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Quantitative Technique in Business ": Superior University
Quantitative Technique in Business ": Superior University
Assignment
Of
Class M.Com
Superior University
Kalma Chowk Campus,
Lahore.
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Superior University, Lahore.
Table of contents
CHAPTER NO 01
CHAPTER NO 02
CHAPTER NO 03
CHAPTER NO 04
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Superior University, Lahore.
CHAPTER 01
Factor Analysis
The main applications of factor analytic techniques are:
Structural Equation Modeling (SEPATH) allows you to test specific hypotheses about the
factor structure for a set of variables, in one or several samples (e.g., you can compare factor
structures across samples).
2: Exploratory analysis:
o Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) attempts to discover the nature of the constructs
influencing a set of responses.
o Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tests whether a specified set of constructs is
influencing responses in a predicted way.
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Binary logistics
In statistics, logistic regression (sometimes called the logistic model or legit model) is
used for prediction of the probability of occurrence of an event by fitting data to a logistic
function. It is a generalized linear model used for binomial regression. Like other forms of
regression analysis, it makes use of one or more predictor variables that may be either
numerical or categorical.
EXAMPLE
The probability that a person has a stroke within a specified time period might be
predicted from knowledge of the person's age, sex and body mass index. Logistic regression is
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used extensively in the medical and social sciences fields, as well as marketing applications such
as prediction of a customer's propensity to purchase a product or cease a subscription.
Formula
f (z) =
A graph of the function is shown in figure 1. The input is z and the output is ƒ (z). The
logistic function is useful because it can take as an input any value from negative infinity to
positive infinity, whereas the output is confined to values between 0 and 1. The variable z
represents the exposure to some set of independent variables, while ƒ (z) represents the
probability of a particular outcome, given that set of explanatory variables. The variable z is a
measure of the total contribution of all the independent variables used in the model and is
known as the legit.
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EXPLANATION:
Where β0 is called the "intercept" and β1, β2, β3, and so on, are called the "regression
coefficients" of x1, x2, and x3 respectively. The intercept is the values of z when the value of all
independent variables is zero (e.g. the value of z in someone with no risk factors). Each of the
regression coefficients describes the size of the contribution of that risk factor. A positive
regression coefficient means that the explanatory variable increases the probability of the
outcome, while a negative regression coefficient means that the variable decreases the
probability of that outcome; a large regression coefficient means that the risk factor strongly
influences the probability of that outcome, while a near-zero regression coefficient means that
that risk factor has little influence on the probability of that outcome.
Logistic regression is a useful way of describing the relationship between one or more
independent variables (e.g., age, sex, etc.) and a binary response variable, expressed as a
probability, that has only two values, such as having cancer ("has cancer" or "doesn't have
cancer") .
β1 = + 2.0
β2 = − 1.0
β3 = + 1.2
In this model, increasing age is associated with an increasing risk of death from heart
disease (z goes up by 2.0 for every year over the age of 50), female sex is associated with a
decreased risk of death from heart disease (z goes down by 1.0 if the patient is female), and
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increasing cholesterol is associated with an increasing risk of death (z goes up by 1.2 for each 1
mmol/L increase in cholesterol above 5 mmol/L).
We wish to use this model to predict a particular subject's risk of death from heart
disease: he is 50 years old and his cholesterol level is 7.0mmol/L. The subject's risk of death is
therefore
This means that by this model, the subject's risk of dying from heart disease in the next
10 years is 0.07 (or 7%).
REFANACES:
1) Names S, Jonasson JM, Genell A, Steineck G. 2009 Bias in odds ratios by logistic
regression modeling and sample size. BMC Medical Research Methodology 9:56
BioMedCentral
2) Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR (1996). "A simulation study of
the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis". J Clin Epidemiol 49
(12): 1373–9. PMID 8970487.
3) Agresti A (2007). "Building and applying logistic regression models". An Introduction to
Categorical Data Analysis. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-471-22618-
5.
4) Jonathan Mark and Michael A. Goldberg (2001). Multiple Regression Analysis and Mass
Assessment: A Review of the Issues. The Appraisal Journal, Jan. pp. 89–109
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CHAPTER 02
PROBABLITY OF DEFAULT
Definition
“The Probability of Default is the likelihood that a loan will not be replayed and
falls into default. This PD will be calculated for each company who has a loan. The credit history
of the counterparty and nature of the investment will all be taken into account to calculate the
PD figures. Many banks will use external ratings agencies such as Standard and Poors.”
Overview
o Under Basel II, a default event on a debt obligation is said to have occurred if it is
unlikely that the obligor will be able to repay its debt to the bank without giving up any
pledged collateral the obligor is more than 90 days past due on a material credit
obligation
o The PD is an estimate of the likelihood that the default event will occur over a fixed
assessment horizon, usually taken to be one year. The PD can be estimated for a
particular obligor which is the usual practice in wholesale banking, or for a segment of
obligors sharing similar credit risk characteristics which is the usual practice in retail
banking.
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Literature review:
References:
o FT Lexicon: Probability of default
o Basel II Comprehensive Version, Pg 100
o Issues in the credit risk modeling of retail markets
o A b BIS:Studies on the Validation of Internal Rating Systems
o Slides 5 and 6:The Distinction between PIT and TTC Credit Measures
o The Basel II Risk Parameters
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CHAPTER 03
DATA ANALYSIS AND ITERETATION OF FACTOR ANALYSIS AND BINARY LOGISTIC
o Descriptive statistics tell about the mean and std deviation of all ratioies
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o From this table we get the value of beta for calculated the probability of default
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CHAPTER 04
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Explanations
0 % chance of default the total Client is 92
1 % chance of default the total Client is 215
2 % chance of default the total Client is 160
3 % chance of default the total Client is 118
4 % chance of default the total Client is 75
5 % chance of default the total Client is 72
6 % chance of default the total Client is 73
7 % chance of default the total Client is 60
8 % chance of default the total Client is 33
9 % chance of default the total Client is 34
10 % chance of default the total Client Is 40
11 % chance of default the total Client is 52
12 % chance of default the total Client is 50
13 % chance of default the total Client is 35
14 % chance of default the total Client is 33
15 % chance of default the total Client is 41
16 % chance of default the total Client is 29
17 % chance of default the total Client is 32
18 % chance of default the total Client is 32
19 % chance of default the total Client is 37
20 % chance of default the total Client is 29
21 % chance of default the total Client is 24
22 % chance of default the total Client is 28
23 % chance of default the total Client is 31
24 % chance of default the total Client is 21
25 % chance of default the total Client is 34
26 % chance of default the total Client is 20
27 % chance of default the total Client is 23
28 % chance of default the total Client is 18
29 % chance of default the total Client is 19
30 % chance of default the total Client is 25
31 % chance of default the total Client is 17
32 % chance of default the total Client is 29
33 % chance of default the total Client is 19
34 % chance of default the total Client is 31
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PDs
120%
100%
80%
60%
PDs
40%
20%
0%
1081
1405
1189
1297
1513
1621
1729
1837
1945
2053
2161
2269
2377
2485
2593
2701
1
109
217
325
433
541
649
757
865
973
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