= COMBINATIONS {11 INTRODUCTION Inthe previous chapter, we have studied arrangements of some of them or all at a time. Most of the times we are weare more concerned in selecting a number of objects from given number of objects. In other words, we do not want to specify the ordering of selected objects. For example, a company may want to select 3 persons out of 10 applicants, a student may want to choose three books from hie library at a time etc. a certain number of objects by taking not interested in arranging the objects, but Suppose we want to select three persons out of 4 persons A, B, Cand D. We may choose A, B, C srA,B, Dor A, C, Dor B,C, D. Note that we have not listed A, B,C;B, C,A:C, A, B;B, A, C;CB.A and A, B separately here, because they represent the same selection A, B, C. But, they give rise ‘odifferent arrangements. It is evident from the above discussion that in a selection the order in which objects are arranged is immaterial 17.2 COMBINATIONS COMBINATIONS Each of the different selections made by taking some or all of a number of objects, iespective of their arrangements is called a combination. TMUSTRATION 1 List the different combinations formed of three letters A, B, C taken two at a time. SOLUTION The different combinations formed of three letters A,B, C are: AB, AC, BC ILUSTRATION 2 Write all combinations of four letters A, B,C, D taken two at a time. SOLUTION Various combinations of two letters out of four letters A, B, C, D are: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD. OF ERENCE BETWEEN A PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION (i) Ina combination only selection is made whereas in a permutation not only a selection is made but also an arrangement in a definite order is considered. a, \t}) Ina combination, the ordering of the selected objects is immaterial whe Permutation, the ordering is essential. For example, A, B and B, A are same as combinations itdifferent as permutations. : 5 (i) Practically to find the permutations of n different items, taken rata oe vs fae gelen ‘ ‘tems from n items and then arrange them. So, usually the number of permutatior Tumber of combinations. i ‘) Each combination corresponds to many permutations. For sea os os permutations ABC, ACB, BCA, BAC, CBA and CAB correspond to the same combination ei REMARK Generally w the word ‘arrangementsfor permutations and the word ‘selections’ fo ly we use Combinations. ‘ NOTATION The number. ofall combinations of n objects, taken rata time is generally denoted by Cnr) m1 nm n mol i i »bjects. Thus,"C, or C (n, 7) = Number of ways of selecting r objects from n objects© nin EROOF Let the number of combinations of n distin ofthese x ways Therearerabjecsin this season whichcan nearer en cat of the x combinations gives rise tor! permutations, So, Permutations. Consequently, the number of o But, this number is also equal to "P,. "% nin * Gn Grint = 8G, = MADO-2..6-1 VA f= =1).3.2.1 n= (n-F-1)...3.2.1) 0.2. 1G a MDD sy eee 2 Sometimes this form of, is also very convenient to use. REMARK2 Wehave, "C, el Putting =n, we obtain pear ad a cm G=mini ~ x01 = 1 Patingr = 0, we bay ese nl ae G=07G Thus, "Cy = "Cp = 1. REMARK: We have, ng = Ant oom ~ ln, 173. PROPERTIES OF "C, ORC (n,») {In this section, we shall discuss some important properties of"C, . PROPERTY 1 ForOsrsn, weave "C, = "C,_,. soy Fntaren eine =, ‘can be arranged in! ways, Tse combinations will give rise tox) Permutations ofn things, taken rata timeis x () QED. COMBINATIONS owas Theater con erat aol Yeon y re nor-ncqatioe inegers uch thal y ont CHENG ‘This cam also be stated as :"C, uUsteaTion If "Cy ="Cq, find he ae of. SAUTON Welnow that; "Cy=NCy <> x4y=" or ay. Nya", > ne7e4en PROPERTY 2. Let nand rbe non-negative neers sch hat Sm inoor Wehave, es a 1 = niet” eID 1 Fi “we =nini* Gare IND! A =D Gare DE 1 at meant rat nt [rceterl * Gone reer min) © Gone Dire asda “Gar Da-nire—D & SPR. T property one Pac ae "Cy > ray orxtyan WUSTRATION 2 Find the unl ofthe ex174 ‘cowsinATIONS PROPERTY Letnand benon-ngatvinegers such thal 1 een ett “io Banners’, PROPERTY "C = "Cy ray or, x+yon, PROOF Weave, Scene erin, : key zeny oy or rtyen Be ale ane cyeie = ATIC ie = 4178 MATHEMATICNn | couBINATIONS EXAMPLES SOLUTION, Wenare, 0 CR SRM tn =) n(n 61) (n+ 2) = 19%(3x7) (6x 3) (4x9) ae oe Rea Raray iy ob ase cae oe SOLUTION We know that Pommrret ry Ga Itis given that "C, =84 and", =126 n= 3" a "co > 3 — pee 2 math Tea 6 = MANGE» ay ce eae “HOD ORI ar OHH) yy MODO=DET : ees + by (r=1) in. ete nn—D =a daha Se na meus as "aed BAMPLES Preeti: Gy « 203-5-..0n=1) i a +1 SOLUTION. We have A “ Moa = SE > tye te wes Gam nt ioe = (PY Qn-1) (2n-2)...5-4.3.2-1 Solving i), we get 29 Qn-9Qn=2)..5-4.3.2.1 = B85 an) ant 11:35... n=) 2 ant 2 1 3-5..Qn=-0) nf BAMPLES If "+e, SOLUTION We have, m4 ae a 2% = 57:16, find nMATHEMATIES (Hever? EXAMPLES Prove atthe product ofr consecutiv poste integers i divisible by SOLUTION Let the consecutive positive integers be (n+ 1), (8+ 2,(+ 3)» (0-41) The Product = (n+) (n+ 2) (n+ 3)..(0+r) nll +1) (+ 2) (0+ 3). 1.2.3. men) (94 2).f047 mt” Fine) A ("77 rt, which is divisibleby rt fete wea EXERCISE 3 (event 1 Bvaluate the folowing Oey Ww PCy Gi) Bag 2 IE"Cya =", find the value of a 4 UC ="Cp And Cae yfind x aaa ee 7. Uy = BG, 5 find 8 168, ~7C5 ='Cy find Aut Gamers 10. 16"? 2¢5 1-2, 7 16, find 11. 1 gp: MC 4 = 22511 fn 12. UMC "Cs and "gare in AP, then find n. 13. 1f?'Cy "Cy =44:3, find eae Ce 15. Ifa ="Cp, then find the valveolC3 LeveL? 16. Prove that the product of 2 consecutive negative integers is divisible by (20) 17. Forall positiveintegersn show that "Cy + 6,_1 = 1 2** 2,5 1S. Prove that: “Cay: ™Cy =[1-3-5,..(4n—1)]:11-3-5...(20-DP 19 Bratuate MCs +, "cy, 20. Letr-and n be postive integers such that <7 <1 Then prove the followin 1 368 6 1 Mernws 27 +% Weer Oe se Une D Urn —Dim-2 5 soe 43515 2 _ HNTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEM cr Dyna fe-7 21+ Bed consecutive negative integer. Then thei qe tan cr or product Pis give PaCo™resne ives ees e010) (420-0! (4 28-D ogy von @=DIaate A early Pis divisible by Cr! 174 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ON COMBINATIONS. Inthissection, we intend to discuss some problemsin ea smearing can be applied. a (tevent 4 student, are to be chosen for competition. oe many ays ca this 1 fe where the formula for "Cy and its edone? “<4 z SOLUTION Out of 32 stuclents, students canbe selected in C4 WAYS x! Required numberof ways 2°C4 = 5r4h aia foro acancies: Actes ove for ‘seus Tine gentmen and he aes rnd feocanddate I ae many os one st hi nce SOLUTION Chel, hee ae 6 candidates aed ver ha to ale fo 6 ae "pie number of ways ste number of ways selesing 226 z e Hence the equted number of ways = C2 =3443 Lussier are 12 per prin ech ee a mon handshakes pp nthe party?” pucoe dees ero SOLUTION testo nate here tha, when tro persons shake hands ot two. So, this isa problem on combinations: = ean a Tretota number of handshakes is same asthe numberof Te selecting? persons among penons ic, 4c, = 12! cos baweue ‘ution pe pot Pt hed BB era aaa tugs can echo he ustions student so chs 8 from Part Aan from art inom eae ets na het wach 8 avons 29 Se ons in| ‘ay. inal, 5 questions canbe chosen fom part Bcontanin 1 s cee the tol puber of way of elec 8 ono Ba FTES Wey My = 3, a cq Ye, = Hn Hg eT 15,17310 MATHEMATICNn OAMPLES In how many ways a committe of 5 members can be consisting of 8 men and 2 women ? SOLUTION Three men out of 6 men can be selected in °C, ways, ‘ante selected in °C, ways Therefore, by the fundamental principle of counting, men atone nen and 2 women out ofS women can be select in conf, =| 2°5*4 .2%4) «200 ways bl errrrab est (0 thereis mo restriction on the selection? (i) a particular player is alwys chosen? (i) a particular player is never chosen? SOLUTION ()) The total number of ways of selecting 11 players out of 15s, atx 3012 Ben = Besar BC Ge deded 1365 (i) a particular player is always chosen. This means that 10 players are selected out ofthe remaining 14 players. Required numberof ways = "yp = MCy4_ 5p = MC, =1001 (i) If particular player is never chosen. This means that 11 players are selected out ofthe remaining 14 players Required number of ways = Cy, = MCyq DxAsurLE7 commie of12 io beformed fom omen and 8 ax. how many way i ete done fat nt fo women het Be included in acme? I how mary of thse commits 0 omen aren majority te men are a majority? SOLUTION There are9 women and 8men A commiteeof 12, consisting of atleast 5 women be formed by chosing (9 5 women and 7 men (i) 6 women and 6 men (ji) 7 women and 5 (9) Swomenand4men”(¥) 9 womenand men Total numberof ways of forming the committe = FOC, + C46 + 9Gy 1 Ny + 94 Cy + "Cy = 1258 + 64x 28+ 36% 5669170 +156 = 6052 ‘Cleat, women are in majority in (i), (and (cases as dacs above So total umber of committees in which women aren majo Cp N64 Cy Cy + Cy x ACs = 36% 5649x7041 56 = 2702 Clearly, men rein majoty in only () case a discussed above $0, total umber of commites in which men aren majority = °C» Cy " PLAMILE SA commit of the persons isto be cnstuted fom group of? men and 0m Seo ee ee 26 8 = 1008 of SOLUTION There are 5 persons (2 men and 3 women). In order consitute a comites Persons we ned 9 select thre persons out of given 5 person This can be done in°C3 37% a uBINATIONS committe ean be formed in°C3 => waysand2 women canbe selected from 3 women 0 ways Sethe sow tan canbe selected from2men in3C, ways Therefore required avirue 9s Wha is the number of ays samy ofthese umber of committees is Cx *Cq =2* 3=6 choosing 4 card frm a pack of 52 playing cards? In hows (4) four cards belong to four different sits? ) tv re red card an eo are black cards? (NCERTI 6) fora oe oft same suit? (i) four ends are face cards? (0 cds arf SowTON Four cards canbe chosen from 52 er sl m PC,=2 ae a Hence, required number of ways = 270725. () There ae four suits (diamond, spade, cub and 3c ways of choosing 4 diamond cards, Cy ways 1nd 3, ways of choosing heart cards. Genin tpnecassand *Cqwapotshoning acct 13, + Bey Mey adn Cg mdegeg to four different sults means one (i) There are 13 cards in each suit Four cards drawn belong fo four pears tdi dram fom each suit Out 13 lamond cards one crea Baden i "C3 Sinary there are ™C, ways of choosing one cub ard, 91C, ways of choosing one wpa nd 19; ways of choosing one het card. come , Tinie wtp cacesing on ant om met eats ep ee (Tee scars uth exc conn 24 aM a ‘a8 2 (W¥) There are 26 red cards and 26 black cards. Therefore, 2red cards cane chowenies 'Ca ways ‘tnd 2 black cards can be chosen in Cz ways. Hence, 2 red and 2 black cards can be chosen in, playing cards in '*C, ways, near of 13 cards cach, Therefore thre ae of choosing 4 club cards, °C, ways of Required number of ways. = "Cy Required number of ways = Cy = () Out of 26 red cards, 4 ned cards can be chosen i Fc canbe 2B a Entiu, cattre israel Dyce iat) OL Maneel Y.2 men out of S men and 1 woman out of woman can Be Nae teyo( HL) aca easy 254 wa 4 lack cards can 'Cq ways: Similarly afca ——~. -— ae yaa MATHEMATICS EXAMPLES In how many wwgs cana ericket team be selected from a group of batsmen, 8 bowlers, 5 all-rounders and 2 wicket keepers ? Assume that the team o batsmen, 3 all-rounder, 2 bowlers and 1 wicketkeeper. orem (i) Selection of 5 batsmen out of 10. This can be done in ‘°C; ways. (Gi) Selection of 3 all-rounders out of 5, This can be done in °C ways. (iv) Selection of one wicket keeper out of 2. This can be done in 7C, ways, ‘The team can be selected in #9C, x 5C3 x Cy x 2C, =141120 ways EXAMPLE12 A committe of 5s tbe formed out of 6 gents Aone, shen (i) atleast to lies ae included? nd ladies. I ow many tons this cme (4) at most to ladies are included? be formed inthe SOLUTION (i) A committee of 5 persons, consisting of at least two ladies, c following ways: T Selecting 2 ladies out of 4 and 3 gents out of 6. This can be done in *Cp 3 ways II Selecting 3 ladies out of 4 and 2 gents out of 6. This can be done in 4C x %C ways IM Selecting 4 ladies out of4 and 1 gent out of 6. This ean be done in 8Cy x ®Cy ways Since the committe i formed in each cas. Therefore by the fundamental principle of aion 8c, «Cy +405 x %Cp 80H 120 + 60 + 6=186 can be constituted in te The total number of ways of forming the committee (li) A committee of 5 persons, consisting of at most two ladie following ways 1 Selecting 5 gents only out of 6. This can be done in 5 ways a 11 Selecting 4 gens only out of 6 and one lady out of. This canbe done in Ca» "C1 6x tears IIL Selecting 3 gents only out of 6and two ladies out of 4. This canbe done is fonming Since the comumitiee Is formed in each case. So, the total number of ways off committee = "5+ °C4 x SC, + Cx {Cy =6 + 60+ 120 =186 EXAMPLE) tox contin diferent rand 6 aifeen while balls, I hos many 88 felted otha here ara lost balls ofeach colour ? SOLUTION The selection of 6 balls, consisting of a east two balls fe 6 white bale canbe made inte following ways (i) By selecting 2 red alls out of 5 and 4 white balls out of 6. Thi Fe x &, 2 °C ways, tbe done if (8) By selestng 3 red balls out of 5 and 3 white balls out of 6 This an vais ch colour from 50808 is can be done 504 x Cy ways. ve done # (Gi) By selecting 4 red balls out of 5 and 2 white balls out of 6. This ca” Sy 8p ways, Since th sleston of Sls can be compleein anyone of the abOwe 29% gl Hence, by the fandamental principe of addition, the total number of ways 1084 280g x Cy +703 x 8Cy + 9Cy x Cy =10% 15 + 10 20 +5% 15 = 425. 13 cousnaTions 5 are reserve for SC candidates «orth post of ces, ee are 2 apa 2 pots aman thc opis Ins maya ca econ We mae aa early, there are7 SC candidates and 16 other candidates, We have to select 2 out an eto Nother candidates This canbe done in?C, x WC ways eC exniates eee iv amber of ways of making the selection =7Cax MC =1176 vero teen a co Onward sed by sdtings eS ‘This can be done in °C ways. i = : 1s has n vertices. By joining any two vertices of a polygon, we son pln is Nan ie gmetad Mune cng ott =" panne anes How many triangles souvti0n Ther vertices fom given 6 vertices Number of triangles = “C3 SOLUTION A polygon of n sides nin) a Otol these ines ines are the sides ofthe polyzon Number of diagonals ofthe polygon = “5 -™ = its sides. ‘xanrue 17 A polygon has 44 diagonals. Find the mumber a SOLON Let thee be a sides ofthe polygon. We know thatthe number of ) 02 nell Yo 44-3 x? = 30-88 <0 (nT) + Hence, there are 11 sides of the polygon. é antrie i How many chords en be draxn hah 21 poms A EAT OO SOLUTION A chords obtained by joining any two poinisonaciras. Mos et Opa Rae, Aa ay irl Points. This can be done in "IC ways aul Hence total number of chords =71Ca = 5a) ~2t = 1210s nPavihenm is even. ence he shoul invite 10 frends a ime ode ‘canto ifm paral lines in plane ae intersect ‘amber of parallelograms formed. ‘Sturn 9 palogam formed an two seaght lines ro he se 01% 17414 MaTHEMAT COMBINATIONS “a 1 bored: In this case the boy does not want to borrow emisiry part 180 on a he hast set thee books fom the remaining 6 books. This canbe done "Ca ways and two stipe Qrasistry Part I. So, he has to sel ae er of ways =7C) + §Cy=21 4 2041. tec the required mumber of ways=7C3 + Cy Two straight lines from the set of m pa allel lines can be chosen in lines from the set of n parallel lines can be chosen in "Cy ways, Hence, the number of parallelograms formed = "C3 x "Cy ee mOn=V) , ma—1) _ mim) (n-1) snus 35. imhowo many ways con 7 plus (+) signs and minus (- signs be arranged tne Baer pis BAOMLER “Thee 1p nap rtee gocher sme rela a ca sn arangein ony ne wayne late points whihareclinear, nd the) umber of stag tera fon oe ne SSLUTION The pis sgn v8 cs pas Peo below "ey ‘umber of triangles that can be formed wit the vertices LTTE abe spoce forthe minus Sncethere are ayeamnov be $a umf nk ws rete Te ve mu i 2 Fa ee nnn pn are ena, v8 mina sigs canbe raged chosen SOLUTION (i) Number of straight ines formed joining the 10 Points, taking ata time [Ablankbox inthe above arrangement shows: Number of straight ines formed by joining the four points, taking atatime =4c, in 8 ways, Since all minus s But, 4 collinear points, when joined pairwise give only one line. Required number of straight lines = 456 +1 ~40. (i) Number of riangies formed by joining the points, taking 3 ata time = "Cy Number of triangles formed by joining the 4 points, taken 3 ata time = 4C3 = Bt, colinear points cannot forma triangle when taken 3a time. $0 Required number of angles =120- File XAMPLE22 Ina pone thre are 37 straight ins, of which 13 pas trough he point Aan p88 through the point B. Besides, no thre lines passthrough one point no line passes through both points A ‘dB and oto are para. Find the mar of pos of erscton of he sah ie SOLUTION The number of points of intersection of 37 straight lines is 37 C,, But 13 straight ine goth svn 37 sight nes pas though the ume point A. Therefore tnd of gE 8C; points, we get merely one point A. Similarly, 11 straight lines out of the given 37s 4 lines intersect at point B. Therefore instead of getting "C3 points, we get only one Point Merce the number ofintsecton pints ofthe linsis °C ¥Cp "Cg ¥ 2-508 PXAMMLED | Froma caso 25students,1retbchse fran cxcrson arty. Tea swhodecide at cite al ofthe wlan or noe of hm ll jon Is ho ary we 2 BEL hse? SOLUTION. We have the lowing possiiities os i) Three particular students join the excursion party: In this case, we have to choose 7: Lr from the remaining 22 students. This can be done in 22C, ways. (8) Three partir students do not ain he excursion party this case, we have © ‘students from the remaining 22 students. This can be done in Co ways. enc, the required number of ways» 2 + 2Cyy = 817190. « 1d RATER Ae has 3 ibary tickets and 8 ocho his interest nthe irary, OF i 8 Se ‘want to borrow Chemistry Part Il, unless Chemistry Part I is also borrowed. bn how marty ‘hose ete bck te fore? SOLUTION We have the following two possibilities sate {0 Wen Chir pers baronet inthis case he boy may oon Chis Fat, ‘has to select now two books out of the remaining 7 books of his interest, This can D@ 5 ways, vet toes in only one way. Hence the numberof possible arrangements 1 8C5 x1 =56: lb ina row on ash 1 coms can 2 identical books on English and 19 identical bokson Hindi be 50 thal to books on Hind may nt be together? si ether, we must fis arrange all books in the ean be arranged ina row in only ow SOLUTION inorder that no wo book on inde Enh ow Sie al Eglshbwoke ardent 2 eee REnEa Ee Bo XBXE Her E denotes the position of an English bookand that ofa Hiei baoks Seth ae 1 olson Epic rab pes maka ere Now ke or Hin arto te aang in these 2 lace hn wo fhe gees js price haan ey a Sina bento Hd identical, so 19 books on Hindi can be arranged in 19 chosen places in only ‘equired number of ways =1 x Cy x1 = 1540. EXERCISE 172 Iinhow many ways, 1. Troma group of 5 cricket player team of players stb chosen canthisbe done? = 2. How many afferent boat parties of, consisting of Sboys and gis eanlbe made from 25 Boys and 0 gil 3. in how many ways can a student choose compulsory for every stent? Ceara pene tanya tne wl 6) ne 2 pric payers? i) echade> Peet 5. There are 0 profesor and 20 rodents out of whom cones C12 Pray seen istobefrmed. Find the number of san ‘many ofthese commits () a particular professors included. (i) «parsculars (Gi) a paccular student i excluded ‘How many different product canbe obtained 3.5.7.1 (without repetition)?17216 + In how many ways can a team of 3 boys and 3 i MATHEMATICS rom a cass of 12boys and 10 gis 10 students ae tobe chosen including boys ands gis. The2 girs who wont ore ao how many ways can the selection be made? page= How many diferent selections of 4 books can be made () there is no restriction; (i) twope (Gi) two particular books are never selected? From 4ofcers and 8fawans in how many ways can 6 officer (i) to incide at easton offices? A sports team of11 students sto be constituted, choos least trom dlassXI there are20 students nese the teams be constituted? aon Petition at ea ld beinclded ticular books : always selected be chosen (ito include exactly oe ng atleast 8 from class anda elas, in how many wap A student has to answer 10 question, ch ston, choosing at least rom each of part A there are 6 questions in part A and 7 in part, een cot ees Par Aand7 inpartB,inhow many wayscanteeshaent neg Inanexaminationastudent are how fever compulsory the choice i A candidate is require has to answer 4 questions out of 5 ions out of5 questions; questions Land? Determine the number of ways in which the student can make to answer 7 questions out of 12 restions out of 12 questions which are dvd io {wo_roups each containing 6 questions. He isnot permited to attenpt sore tn questions fom either group. n how many ways can he choose the? nee? There are 10 points ina plane of wh can be drawn by joining thee points Find the number of agonal of) a hexagon (i) a polygon of 16 sides. How many tangles can be obtained by joining 12 pont five of which are colina? In how many ways cana committe ofS persons be formed out of 6 men and 4 Wom? when atleast one woman has tobe neces eee na vile, there are 87 families of which 52 families have at most 2 children. Ina a fvelopment programine, 20 families are tobe helped chosen for sostance of wih least families msthaveatmst2 chine nko as eerste eve male! A group consists of 4 girls and 7 boy : aa ls and 7 boys. In how many waye can a tem of 5 me ‘selected if the team has (i) no girl? (ii) at y e gic? (ii) at eat oe (mo gi i a east one boy and one gi? (Ha a ‘commie of 3 persons is tobe many ways tsb done Find the number of () diagonal (i als i ranges formed in adecagon Determine the number of 5 cards combinat it atleast one Deepa benunber ons ut of adeckol 2 arf ont ‘We wish to select 6 persons from 8, but if the Nosen, | i 4 but the person A ischosen then Bust how many ways can. the selection be made? so ‘i ich4 are collinear. How many different straight les ‘constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In low many of these committees would consist of ma an pier Find the number of ways of selecting 9b. sand sbluebalel tiveness mS Determine the number of is tic ex enc crinean number of card combinations out ofa deck of 52 cards ther ee en be sce from 5 boxe . war 1 ways can ome select a circket team of eleven from 17 players in which only 5 sop can bow! if each cricket team of 1 must ince exactly 4 bowlers? contains back and 6 ed balls Determine the umber of ways in which 2 black nd Jrfbalseanbe selected INCERT] abr many ways cana student choose programme Gf 5coures If Sis a pci couse ere compuleory or vey tsnt? ‘Neer ‘commitce of7 has obe formed fom 9 boys ad 4 gil now many way can ts be () acy 3 gis? (i) atleast gil? (i) atmoat git INceRT] Inanexamination a question paper consist of 2 questions dived ito wo prise, Pat ining Sand 7 question respectively. A stent teuined fo tempt ‘cleat ect’ fom each part In ow many waysean a atentslet oo 5 ”: INCERT] Tand Pat I, «question in a the questions? am LEVEL? ® A parallelogram is cut by two sets of m lines parallel to is sides. Find the number of Parallelograms thus formed. Outof 18 points ina plane, no three are inthe same straight line except five points which are collinear How many () straight lines (ji) triangles can be formed by joining them ? ANSWERS 1 1365 2 6375400 335 4 4368 (9 2002 (i) 364 5. 51300 () 10260 (i) 7695 (ii) 43605 6 11% 104874 § @210 (i) 28 i) 70% (22 Gi) 896 10. 20C5 x MC) M266 12.313, 780 14.4015. @) 9 Gi) 1416. 21017. 246 2+ Cyyx BC +3Caqx Sq 19, 210i) 4416) 91 2. () 35 BH 120 8866552. 22 24. 4025, 2000 27. 3360 28. 200 ee. 2.35 30. (sot (58 (a) 160-3. 232." 2Cyy (9) 144i), 806 _HINTS TO NCERT & SELECTED PROBLEMS 2% Required no, of boat partes = C5 Cy, Sine 2s ar compulsory Sth santa chose course out oe remaining 7 courses. This can be done in?C ways. + Wehave to select 11 players out of 16 So, required numberof ways = "6Ciy- {Since 2 particular players are lays included, we have to select 9 players out of the remaining 14 players. This ean be done in Cg ways. (Since particular players are excluded from every selection so, we have fo select 1 can be done in Cy, ways. rg, Pavers from the remaining 14 players. This ean be ‘Total numberof products = Number of ways of selecting 2 or 3 or all out of 4 numbers deni mereka tye reed eth es om ‘girs whe won the prizes lat year ape 1 be ince in very : feeinher better tremrer pre Bl. This can be denein Cy Cy + 5548) + ACH = 1OMZA ways,9. 2 14 2. 2, 2 26, ny. warheu (9) Required numberof ways = 4Cy x 8 a Required numberof ways = Total no. of ways-No. of waysofee =e selecting nce Required numberof ways = 2% e+ Mey x Bey The various possibilities are (4 from part A - from part A and 6 from part B (i from part B (i) 6 from part A and 4 from part 8 $om pat As $0 the rouied numberof ways =, «7, + "C5 Cy + Cy7cy 4 Required number of ways = % i Required number of ways = x Cy + Cy 185+ a 84+ Cy Sega Number of taight ines = °C — 4c, Number of tangles = %c, 52 families have at most 2 child Selection of made as und ren, while 35 families have more than 2 chien Te ilies of which at least 18 families must have at most 2 children ean (i) 18 families out of 52 and 2 families out of Gi) 19 families out of 52 and 1 family out Gi) 20 families out of 0f35 () From a group of 4 girls and 7 boys, a team ofS consisting of no girls can be che (i) A team of 5 consisting of at least one boy and one grt canbe chosen in Cp 40g + 7C x HC +705 x 44 474 (ii) team of 5 consisting of atleast 3 girls canbe chosen in ey x7Cy 4 4C,x7C, = 91 wap, = Ales A comimitte of persons out of 2 men and 3 women canbe constituted in C3 =10™0 ‘committe of man and 2 women canbe constituted in 2C x "Cy =6 48 Required number of combinations = Total numberof 5 card combinations =Number of 5 car combinations having po KS: cy — Hc, = 665 C5 x45 a0 ‘Number of ways of selecting 9 balls = Cx °C x 5C = 2000. ut of 4 aces one ace can be selected in $C, ways and from the remaining 48.36% cards can be selected in C4 ways So, mmber of 5 cards combination conse exactly one ace = 4x Cy = 778500, Required number of ways = "Cy x Cy 0 (Out ofS blackand 6red balls, black and 3 red balls canbe chosen inSC2 * "C3 Required number of ways = Number of ways of selecting 3 courses out of7 =7Cs ways =35, [Number of ways of selecting ta couBiNATIONS {9 Acommite consisting of gil and 4 boys canbe formed i? BC {iA committe consisting of atleast 3 gis can be formed in 8Cy x §C + °C x *C iy Reommiie of at most 3 gis canbe formed in 4x {q+ gx 440 °C Ca 94x Kg = 162 wm 1. Atleast 3 questions canbe selected in the lowing ways Patt Pact : 5 4 ‘ 5 3, $0, requced number of ways = "C3 "Gy "Cy 70; tgs cg mt parallel lines consists of (m+ 2) lines and each parallelogram is formed by Tines fom the fist set and two straight lines fom the second st parallelograms ="*2C, x ™"*2Ce, Hence the total number o 175 MIXED PROBLEMS ON PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS) 1m this section, we intend to discuss some practical problems where both permutations ad combinations sre use a i lustrated in thefllowing examples. NLLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES TevELT] AMPLE Out of consonants and # vos, how many word of consonants and 2 vowed cam be SOLUTION Three consonants out of7 and 2 vowels out of 4 can be chosen in”Cs » Ca ways, Hence, the required number of words =(°C * §C)«'5!= 25200. M1 Hioxw many four-letter word am be formed using the eters ofthe word FAILURE so that (() F is included in ench word ? (1) F ia not included tang ward “ure then inn heres Tee ‘ahh 8a ey wn Tascam ey ng te ee ‘rom the remaining 6 letersi. A I L, U, R. Ein °C ways, Now, there ane eters st “cy stions Coie ne ofthese °C ection. This section contig eter wich can be arranged in 4! ways. Thus, each of °C, selections provides St words: Hence, the total number of words = Cs x = 480. ans 4 i any wa hes ie inne te annem nonce Hence, the total number of words = yx 41= 340- “i PLU Haw mmy rth itt mening em efmel EQUATION ta imeso tha cosa comanens ca gether?v0 uneueall ‘Therefore, vowels and corisonants can be put together in!» 31 oa |ATION. All vowels ante 31x 2Iwaysie. 10 wayy How many ie eter words containing 3 vowels eters ofthe word EQUATION s thatthe to consonants can beformed using he SOLUTION There are5 vowels and 3 consonants inthe word EQUATION’. Thee vowds out ‘of and 2 consonants out of 3. in be chosen in5C;, x °C ways. So there are°C, » 1 roe each containing 3 consonants and two vowels, Now, each group contains 5 letters which ary be arranged in such a way that 2 consonants occur together. Considering 2 consonant som letter, we have 4 letters which can be arranged in 4! ways, But two consonant canbe pa together in 2! ways. Therelore, Ietersin each group can be arranged in 4!» 2! wa. Hence, the required number of words = (°C x °C) 4x 21=1440 AMPLES How many words with or with and 3 comet formed rom he ettersof the word DAUGHTER? NCEE SOLUTION There are 3 vowels and 5 consonants in the word DAUGHTER out of which? vowels and consonants can be chosen in 3; x 5C ways, These selected fv tes an be arranged in 5! ways Hence, required number of words meaning, each 2 of vo 12 5Cx51= 3 «10% 120 = 3600 SXAMPLES The English lpaiet has 5 sows nd 21 contonets, How mary words with et ‘outs and 2 different consonants can be formed from the alphabe! ”, Naa SOLUTION Out of 5 vowels and 21 consonants, 2 vowels and 2 consonants can be chosen # cq 1c, ways. These selected 4 letters can now be arranged in 4! ways. Therefore by BE fundamental principle of counting, required number of words is 5e_ x Me, x 41=10 210 x 24 = 50400, together? SOLUTION Siceboysaretobe separate. Therefore ets seat 5 ils Thine Stays. For each such arrangement, three boys canbe seated only a the cross mate xGxGxGxGxGx ee ‘There are 6 crossed marked places and three boys can be seated in °C. x SIsvays. Hence bY fundamental principle of counting, the total number of ways isS!= °C» 3!= 1400: (teven2] AMPLE How many words cm taking tes at tie out ofthe eters Baacrieicariesy cf cnr aig St he uated SOLUTION. ‘Thereare 11 letters viz. MM, AA, TT, H,E,1.C,S, Al these letters are not wecannot use "P, Wecan choo eters fom the flowing ways ist (0 Allthe four distinct eters: There ae B distinc letters viz. M,A,T, HE, 1.C Seu ‘an be chosen in ®Cy ways. So, the total numberof group of litera = °C. Each 900 ‘as eters which can he arange in! ways, ‘Hence, the total number of words = °C, 4! ht ot ba so tt ne CERT ante de® pi 1m how many ways can 5 girls and 3 toys be sented in aro sever 8p, = 1680. s721 coMBinATIONS twodlstnct and two alike letters: There ae pairs of alike eters viz MM, AA, TT, out of woe pair can be chosen in *C; ways. Now we have t chaos two eters out ofthe vrmaining 7 different types of leters which can be done in 7C, ways. So, the total number of fpoupsotletters in which toare diferent and 2arealikeis °C; x 7C, Eachsuch grouphhas4 “ letes of which 2 are alike and remaining two distnet and they can be arranged in 3 ways Text Ptce the tat munber of words in eich tw lees rae» STC ders iy Twoalkeofone kind an to aie of other kind: Ter ae 3 pi of 2a eters out of which 2 pairs can be chosen in °C ways. So, there are °C groups of 4 letters each. In each pop teat ean of ich ae ike one Kid and aie of thr Kind, Thase 4 eur cnte angen ways ene, the tal mero words which wo leles are Seal ake ofone kind and two alike of other kind = Cp x 585; =18 za” From (i and (i) the total number o eter words = 1680 +756 +18 =2454 ihe gusts hee tobe seated, afin ech sie ofa ong tale Four part guess cv one prt sd he ters onthe other sde. Determine the mumber of ay ‘ik the seating aaa co Be mae S0uLnION Since our particular guests want sion particular side A (ay and thre others ‘othe the sie B (sy) So, we ae lft with I guests out of which we choose forse Ain "cy ways andthe remaining 6 forse Bin °Cq ways. Hence the numberof selections forthe Wosides is "oy « Cy aw penons on ech side ofthe tbl can be arranged among themslesin way gg x C5 x9tx 9 = HE 91491 Nog Cy 931 = ere Hence the total number of arrangement "xaMtr 9 How many furltter ond canbe formed using the eter ofthe word INEFFECTIVE: ? \EFFECTIVE’ viz. FFE, FF IL GTN, Y. SCAN Thre ae eters ind word oe four-letter words may consist of ) ale eter an doe! (0 2ulheletr anc hind an 2 te of isd (i) 2athe tran 2 sin ete (al rt eters Now we, shal discuss these four cases one by OR: "37% So, there are °C groups each of which contains 3 These 4 let wa eters can be arranged in 3th ®2Y*1722 MATHEWS (i) 2a eters ofone kind and2. Viz EE, FE, IL Outof these three leach of which cont. alte eters of second kind: There are thee set of sets two can be selected in °Cp ways, ad So, there are 3 ‘ype. Now, 4 letters in each group can be arranged in : . ways, Hence, the total number of words consist 7 ing of twoaliheleters of ne type and ale second type = °C, x! 18, (ii) 2 alike and 2 aie et letters: Out of3 sets of two alike letters one set can bechosenin cy | Ways. Now, from the remaining 6 distinct letters, 2 letter scan be chosen in §C ways Thad tlk eter an 2 tint eters canbe selected in (°C, x *_) ways So, treaty ‘Sroups of 4 letters each. Now, letters ofeach group can be arranged among themselves inf P a Hence, the total number of words consisting of two alike letters and 2 distinct (iv) Alldiferent tiers: There are? distinct letters EFT, N, V,C outof which can bese in’Cy ways. So, there are7C, groups off letters each, The letters in each of Cy groupecanke arranged in 4! ways, So, the total numberof 4 letter words in which all letters are distinct A= BD Hence, the total number of etter words = 24 +18 + 540 + 840 EXAMPLELI In how many ways con the et alcays 4 tters betwen Pad S? ana. ters ofthe word PERMUTATION 5 be ranged se iNcent SOLUTION ‘There 12lettersin the given word of which are T's. There can bed letters bee and Sin one of te following ways . (0) There are 21's and 2 other leters from the remaining 8 letters (excluding 275384 and 9. (G) One T and 3 other letters from the remaining 8 letters (i) There isnoT and 4 othe eters. Let us now find the number of words in each case sand (Inthe first case, 2 letters can be chosen from remaining 8 letters in 8C, ways. Now 2 ‘other leters can be arranged between P and Sin 4! ways, Also, P and $ can interchange PAE Be cx Haan Positions. So, 21's and 2 other letters canbe arranged between P and Sin C2 *# Considering these six eters a one letter and the remaining 6 letters canbe arranged it 7" Mater Tal number of words inhi case =4Cy x 8 471 a {in this case, eters canbe chosen fom the remaining eters in 8C ways NOW. OU 3 other letters from the remaining 8 letters can be arranged between P and Sin WY en 4nd Scan nercange tht postions Son ad ther ters cane aa TS P and Sin Cy » 41» 2! ways. Considering these sx ltrs as one ltr and leters canbe arranged in 7 ways. va ceumTions ‘Total number of words formed = "Cy 4!x 217! ota ‘ eerste than T's cane chosen from th renning eters in Cy ways Foo aaa ce canbe arranged between P and Sin 4l ways Als, Pand Sean interchange thelr ace eat waye, Thus, 4 keer Btweun Pand Scan be aanged in 8Cyl 2 ways reps eters sone ter with the remaining eters ching 29 wehave7 ters ttvvcanbe aranged in 7 way, nana Number of words formed ="Cq x 42x21 ” a 21K 718 Cy Abe 2 ec oa amber of words = "Cy Ax 2x71 RC x A 2 7HAN Cy ABI = 25401600 __ EXERCISE 173 TevELt 2 Re pon cere giecnch esse ‘4 eee roe Sree tee Sct wart ice ig amen a 4. Find the numberof permutations of distinct things taken. together, in which particular things mt cur oper eter of th 5, How many wonds cezh of vowels and 2 consonants canbe formed from the eters of INCERTI word INVOLUTE? SS 5. Bnd the number of permutations of different things taken sea specified things occurtogether? LEVEL four letterscan be 7 Fn the number of ways in which a) sation (an arangemen of ‘made from the letters of the word ‘ eae aa ed How many words can be formed by taking eters ate rom the MORADABAD? 9 A business man hosts a dinner to 21 gues soneach sido long ube ith cao "A tea party is arranged for 16 persons along tw yon the other side. In how many ‘For peer wah wut onone partes and = a srapncan cy bese 3 Meoan 2. 7cyx5t_ 3. (360,00) 720 CH) 240 S70 6 26-08-74 ia laa 9 Meee t4tas! 10. 264—— _ aeeell 1724 was MATHEUATES tid ft HINTS 70 NCERT & SELECTED pom a 5. 8c, 4 rowel out of Sand 3 consonants out of 17 canbe chosen in °C "Cy way, Lemar 23 ‘Now, 5 letters in each selection can be arranged in 5! ways. Ra So, total number of words = 5C; x 7C x5! = 816000 62 7B > (0) Toll numberof leter words formed from the letters ofthe word ‘MONDAYE ¥ Cy x t= 360, 4 Ca x5C x5} MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs) (@) Toa numberof words formed by using all lters ofthe word “MONDAt sat a he crrec alternative in each ofthe following: (3) There are two vowels and Oo, ft place canbe fled in2 waysand thay ay en "¥C, is equal to Srplaces cane filed in 5! ways, ae ce 1682 (2) none of these $0, total number of words beginning witha vowel = 2x51 = 240 A w a6 © 5 Required number of words = C4 x 4c, «$1 marsaas || hcl ogee i © Out of 1-2) remaining things select *—2) things in "~C,_» ways. Consider wo ah ws ox 0 al ick ean be Sangean Mic with 2 selected things, Now we ave =iing «4 iat ig tah Which canbe arranged in(r 1)! ways, but two specified things can be put ogebarins —It™Cy, = C , 5, then i eq ia 2 Ways. Hence, required number of ways = "2G. x =I) ina 5 ws 9 Total number of ways = 5x §C x 141x 51 BG 417% ther ie egal wn 4 persons wish tosit onside A(say) and two on the other side B(say). So, 10 persons are 10 on bate ring re rtile canbe ected in "Cy waysand penonefreedioe | 5 10 ny cig ren (2,0) equal Pa (a) 203 the: remaining 6 persons in Cg ways, Hence, the number of selections for two (@) 231 (b) 210 °@ 1RCc *Ca.Now, 8perons oneachsidecanbearanged amongst teres HC =p, then ain) EL Hence, the total numberof seating arrangements 19C, x Cx Bx 1 () 2man (©) 2mean(ns1) (@ 2m= A VERY sHonr answer QUESTIONS (VSA0) ainiaaanll ¥ (a) 0 eta jt 2 © Matt te lowing questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requiem y ne CMT. Maan a BG +h attC, then Hi 1. Wie Ec; ites form wr ora on DMP ne, Pac, renee Fe MNGRe HIRT CHCA ten wre the atcos or aM 3 ean 4, Waite the numberof diagonals of an sided polygon, C148. + Cy 4 2c, 4 cols equalto 4 San aaa aI ANS aGe 27 Aste tne foes ®n oa (Saint lili Wetec £765 ey 1 Selzer of wort omed by 2 owe ad deed isequal to 6. There are 3 eters and 3 directed envelopes. ‘numberof ways in which 70 es a ee PT vont MNT MN . : to pt ensign [ithe mbt of parallelogratnn that can be forcnoe' tree oat of foi recinganser tape te cn fs Meese Ss aes ot ayn fy act Sac nt ye tae sy be if Woreonto put tt ‘containing. f 2 as Pamecen whch 2 ys may ede in es ee onsonans taken —— and Sconsonants. hf iina azz0) MATHEUATES _goMBINATIONS many | (a) 246 ©) 22 (186 (@) none of thee ae us i then ‘15, There are 10 points in a plane and 4 of them are collinear, ‘The number. ‘. iber and r is a non-negative integer such that 0 $1 joining any two of them Fst ing Dare eitt wD" "P (a) 45 ©) 40 (39 (@ 38 "Cr = Gopi toe 2G hae 16, There are 13 players of cricket, ou of which 4 are bowlers how many wy ee 9G HG a1 = ce slevnbe elt fom themsoastotncudeniean eee noae any maaan) Gy = "Ce cia B tee) @) 72 & 7% (©) 42 (@) none of these WG a2" 1G Pal rad Bw 17. Cy + Cy + Cp +...+ Gy =256, then "Cy is equal to (@) 56 ©) 120 © - The number of ways in which a host Ww "Cp Cy > ey oF ryan PN Se (vi) Ifnisaneven natural number, then the greatestamong"Co »"Cy-"Cav-x, "Cui" iz | lady can invite fora party of 8 out of 12 perp | ‘whom two do not want to attend the party together is i he; among "Co "Cy, "Car-- Hi Bae ala te moana nb en te \ © cc, (@) none ofthese ese ee = cirrmugete ee (Given 1 points of which 5 leon one dice other than these 5, no eon onecirde Tet 2, The numberof ways of selecting items or objec from: po ‘umber of ees hat canbe dawn so tha ; it (@) 216, 156 in (@) none of thse i ‘How many different committees of 5 can be formed from 6 men and 4 women on whi ‘exact3 men and 2 women serve ? a) 6 (b) 20 (9 0 (a) 120 BL EEG) 5m Cy, then the vale fis (a) 12 ©) 8 6 (@) 10 eu 2 The number of diagonals that can be drawn by joining the vertices of an octagon s (@) 20 (b) 28 Os (a) 16 Tre valueot(7cy +a) (7c, #72) 0..4(%y +7; () 2-1 &) 2-2 (9 2-1 (a 2 2 hmong 1 players, Sar bowler. Inhow many ways a team of 11 may be formed wi (a) 265 () 2653 (0 264 (@ 75 be » A lady gives a dinner party for six guests. The number of ways in which they 28) selected from among ten friends if two ofthe friends will not attend the party 18 (a) 112, (b) 140 26, 174103 =2."C, | thenn = (3 4 fleece that can be formed from a set of four “iencing rat en OS