,
when Bina tries
to convince Prakash to concentrate more on his studies. 10
(d) Write a public speech about the benefits and necessity of affordable and easily
available
basic education, especially in rural areas. 10
3. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Chief Seathl’s Letter
In 1855, the Native American Chief Seathl of the Suwamish people wrote a letter to
the President of the United States of America in response to the President’s demand
to forcibly buy the tribal land.
How can you buy or sell the sky – the warmth of the land? The idea is strange to
us. We do not own the freshness of the air or the sparkle of the water. How can you

buy them from us? …. Every part of this earth is sacred to my people. Every shinning
needle, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark woods, every humming insect is
holy in the memory and experience of my people. We know that the White man
does not understand our ways … The earth is not his brother, but his enemy, and
when he has conquered it, he moves on. He leaves his father’s graves behind and
he does not care. He kidnaps the earth from his children. He does not care. His
fathers’ graves and his children’s birth right is forgotten. His appetite will devour the
earth and leave behind only a desert.
One thing we know, which the white man may one day discover. Our God is the
same God. You may think now that you own him as you wish to own our land. But
you cannot. He is the God of all men. This earth is precious to him. And to harm the
earth is to heap contempt on its creator. The whites shall pass – perhaps sooner
than other tribes, Continue to contaminate your bed and you will one night suffocate
in your own waste. When the buffalo are all slaughtered, the wild horses all tamed,
the sacred corner of the forest heavy with scent of many men, and the view of the
ripe hills blotted by talking wires, where is the thicket? Gone. Where is the eagle?
Gone. And what is it to say goodbye to the swift and the hunt – the end of the living
and the beginning of the dying.
Answer any two of the 4 questions below:
(1) Analyse the difference between the ideas of the white man and the native/tribal
people as seen through Chief Seathl’s letter. Can you propose a middle path
between the two
contrasting views of how the earth should be used? 10
(2) Chief Seathl wrote this letter 165 years ago, using terms and a style that are not
used in our time.
Paraphrase the above passage in not more than 75 words in contemporary
language
and style. 10
 (3) Expository writing calls for logical analysis. Using material from Chief Seathl’s
letter, write an expository essay on the following topic: Europeans’ (the white
men’s) idea of development was completely different from that of the tribal
people, and it has
ultimately led to the destruction of the planet as the Chief
predicted. 10

(4) What kind of person do you think Chief Seathl is based on this letter? How
would you
interpret his value and goals? 10
Answer the following questions:
(5) The above passage is an extract from Chief Seathl’s letter to the President of

the United States. Based on this letter, write a letter from Chief Seathl to his
children in
which he explains to them what will happen to their way of life once their land
is
gone. 10
Or
The President of the United States has asked you to do a survey of Chief
Seathl’s tribal land at opportunities for ‘development’. Write a report on the
findings of your survey, the prospects for development that the President wants,
and your own
recommendation on whether the land should be bought or
not. 10