Reuse of Polythene Plastic Waste in Concrete

A
DISSERTATION
Submitted to

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL DEPARTMENT
With specialization in

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Submitted by
SANDEEP CHOURASIYA
(0901CE16ME17 )
Under the guidance of
Prof. Deepak Rastogi
Associate Professor Civil Department
MITS, Gwalior

CIVIL DEPARTMENT
MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
GWALIOR-474005 (M.P) June, 2020
 Madhav Institute of Technology & Science,
Gwalior (M.P.)
(A Govt. Aided UGC Autonomous Institute Under RGPV Bhopal, Established in 1957)

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

“I”hereby certify that the dissertation entitled “Reuse of Plastic Waste in Concrete”
which is being submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master
of Engineering, with specialization in Construction Technology and Management, is a
record of my own work carried out under the supervision and guidance of Prof. Deepak
Rastogi, Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Madhav Institute of
Technology & Science, Gwalior.”

All”information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with
academic rules and ethical conduct. I have fully cited and referenced all material and results
that are not original to this work.””

To”the best of my knowledge the material presented in this dissertation has not been
submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree/diploma.””

Date: 27/7/2020 SANDEEP CHOURASIYA

Place:GWALIOR

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
my knowledge and belief.

Guided by
Prof. Deepak Rastogi
Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
MITS, Gwalior
Approved by Forwarded by
Dr. M.K. Trivedi Dr. R. K. Pandit
Professor and Head Director
C.E.D. MITS, Gwalior MITS, Gwalior
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

When it truly comes to acknowledge somebody’s support and help it is really a difficult task
especially when the support is so whole hearted and unflinching.

At”this moment of accomplishment, first of all I pay homage to my guide, Prof Deepak
Rastogi. This work would not have been possible without his valuable guidance, excellent
supervision, support and constant encouragement during the entire course of work. Under his
guidance I successfully overcame many difficulties and learned a lot. He used to review my
thesis progress, give his valuable suggestions and made corrections. His unflinching courage
and conviction will always inspire me, and I hope to continue to work with his noble
thoughts.”
.”
I”am highly thankful to Dr. R.K. Pandit, Director MITS Gwalior for providing institutional
environment, who extended al facilities and cooperation in the completion of this dissertation.
I warmly thank Ms. Renu Gupta, for his valuable advice, attention on laboratory work,
constructive criticism and his extensive discussions around my work, suggestions and
inspiration. I also express sincere gratitude to the laboratory technicians, Civil Engineering
Department, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior (M.P.) for providing help
in the experimentation.”

Date: 27-07-2020 SANDEEP CHOURASIYA

Place: Gwalior ENROLL. 0901CE16ME15
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENRAL INTRODUCTION

Most of the plastic is incinerated in locations of waste dumps. Thus, air, water and soil
are polluted. The recycling of plastic waste could not match the generation of waste. The
use of plastic waste as building material is one distinctive recycling chance. The building
sector was recognized as one of Non-Renewable Resources biggest consumers. As a
result, the use of plastic waste for building not only has the capacity of recycling waste
to keep pace with generating it, but also will decrease worldwide natural resource
demand.Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in the country lots of infrastructure
developments are taking place. This rapid development led to the acute shortage of
construction materials, increased dumping of waste materials. Hence to overcome the above
said problems waste products should be employed as a construction material. Fine aggregate
used in concrete is replaced partially by pulverized PET bottles in known percentages and
properties are tested, the optimum percentage at which higher strength is obtained is
calculated. Considerable researches were carried out in some countries like USA, UK on this
topic however there have been very limited studies on plastics in India.

As a result of a severe shortage of construction materials, civil engineers have faced a

major challenge in transforming industrial waste into useful building and construction
products, especially in the last decade. In this respect, the industry has become extremely
demanding. This experimental study looks at the future use of plastic waste to generate a
lightweight composite in low-cost form. These options were produced with the plastic in
concrete. Worldwide, more than 450 million tons of plastic waste are generated annually
and demand for plastic is anticipated to achieve 500 million tonnes annually by the end
of 2025.

This study will examine the effect of plastic waste on concrete strength and create blend
levels for concrete containing plastic waste. Plastic waste has been used for many years,
especially for cement materials, and since then there have been several tons of analyzes
to create the composite's mechanical characteristics, such as compression and tensile
strength. Utilization of Plastic waste in basic cement may turn into a shabby and gainful
substitute to landfills, heater, or distinctive use decisions. The ana lysis of the use of
plastic waste is often more disbursed in concrete producing as a brand new recycled
material. In India, the waste disposal in various waste sites throughout the nation is
facing a major challenge. The lowlands lead to elevated disposal rates and potential
environmental problems. With waste manufacturing expected to increase every year by
5%, waste disposal would be fully capable by 2025 if this trend continues.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The objectives of the study are:-

• Investigation of the use of plastic waste as additional material in concrete mixtures to be

used for various constructions ensures the right compression strength of the following
concrete.
• Mixes of various proportions of plastic waste shall be organized.
• See fundamental features such as compressive strength, workability, water absorption, cost
assessment, and fire resistance.
• Comparison between results with the management of various characteristics.
• Reduce the costs of cement development by including strong consolidated plastic waste.
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Raghatate atul m., (2006)

Performed research on use of plastic in concrete to improve its properties. Plastic bags which
are commonly used for packing, carrying vegetables, meat etc creates a serious
environmental problem. Plastic bag last in environment up to 1000 years because of plastic
bag last so long the number of plastic bag accumulated increases each year. Disposal of large
quantity of plastic bag may cause pollution of land, water bodies and air. The proposed
concrete which is made up by adding plastic in concrete may help to reuse the plastic bag as
one of the constituent’s material of concrete, to improve the certain properties of concrete.
The properties of concrete containing varying percentages of plastic were tested for
compressive strength and Split tensile strength and shows that an appreciable improvement in
tensile strength of concrete can be achieved by introducing cut pieces of plastic bags. He
concluded based on the Experimental result following points are summarized with regard to
effect of plastic on the properties of concrete:
addition of plastic pieces and it goes on
decreasing as the percentage of plastic increases addition of 1 % of plastic in concrete causes
about 20% reduction in strength after 28 days curing.
nt of tensile strength of
concrete. Up to 0.8 % of plastic improvement of strength recorded after that addition of
strength of concrete decreases with addition of plastic.
trength of
concrete.
that the use of plastic can be possible to
improve the properties of concrete which can act as a one of the plastic disposal method.
2.2 Bashar S. Mohammed, Ong Chuan Fang (2011)

The mechanical and durability features of concrete containing paper-mill waste collected at a
wastewater treatment plant have been evaluated in his experimental studies. Class F fly ash in
concrete mixtures containing paper mill residues was used as a replacement for Portland
cement (PC) when the resulting products were contrasted with ordinary concrete. To assess
mechanical characteristics during up to 90 days, compressive splitting, bending force, and
drying shrinkage tests have been conducted. Rapid chloride permeability tests and initial
surface absorption tests in 28 days determined the durability features. Improvements in the
durability test results were noted concerning paper mill residues when PC was replaced with
fly ash class F.

2.3 Malek batayneh , Iqbal marie, Ibrahim asi (2011)

Performed research on Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes. A modern lifestyle,
alongside the advancement of technology has led to an increase in the amount and type of
waste being generated, leading to a waste disposal crisis. This study tackles the problem of
the waste that is generated from construction fields, such as demolished concrete, glass, and
plastic. In order to dispose of or at least reduce the accumulation of certain kinds of waste, it
has been suggested to reuse some of these waste materials to substitute a percentage of the
primary materials used in the ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC). The waste materials
considered to be recycled in this study consist of glass, plastics, and demolished concrete.
Such recycling not only helps conserve natural resources, but also helps solve a growing
waste disposal crisis. Ground plastics and glass were used to replace upto 20% of fine
aggregates in concrete mixes, while crushed concrete was used to replace up to 20% of coarse
aggregates. To evaluate these replacements on the properties of the OPC mixes, a number of
laboratory tests were carried out. These tests included workability, unit weight, compressive
strength, flexural strength, and indirect tensile strength (splitting). The main findings of this
investigation revealed that the three types of waste materials could be reused successfully as
partial substitutes for sand or coarse aggregates in concrete mixtures.
The researchers concluded that the tests carried out in this study were primarily designed to
provide an indication of relative advantages and disadvantages of the use of a number of
construction wastes, such as crushed concrete waste, plastics, and glass. This would provide
an overview of the reuse of construction waste materials in the construction industry. Based
on the test results and on the physical observations, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Waste and recycling management plans should be developed for any construction project
prior to the start of work in order to sustain environmental, economic, and social development
principles.
2. The increase of the surface area of the recycled crushed concrete, due to its irregular shape,
necessitates an increase of cement and water; hence the irregular shape negatively affects the
workability of the said mix.
3. A comparison between the cost of crushing glass, plastic, and concrete with that of
supplying prime aggregates (gravel) should be considered in the project management plans,
taking into consideration the availability of prime materials, and location.
4. The strength of concrete mixes was improved by the partial replacement of fine aggregates
with crushed glass
aggregates, but the high alkali content of such aggregates would affect the long-term
durability and strength, both of which need long-term investigation.
5. Using glass of different percentages showed no significant effect on the slump, unlike the
use of plastic and crushed aggregates, which showed that higher the percentage used, the
lesser was the slump.
6. In addition to recycling glass by its use in concrete mixes, glass aggregates can be used
aesthetically in masonry, which can give a shiny clean finishing effect on the surface of the
concrete product.
7. When up to 20% of plastic and crushed concrete was used in concrete, the strength of the
concrete exhibited lower compressive and splitting-tensile strength than that of normal
concrete using natural aggregates. Therefore, it is recommended that concrete with recycled
materials of lower strength be used in certain civil engineering applications, especially in
non-structural applications, where lower strength up to 25 MPa is required. This will
contribute to cutting down the cost of using non-structural concrete.

2.4 Isaac I. Akinwumi, Olasunkanmi M. Olatunbosun, Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade,

Paul O. Awoyera (2014)

Research was also done on Performance of concrete by using Non recyclable plastic wastes
as concrete Constituent. The safe disposal of non-recyclable thin plastics bags is the most
challenging issue for the solid waste management across the globe. Even today, at least 15%
of total plastic waste remains untreated [1]. Concrete is the first choice for construction in
many countries today. This has increased the fast vanishing of natural resources. It could be
worth experimenting to use non recyclable plastic bags in concrete to overcome the dual issue
of shortage of raw material and safe disposal of leftover plastic to environment. This paper
presents a comparative study of compressive strength of concrete made by mixing of plastic
bags as concrete constituent. This study focuses on the use of polyethylene plastic bags of 20
micron thick in M25 concrete. Plastic was added 0% to 1.2% by volume. The compressive -
strength was compared for manually cut and shredded plastic form. Based on the
experimental data received after a wide range of samples with different proportions of
polyethylene fibers, following conclusions are made:
1. The plastic bags could be used preferably in shredded form to avoid difficulty in
workability.
2. Macro fibers made from bags by hand cut, are not suitable due to their low aspect ratio.
3. Beyond 0.6% of concrete volume of the fibers made from the plastic bags having thickness
less than 20 microns reducedthe strength and compacting factor nearly up to 30% and at 1.2%
the strength reduced up to 50% compared to the controlled concrete.
4. The concrete prepared by addition of polyethylene fibers less than 20 micron thickness,
could be suitably used for non structural works, where the strength of concrete is not a prime
concern.
5. Various durability aspects must be checked with wider range of sampling and testing.
6. The authors are experimenting different types of post consumer plastic wastes in different
form and proportions to check the feasibility of usage of such wastes in concrete to have an
alternate solution towards the solid wastes. However in the present project only mechanical
properties of polyethylene plastic waste are investigated and presented.
2.5 Michal Sejnoha, MiroslavBroucek, (2014)

In his Experimental research cement reduced (fly ash replaced) concrete in precast segmental
tunnel line manufacture for TBM tunnels. This document particularly focuses on comparing
the resilience of the fire to improved combustions loaded by a firing curve of the
Rijkswaterstaat (RWS). The findings submitted include spalling, harm to the surface and
distribution of the temperature of the tested panels. The paper also describes the method
proposed for evaluating the extent of spalling during the experiments, as the direct
observation of the exposed surface is not possible due to extreme temperatures.

2.6 Hong S. Wong, Robert Barakat, Abdulla Alhilali, Mohamed Saleh, Christopher R.
Cheeseman (2015)

In his Experimental research the powder is manufactured from PSA, a by-product of recycled
paper production. Hydrophobic PSA effects on operational capability, strength and transport
characteristics such as absorptiveness, water absorption, diffusiveness, permeability, and
conductivity are recorded. At the water/cement ratio of 0.38, samples were prepared, cured
up to 28 days and conditioned to a constant mass of 50°C before the test. It was discovered
that the substitution of Portland cement with 12% hydrophobic PSA decreased water intake,
surprisingness, and conductivity by 84%, by 86% and 85% respectively.

2.7 OkanKarahan (2017)

In his Experimental researchConcrete material containing 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% fly
ash or slag were prepared and humidly cured up to 28 days. High temperatures at 400 o C,
600 o C and 800 o at 1 hour in an electrically-heated computer kiln have occurred to fly ash
and concrete samples for slags. The samples were then cooled to the temperature of the
laboratory.The samples were then tested for the absorption, the vacuum ratio, surprises,
permeability of the chloride ion and compressive strength tests.

2.8 Amirreza Talaiekhozan (2011) Studied Durability of the concrete is being enhanced by
means of self healing action. Aim of this paper is collecting comprehensive information
about the behavior of concrete when the bacteria in concrete is being induced. Introduction of
fungi, thermopiles bacteria, mix culture of micro-organisms or using of aerobic or anaerobic
bacteria in the process of self healing. The paper gives the idea about the self healing process
happening inside the concrete matrix because of bacterial introduction.

2.9 S. Ferreiro , D. Herfort, J.S. Damtoft (2017)

In his Experimental research the workability of calcined clay, especially for 1:1 clay, is
heavily affected, thus significantly reducing the efficiency of the superplasticizer (SP),
necessary to achieve even higher w / c flows. On the other hand, delayed the addition of SP
and/or fly ash substantially improve the rheology of any calcined-clay binder and maximize
its strength at any given clinker level in the paste for the same workability.

2.10 Wei Wang ,Caifeng Lu , Yunxia Li 0, Guanglin Yuan , Qingtao Li (2017)

In his Experimental research the impacts of compressive and tensile stress elevated exposure
temperatures and fly ash material on carbonation resistance of the fly ash concrete was
performed under multiplexing circumstances to suggest the carbonization resistance and
analyze real projects as well as the impacts of the compressive and tensile stress. The
carbonating method was accelerated with the use of a speeded carbonation chamber, and the
concrete carbonation strength was examined by evaluating the concrete carbonation
depth.The results of the experiments show that the resistance to carbonation of both kinds of
concrete decreased with a rise in tensile stress levels, while the strength of carbonation
increased first and then reduced when the pressure level was increased. The rise in the
exposure temperature had a significant effect on the compression strength and carbonation
resistance of the concrete: the greater the temperature the deeper the carbonation profile was.
The combination of variables such as pressure, elevated temperature and the elevated content
of fly ash will significantly decrease concrete carbonation strength.

2.11 R.Ilakkiya, Dr. G. Dhanalakshmi (2018)

Experimental research on concrete used as extra components in concrete mixes for use in
housing projects, to ensure a suitable mechanical strength of the waste paper concrete.
Concrete mixes with different materials were ready and fundamental strength features such as
compressive strength, splitting tensile, compared with the control mix were determined.
Cement, sand and ground aggregates respectively were protected by concrete mixtures
containing the waste material, such as standard concrete (5 %, 10%, 15 %) in ratio
1:1.5:3.The coarse aggregates had a maximum size of 20 mm. With the addition of the paper
pulp into the concrete, the strength of the concrete was boosted to 10%. The findings of the
tests show a decrease in concrete strength of the addition of waste paper pulp in excess of
10%.

2.12 Xiangwei Liang, Chengqing Wu, Yekai Yang, Zhongxian Li (2019)

In his Experimental research compression tests have been done after the UHPC was initially
exposed, i.e. 200, 400, 600, 800 or 1000 ° C, first to high temperatures, and then refrigerated
at room temperature, with dynamic tests performed under the high-temperature combined
effect (that is, 200, 400, 600 or 800 ° C) and impact loading. The dynamic experiments were
performed at elevated temperatures and comparisons between these two situations were made
after cooling down. Based on the UHPC exams, the combined impact was researched on the
mechanical and physical features. Furthermore, explosive outbreaks were analysed. The fact
that polypropylene (PP) fibre could be an adverse factor in preventing it was interesting.

2.13 R. SRINIVASAN, K. SATHIYA AND M. PALANISAMY (2010)

Chemical and agricultural processes in India produce over 300 million tons of industrial
waste per year. These materials present disposal issues and health risks.In general, a big
quantity of solid waste is produced by papermaking. The development of lucrative
construction products is crucial if disposal and pollution issues arising from these industrial
waste are to be reduced. In perspective of this, research was conducted to generate low cast
concrete by combining different cement and hypo sludge proportions.This project concerns
the experimental study on concrete strength and the optimum proportion of partial
substitution by replacing cement via 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60% and 70% of hypo sludge.To
study the use of Hypo Sludge as additional materials for cementing (SCM) and its impact on
strength for the concrete manufactured with varying concentrations of cement substitution.

2.14 PROF. JAYESHKUMAR PITRODA, DR. L.B.ZALA, DR.F.S.UMRIGAR. (2010)

It is most important to create cost-effective construction equipment from the hypo sludge for
producing low-cost concrete by mixing multiple proportions of cement and hypo sludge to
decrease the disposal and pollution issues of hypo sludge. Limited numbers of paper fibers
that produce a big quantity of solid waste may be used to create an excellent quality paper.
An alternative to traditional concrete was screened for the creative use of hypo sludge in
concrete formulations as complementary cement material.This study work focuses on
experimental studies of the strength of the concrete and optimal proportion of the partial
substitution through 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the Hypo Sludge forM-25andM-40. The
objective is to investigate the behavior of concrete while using tests like compression strength
and fractional strength to add waste with distinct ratios of hypo sludge into the concrete.
2.15 JAYESHKUMAR R. PITRODA, DR F.S. UMRIGAR (2013)

In latest years, it has been recognized to replace cement with fly ash. Saving cement,
consuming industrial waste and producing durable concrete. Coal fly ash is a commodity
material that is commonly used. For over two decades, it has been used as a concrete
additive. Fly ash is a helpful material in the construction industry thanks to its characteristics.
Relieving disposal equipment is useful.For the sector of paper and boards, other waste paper
mill sludge is a significant financial and environmental issue. The principal methods of paper
sludge recycling and disposal include land-spread, paper sludge ash production or
river/stream disposal.Paper sludge comprises cellulose fibers, calcium carbonate and china
clay, and water-linked residual chemicals. Low-cost concrete by using hypo sludge to replace
cement. It is most important to create lucrative products for humanity in order to decrease
disposal and pollution issues caused by hypo-sludge. In the range of the cement was
substituted by hypo sludge and fly ash accordingly;10%; 20 %; 30% and 40%.

2.16 JAYESHKUMAR PITRODA, L.B.ZALA, F. S. UMRIGAR(2013)

Sustainable concrete conducts successfully during its lifetime under the exposed
environment. Bit or zero maintenance and natural surroundings are necessary. Its
permeability to water is the main feature which affects the durability of concrete. If surplus
water evaporates into concrete, the concrete component leaves a vacuum and creates
capillaries that are directly linked to concrete porosity and penetration.Almost impermeable
concrete can be achieved by the correct choice of ingredients and mixtures in accordance
with excellent building procedures. Water flows through the concrete, which is the way every
porous body flows. The pores are made of fluid pores and capillary pores in cement paste.
Incomplete compaction of the concrete pores is the consequence of bigger voids, leading to a
composition of a wave which leads to a low intensity of concrete. There is a need for a
distinct sort of test to assess the concrete reaction to stress than the absorption and
permeability test. The rate of water intake should be evaluated by capillary suction, sorptive
concrete. This test should attempt to evaluate the durability of the concrete in this paper, the
properties of Hypo Sludge (Paper Industry Waste). The mixing structure according to IS for
M25 and M40 concrete was performed IS 10262-2009.

2.17JAYRAJ VINODSINH SOLANKI, JAYESHKUMAR (2013)

The paper mill sludge is an important economic and environmental problem for the paper and
board industry. The material is a paper disconnection and reputation by-product.
Manufacturing millions of tonnes of paper mill loam worldwide. The main routes for
recycling and disposal of paper sludge are agricultural fertilizer land allocation, paper sludge
ash manufacturing, or landfill disposal. Paper sludge includes fibers of cellulose, carbonate of
calcium and tones of porcelain and residual chemicals that are water-bonded. The fabric is
viscous, sticky and hard to dry. It is vital to create lucrative construction products from Hypo
Sludging to create low-cost concrete by combining multiple cement ratios with hypo sludge
and reducing disposal and pollution issues owing to hypo-sludge. Limited numbers of
recycled paper fibers, that produce big amounts of solid waste, can be used to create an
excellent quality paper. An option to standard concrete was the creative application of hypo
sludge in concrete formulations as complementary cement material. The cement was
substituted with Hypo sludge within 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by quantity forM-
25andM-40. The Hypo sludge is thus substituted.
 CHAPTER-3

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 CONCRETE COMPOSITION

Various experiments, which can be useful for quantifying the properties of fresh and
hardened bacterial concrete, have been performed in the present study. A comparison has
been made between ordinary and bacterial concrete on the basis of compressive strength,
flexural strength and durability. Concrete can be a building material composition such as
cement (usually Portland cement) or aggregate (usually a race combination of gravel or
crashes to the ground such as stone or granite, and a fine aggregate such as sand), water
and chemical admixtures (if necessary). These materials will be combined in measured
quantities in order to produce concrete which is also simple: transportation, location,
compact, finish and which is prepared and hardened to transmit a strong and sustainable
product. The amount of all materials (i.e. concrete, water and aggregates) influences the
hardened concrete characteristics.

A concrete combine designed is to provide concrete which will be simply placed at a

very cheap price. the combination style should take into account the surroundings that
the concrete is being in; i.e. sea water, a load of trucks, pedestrian traffic or extremes of
resists hot and weather. The proportion of every material within the mixture affects the
properties of fine hardened concrete.These proportions area unit measured by weight
that's terribly correct.

3.2 Cement
Cement is the energy binding material associated with this degree. The most important
uses of cement are a combination of cement-associate grade elements to create a strong
artifact in the manufacturing of morter in masonry and concrete. Cement creating method
uses an outsized supply of non-renewable energy, therefore, we tend to replace the fly
ash and paper waste, as a result of it's simply offered from industrial waste. throughout
producing of 1 tonne of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) we'd like regarding 11.33
tonnes of earth resources like sedimentary rock and mineral etc more throughout the
producing of one tone of normal hydraulic cement associate degree equal quantity of
carbon dioxide is replacing into the atmosphere. Ordinary Portland cement are used this
research work. Test For cement have been carried out according to IS 12269-2013.
 OPC of grade 43 (Source: Concrete Lab of MITS, Gwalior)

3.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate is that portion of concrete which has size more than 4.75mm and which
occupy a larger volume of concrete mass. These are the granular materials consist of gravels
and crushed stone. Coarse aggregate plays an important role in adding strength to the solid
mass. These can be available in different shapes and sizes such as angular, sub angular,
rounded, flaky etc. Generally, flaky and elongated aggregates are avoided for making
concrete. Angular and rough textured aggregates require more amount of water to produce a
workable concrete but can provide a compact mass, if present. Dust free coarse aggregate
having maximum nominal size of 20 mm has been used in the present study to produce
ordinary as well as bacterial concrete. The coarse aggregates used, were tested in the
laboratory to determine the essential properties such as fineness modulus, particle size
distribution and specific gravity.

Fig.2 Coarse Aggregates (Source: Concrete Lab of MITS, Gwalior)

3.4 FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregate (Sand) are the other type of aggregate used in the concrete mixture. The
fraction of aggregates which passes through the 4.75 mm sieve is called fine aggregate. It
helps in filling the voids between coarse aggregate. River sand, which was locally available,
has been used in the present investigation. After gradation, it fell down in the Zone II as per
IS 383 (1970) specification. The various test performed on fine aggregate were water
absorption, fineness modulus and specific gravity as per IS 2386 (1963).

Fig 3: Fine Aggregates (Source: Concrete Lab of MITS, Gwalior)

3.5 WATER

Water is that ingredient which is responsible for cement hydration process and thus helps in
making a bond between all the constituents of concrete. The water used for mixing purpose
was fresh, potable and confirming to the IS standard.

3.6 Plastic Waste

Plastic bags which are used for carrying goods become a waste after use and create
environmental problems. Large amount of plastic waste produced every year. Recycle and
reused of plastic require vast manpower and processing cost thus the very small amount of
plastic recycled and reused and rest going into landfills, incinerators and dumps. Here author
suggested the use of these plastic bags pieces in a concrete as a plastic fibre to improve the
properties of concrete. Use of plastic has a dual advantage cost of material is low also it solve
the problem of disposal of plastic up to some extent. In general, for any construction project,
plans for recycling of waste materials should be developed prior to the commencement of
work. These plans should identify the types of waste to be generated and the method of
handling, and the recycling and disposal procedures. In addition, areas for the temporary
accumulation or storage of the construction waste materials should be clearly designated
.Collection of data by visiting a number of local construction sites in Jordan provided an
important indication of the percentage of particular construction waste materials accumulated
at the sites. Indicating the percentage of each type of waste materials generated on site. 20%
of the total quantity of waste of 1721.8 tons consists of glass, plastic, and concrete. The
weights of these materials are estimated to be: 35 tons of glass, 52 tons of plastic, and 240
tons of concrete. Hence, this waste should be incorporated in a waste management plan. The
development of an action plan for waste management in every construction case is the
responsibility of the owner or his agent. This is to ensure that all waste products generated by
a construction project on a property are surveyed, handled and disposed of in a legal manner
for the protection of the environment. A waste management plan directs the construction
activities towards an environmentally friendly process by reducing the amount of waste
materials and their discard in landfills. The environmental and economic advantages that
occur when waste materials are diverted from landfills include:
a. conservation of raw materials;
b. reduction in the cost of waste disposal; and
c. efficient use of the materials.
Waste materials must be kept clean and in separate batches in order to be used or recycled in
an efficient manner. Although separation can take place after the mixed waste is removed
from the construction site, separation at the site increases the efficiency of recycling or reuse
of that waste. It includes suggestions for a construction waste management plan. The
reduction of waste construction materials can be achieved by starting with studying the
design details of the building to ensure efficient use of materials, in addition, careful cutting
and measuring should be applied accurately. The use of materials that are made from
recycled materials and are recyclable should be included in the initial design of the structure.
Storage methods should be investigated to prevent damage From mishandling and weather
conditions. In addition, the ordering of materials should be made just before the work
commences. To complete the waste management plan, there should be an estimation of the
amount and type of recyclable and non-recyclable waste materials that are expected to be
generated on site. Listing of all the expected quantities of each type of waste gives an
indication of what type of management activities are appropriate for the specified waste. At
each stage of construction, there should be specific ways to reduce, reuse or recycle the
wastes which may be produced

Waste plastic made into fibers

3.7 METHODOLOGY FOR CONCREATE PREPARATION:

Relative proportion of the ingredient of concrete such as water, coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate was being selected by the mix design process, with a motive of producing the
concrete of high durability, strength and producing the required workability. Second feature
of current Study is that product should be Economic criteria of the work. Concrete is the
second selecting criteria of the work. The third criteria of the work are to consider
environmental impact as bacteria’s is introduced in the mix design. The series of experiments
were carried out for the mix design of grade of concrete M30 according to IS10262:2009,
comprises of 35 cubes of 150×150×150 mm and were casted for carrying out compaction
test.

The following steps are adopted during experimental work: According to the IS
CODE “IS 10262:2009” the Mix design for M30 grade of concrete is done. In the M30 mix
design the series of investigations such as specific gravity, nominal size, water absorption
and fineness Modulus etc. are required, also some other conditions are also assumed such as
exposure to sun and water, Techniques of mix of material etc. are to be assumed with
reference to Indian Standard Code IS 456:2000. The selection of material is being done by
“INDIAN STANDARDS” materials are selected i.e., aggregates assuring the various
conditions as per IS 383:2016 and cement 43 grade OPC UltraTech cement. As per mix
design selected materials are mixed in a fixed proportion to gain the desired strength.
According to IS 1199:1959 sampling & analysis of concrete is performed. IS 2386 (Part 1):
1963 governs the shape and size of aggregates that are used in the testing of concrete. Casting
of cubes or beam of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm were cleaned and oiled and concrete is poured
in the moulds not allowing to vibrate.

Concrete cubes are unbolted from moulds after a period of 24 hrs. and leveled with
water resistant marker and placed in the water tank for curing purpose was at 27± 2 0 C 3, 7-
and 28-days determination of compressive strength in concrete cubes and beams. At the end
of 3 days, 7 days, 28 days curing time the actual strength of concrete is measured i.e.,
compression strength test in accordance with the “INDIAN STANDARDS CODE” IS
516:1959 for the test of concrete. Also, in another set of concrete cubes treatment with
bacterial cells was made and compressive strength was determined. The separate cubes of
mortar (21 specimens) are being tested for the compressive strength of mortar. The separate
cubes of concrete (36 specimens) are being tested for compressive strength and flexural
strength.

4 Beams (2controled + 2 treated) were also casted and are being tested for the curing
period of 7 days, 28days and are being tested for flexural strength, , weight loss, and acid
attack factor of concrete is being calculated.

3.8 DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT OPC 43

GRADE ULTRATECH CEMENT.

3.8.1 FINENESS OF CEMENT

Through I.S. sieve No.9 (90 micron) sample of cement weighing 1000 gm. was passed and
taken. The lump, if any present were broken down carefully with the fingers without
applying external force. The sample was then sieved continuously for 10 minutes manually.
The residue left on sieve was weighed.

Table 1: Fineness of Cement

Wt. of residue left

on sieve Finer % on 90-
Sr. No. Weight of cement Average
micron sieve
Gm

1. 1000gm 2% 98%

2. 1000gm 1% 99%
98.33 %
3. 1000gm 2% 98%

3.8.2 STANDARD CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

1. Test requires following Parameter:

 Vicat’s Apparatus according to IS: 5513-1976.

1 Kg capacity balance having sensitivity to 1 gram. Gauging Trowel confirming to IS:

10086-1982

2. The was performed at the temperature of 27 ± 20 degree Celsius.

3.A paste was prepared of 400 gm; taking care of gauging time is neither less 3 minutes nor
more than 5 minutes.

4. Filling of Vicat mould was done by this plate resting over non-porous plate. Surface of
the paste was finished smooth and slightly shaken the mould in order to release out the air.

5. Plunger was lowered on the surface of the mould allowing it to move inside the paste.

6.Tthe depth of penetration of the plunger was recorded in the mould.

7. Prepared a trail with water content variation until the plunger moves 5 to 7mm from the
bottom of Vicat apparatus.

8. The consistency corresponding to 5 to 7 mm penetration is called normal consistency

Table 2: Standard consistency test for cement

Wt. of Cement (gm) Quantity of water added Penetration from bottom

(ml) (mm)

400 132(34%) 7

400 136(33%) 6

400 132(33%) 6

Standard Consistency of Cement =33%

3.8.3 INITIAL SETTING TIME:

Initial Setting time test have been performed using Vicat Apparatus as per “IS: 4031 (Part 5):
1988”. The temperature inside the laboratory was observed as 28 0C at the time of performing
this test. Following were the various stages carried out in the laboratory.

A cement paste was prepared using 400 gm of cement and 0.85 times the water
actually required to make a paste of standard consistency (IS: 4031 (Part 4) 1988). The time
taken for gauging was in between 3-5 min. Vicat mould was then filled by the cement paste
up to the top and made it level with the top of mould using gauging trowel. Vicat mould was
placed on the non-porous glass plate while filling it. This fully filled mould with glass plate
was then placed under the rod bearing the square needle. The needle was then lowered gently
until reaching at the top surface of mould and then quickly released. The paste was
penetrated completely in the beginning. This procedure was then repeated after every 2
minutes till the test block was penetrated for about 5 mm from the bottom of the mould. This
time was then recorded as Initial Setting Time.

3.8.4 FINAL SETTING TIME:

Final Setting time test have been performed using Vicat Apparatus as per “IS: 4031 (Part 5):
1988”. The temperature inside the laboratory was observed as 28 0C at the time of performing
this test. Following were the various stages carried out in the laboratory.

For this test, needle of Vicat’s apparatus has been replaced by another needle of 5 mm
diameter annular attachment. This needle was then released on the same test block. The time
at which the needle made only an impression on the surface of test block, was recorded
as Final Setting Time.

Table 3: Initial and final Setting Time of Cement

Materials and Time Value

Cement (gm) 400

Water (ml) 132

 IST 45

FST 220

IST = 45 minutes

FST = 220 minutes [3 hours & 40 min.]

Fig. 11: Vicat apparatus used for consistency test (at MITS, Gwalior)

3.8.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Le Chatelier’s flask of standard 250ml capacity was used for determination of specific
gravity of cement as per IS 2720- Part 3. First, the dry weight of flask (W1) was measured
and then weight of flask filled with 65 gm of cement (W2) was taken. This flask was then
poured by kerosene and the total weight was recorded as W3. Finally, the flask was emptied
and filled with kerosene only up to the top and weighed as W4. Specific gravity was then
calculated by the formula given below.

Specific gravity of cement =

Here Specific gravity of lamp oil = 0.79 g/cc

The specific gravity of cement was calculated by the above formula as 3.14.

3.8.6 TO DERERMINE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF C.A & F.A AGGREGATE

3.8.6.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS:

The gradation of aggregates was performed to find the percentage of the particles of different
size. Sample of aggregates was first weighed and then passed from various sieves through the
process of sieving. The sieving was performed manually with the largest sieve at the
top and smallest at the bottom. It was ensured that the sieves were moving in all the
directions for proper sieving. Aggregates retained on different sieves were collected and
weighed properly. Finally, the fineness modulus was calculated for coarse and fine
aggregates.

Fig 12: Sieve Set

 Table 4: Particle size analysis of fine aggregate and fineness modulus

Total Weight of CA = 5000gm

Sr. Sieve Weight cumulative Cumulative% % IS 383:2016 Limits

No. size(mm) retained Weight Weight Weight for 20mm graded size
(gms) retained Retained Passing aggregate

% Weight passing

1 40 0 0 0 100 100

2 20 0 0 0 100 90-100

3 16 100 120 2 98 -

4 12.5 760 860 17.2 82.8 -

5 10 1860 2720 54.4 45.6 25-55

6 4.75 2280 5000 100 0 0-10

7 600µ 0 5000 100 0 -

8 300µ 0 5000 100 0 -

9 150µ 0 5000 100 0 -

Total ∑F=473.6

Fineness Modulus = Total cumulative percentage retained / 100

Fineness Modulus of Fine aggregates = ∑F/ 100

Fineness modulus = 473.6 / 100 = 4.736

 Table 5: Particle size analysis of fine aggregate and fineness modulus

Total weight of FA = 1000gm

Sr IS sieve Weight % weight Cumulative Cumulative

.no size retained retained percentage percentage Grading
Limits IS
(gm) Weight Weight passed
383-1970
retained
Zone II
1 10 mm 0 0 0 100 100

2 4.75mm 8 8 0.8 99.2 90-100

3 2.36mm 40 48 4.8 95.2 75-100

4 1.18mm 200 248 24.8 75.2 55-90

5 600mm 350 598 59.8 40.2 35-59

7 300micron 315 913 91.3 9.7 8-30

8 150micron 80 993 9.3 0.7 0-10

9 Less than 7 - -
150micron

Total 1000 280.8

Fineness modulus = sum of cumulative percentage of weight retained /100 =280.8/100

=2.808

F.M. =2.808

3.8.6.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

The specific gravity of coarse and fine aggregate is being calculated with the help of
weighing bucket.

Table 6: Specific gravity of aggregates

 Size of aggregate Specific gravity

20mm Aggregate 2.70

Sand 2.65

3.8.6.3 WATER ABSORPTION:

Water absorption test was carried out for the coarse and fine aggregates conventionally. The
result of water absorption test has been found to be for F.A. and C.A. as 0.90% and 0.40%
respectively.
Table 7: Physical properties of C.A., F.A.
Fineness modulus Specific gravity Water absorption
C.A. F.A. C.A. F.A. C.A. F.A.
4.736 2.808 2.70 2.65 0.40% 0.90%
 CHAPTER-4
RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

Various test on cement were conducted and is observed that the cement confirms the standard
results of OPC 43 grade so that this cement can be used for this thesis purpose.

Table 8: Physical properties of ordinary Portland cement

S. NO. USED CEMENT OPC 43 GRADE

1. Specific gravity 3.14

2. Normal consistency 33%

3. Initial setting time 45 min

4. Final setting time 220 min

5. Soundness by lechatlier 1.4 mm

6. Fineness of cement 2%

Table 9: Properties of coarse aggregate in

S. NO. Test Results

1. Specific gravity 2.70

2. Water absorption 0.4 %

3. Sand 7.69

4. Moisture content 0.0 %

Various test on Coarse Aggregate were conducted and is observed that the Aggregate
confirms the standard results of Coarse Aggregate of second zone so that this course
Aggregate can be used for this thesis purpose.
 Table 10: Properties of fine aggregate

S. NO TEST Result

1. Zone II

2. Specific gravity 2.65

3. Fineness modulus 2.808 %

4. Water absorption 0.9 %

Various tests on Fine Aggregate were conducted and is observed that the Aggregate confirms
the standard results of Fine Aggregate of second zone so that this Fine Aggregate can be used
for this thesis purpose.

MIX DESIGN STEPS:

The following basic steps are required to be specified for design of a concrete mix:
a) Characteristic compressive strength( that is below which only a specified proportion of test
results are allowed to fall) of concrete at 28 days(fck)’
b) Degree of workability desired,
c) Limitations on the water-cement ratio and the minimum cement content to ensure adequate
durability
d) Type and maximum size of aggregates to be used, and
e) Standard deviation (s) of compressive strength of concrete.

STEP 1:
Grade of concrete = M25
Standard deviation = 4
Degree of quality control is to be good
STEP 2:
Target mean strength
Fck = fck + t x S
= fck + 1.65s
= 25 + 1.65(4)
= 31.6 N/mm2
STEP 3:
Selection of mix proportions
(i) Selection of w/c ratio = 0.5
(ii) estimation of entrapped air
Maximum aggregate size = 20mm
Percentage air content = 2
Water content per cubic meter of concrete = 186 kg
Sand content = 35kg
For Sand confirming to grading zone 2 --------- % sand in total aggregates
Compaction factor ( 0.9 ) --------- 1.5% for zone 2
Therefore required water content = 186kg
Sand content = 36.9%
Determination of cement content:
w/c ratio = 0.5
Water = 186 l/m3
186/0.5 = c
Cement = 372 kg/m3
(iii) Determination of coarse and fine aggregates
From table-3:
For w/c ratio-0.5
Volume of CA=60% of total aggregate
Volume of FA=40% of total aggregate
Volume of concrete=1m3
Volume of cement = 372/3.15*1000 = 0.118 m3
Volume of water = 0.118 m3
Volume of total aggregate =0.696 m3
Mass of Coarse aggregate =1148.4 kg/m3
Mass of fine aggregate =751.7 kg/m3
FINAL PROPORTION:
CEMENT FA CA WATER
372kg/m3, 751.7 kg/m3 ,1148.4 kg/m3, 186 l/m3

4.4 TESTING PROCEDURE

The test procedure comprised of casting cubical and cylindrical specimen and then testing
these specimens for compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively. The
specimens were compacted using the tamping rod 16 mm diameters, in three equal layers.
The cubical specimen were casted in standard cylindrical moulds of 150mm diameter x 300
mm height . A rich mortar was used as capping for cylindrical specimens. These specimens
were removed from moulds after 24 hours and then kept in water for curing

4.4.1 Test for compressive strength

The cubical specimen have been tested as per the procedure in IS 515:1959 code.the testing
was done on pair of surfaces against which the cubes were casted. The compressive strength
of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cubes for 7 days were determined using a four pillared
compressive strength testing machine.

4.5 Test results

Presentation of test results
The results of the test conducted on partial replacement of cement with fly ash in fiber
reinforced concrete for mechanical properties have been tabulated as follow.

4.4.2 Compressive strength of concrete

The term “concrete strength “is usually used to indicate the uniaxial compressive strength of
concrete. The compressive strength of concrete is defined as the strength of 28 days old
specimens tested under monotonic uniaxial compressive load Testing of cylindrical samples
with 15 cm diameter and 30 cm height is standard. Cube specimens of 15 cm×15 cm×15 cm
are also being used.
 Figure No.16 cube and cylinder subjected to loading

There are three failure modes for cylinders.

a) Under axial compression concrete fails in shear.
b) The separation of the specimen into columnar pieces
by what is known as splitting or columnar fracture.
c) Combination of shear and splitting failure.
Modes of failure of specimen

Figure No17 modes of failure of the specimen

V. RESULTS
1 Compressive Strength
The 3 days, 7 days and 28 days compressive strength result were presented. The compressive
strength of concrete goes on reducing with increase in percentage of plastic pieces but the
rate of reducing compressive strength is very low
2. CASTING OF CONCRETE CUBES
Casting of cubes is done as per mix design according to IS 10262-2009. For each mix,
150x150x150 mm³ are casted for 7 and 28 days of compressive strength test. Firstly, weight
of all ingredient of concrete according to mix design and mix then thoroughly. 150 mm³
cubes were cured for 7 and 28 days before testing, then the compressive strength

4.7 CURING OF CONCRETE

150 mm³ sized cubes were cured for 7 days and 28 days before testing them for compressive
strength.
 Image 4.14 Curing of Cubes
4.9 TESTING OF CONCRETE CUBES
To evaluate concrete compressive quality for 7 days and 28 days, it is performed by a
compressive strength testing machine. 150 mm³ are utilized to decide the compressive
strength of different concrete mixes. The compressive test led out on concrete mixes as
indicated by IS 516-1959. Specimen placed in water are tested instantly on extraction from
the water and while still in the moist situation. Surface water and mud are washed off the
sample and any projecting fins are separated. Before testing, weight of the samples is taken to
check the density. Compressive load increases until the specimens are damaged.

Image 4.15 Compression Testing Machine Image 4.16 Cube before compression Test

Compressive Strength of Concrete

Table No. No.1 Compressive strength of concrete for various percentages
Plastic 7 day(N/mm2) 14 day(N/mm2) 28day(N/mm2)
Percentage
0 24.8 33.3 35.5
2 23.1 32.1 35.2
4 21.7 31.7 35.1
6 21.4 30.6 34.8
 Chart Title
40 35.5 35.2 35.1 34.86
35 33.3 32.1 31.7 30.6

30 24.9 23 7 day
21.7 21.4

25 14 day

20 28 day

15
0 2 4 6
10
Figure No: comparison of compressive strength of concrete for various percentages of plastic
5
5.2 Tensile Strength
1) Result of Split0tensile strength after 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days were presented in
Figure No.19. Decrease in splitting tensile strength after addition of plastic pieces in concrete
was observed which show in Figure No.19.
2) The concept of mixing of plastic wastes in concrete could be a very environment friendly
method of disposal of solid waste in the country, this study has shown a Potential towards
this concept.
3) Various durability aspects must be checked with wider range of sampling and testing.
4) The authors are experimenting different types of post consumer plastic wastes in different
form and proportions to check the
feasibility of usage of such wastes in concrete to have an alternate solution towards the solid
wastes.
5) A comparison between the cost of crushing glass, plastic, and concrete with that of
supplying prime aggregates (gravel) should
be considered in the project management plans, taking into consideration the availability of
prime materials, and location.
5.2.1 Split tensile strength
Table No.2 Split tensile strength of concrete for various percentages

S.No Split Tensile Strength in N/mm2

Plastic % 7 day 14 day 28 day
0 0.48 0.8 0.96
2 0.42 0.76 0.92
4 0.38 0.76 0.9
6 0.36 0.75 0.89

2.5
2
0.96 Split t0e.9n2silestrength
0.9 0.89
1.5
0.8 comparison 28 day
0.76 0.76 0.75
1
14 day
0.5 0.48 0.42 0.38 0.36
7 day
0
0 2 4 6
Figure No.23 Comparison of split tensile strength of concrete for various percentages of plastic
VI. CONCLUSION
Waste plastic can be effectively re-used without affecting the mechanical properties considerably (5-10%).
With increase in the percentage of plastic there has been a sudden decrease in early strength but the strength
developed
to the value as that of the conventional M25 concrete when 28 day tests were performed.
It is observed that for more percentage addition of plastics i.e 6% in the present case, the 7 day strength has
been
decreased by --- when compared with conventional concrete.
 CHAPTER-5
Conclusion

5.1 Conclusion
Based on the result of literature review and experimental investigation, following
conclusions could be drawn:

 Waste plastic can be effectively re-used without affecting the mechanical

properties considerably (5-10%).
 With increase in the percentage of plastic there has been a sudden decrease in
early strength but the strength developed to the value as that of the conventional
M25 concrete when 28 day tests were performed.
 It is observed that for more percentage addition of plastics i.e 6% in the present
case, the 7 day strength has been decreased by --- when compared with
conventional concrete.
 For less percentage addition (2-4%) of plastic, there is no considerable variation
in 7 day, 14 day, and 28 day compression strength and split tensile strength.
 Since Specific gravity of waste plastic is less than that of fine aggregate, thus self
weight of concrete reduces, thus it reduces the weight of the structure/structural
component as a whole.
 Concrete with plastic waste can be used for less important works where concrete
is not going to bear more loads.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY

 The studies can be further extended by addition of admixtures to make the
concrete not to alter its strength considerably even with the addition of more
percentage of plastic waste.
 Durability studies can be conducted so as to study its properties in the long run.
 Tensile strength can be studied where concrete needs more tensile capacity.
 REFERENCE
[1] Akcaozoglu, S., Atis, C. D. and Akcaozoglu, K (2010). An investigation on the
use of shredded waste PET bottles as aggregate in lightweight concrete. Waste
Management, vol. no ,30,pp. 285–290
[2] Choi, Y. W., Moon, D. J., Chung, J. S. and Cho, S.K. (2005). Effects of waste
PET bottles aggregate on the properties of concrete. Cement and Concrete
Research, vol.no.35, pp.776–781
[3] Frigione, M. (2010). Recycling of PET bottles as fine aggregate in concrete.
Waste Management,vol.no. 30 ,pp. 1101- 1106
[4] Hopewell, J., Dvorak, R. and Kosoir, E. (2009). Plastic recycling: challenges
and opportunities. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
B(2009)vol.no.364, pp.2115-2126
[5] IS:10262-2009 Recommended gudelines for concrete mix design
[6] IS:383-1970 Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for
concrete (Second revision)
[7] IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice