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Experiment 4: Roadway Lighting Evaluation and Design

Caryl Cruz, Carl Flores, John Denzel Flores, Lorenz Jasper Ranchez, Marc Spencer Santos
University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila, Philippines

I. INTRODUCTION
A roadway lighting main function is to give visibility
during nighttime or underground to vehicle operators such as
private cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, bicycles, and IV. PROPOSED ILLUMINATION LAYOUT
Pedestrians. Also, the Lighting quality must increase to give A. Student Outcome #2 Checklist
comfort level and safety of the motorist or users. A lighting Checklist Priority
can reduce night crashes by approximately 30 percent. The Public Health High
development of new lighting sources, such as LED, induction, Safety High
and plasma, presented more possible cost-effective ways for Welfare Medium
roadway lighting. The results of this Experiments will benefits Global Factors Low
state highway and city street agencies in making decisions on Cultural Factors Medium
their lighting policies and developing technical specifications Social Factors Low
for use of the new lighting technologies in roadway and street Environmental Factors Medium
lightings. The study provides a basis for manufacturers to Economic Factors High
improve their luminaire design and integration to better fit the
needs of roadway and street lightings.
1. Public Health- Upon interactions of this light bulb
when its light range is in the vicinity, the illuminance level
II. OBJECTIVES will not affect increase body temperature when in contact for
The student needs to identify if the roadway complies too long.
with the illuminance standards, this is because to reduce the
night crashed and give users the right illuminance at 2. Safety- Visual glares that can hinder the line of sight
nighttime. Next the student must determine the factors from within the illuminance vicinity range will not hinder any
affecting the illumination of the roadway, several problems bystander that is within or near the light system that can
will encounter while conducting the experiment that is why affects a person’s safety outside.
student must come up a solution to prevent or solve these
encountered problems. Lastly student must propose an 3. Welfare- Having a standard light source for a specific
improved lighting system for the roadway, in this way, this area outdoors will not affect the people’s welfare that will not
will surely help the user have the right illuminance at cause problems and accidents outdoors
nighttime in the road.
4. Global Factors- Lights used in the project and the
III. MATERIALS USED standards that has been issued are accept outside the country
The following are the materials that were used for the as it is sometimes use as a reference to create the doe
experiment: standards

5. Cultural Factors- Light in the vicinity is appropriate

A.DIALux for the country’s outdoor environment that it can easily blend
A program using for professional light planning for indoor in among other light sources as it does not standout but at the
and outdoor rooms. same time provide adequate illuminance level in its area

6. Social Factors- Since it passes the doe standard, it

does not create any issues that the public notices any
differences. From what other lightbulbs emits

7. Environmental Factors- The lights used in the streets

are all environmentally friendly. The light bulbs consume a
minimal amount of power but emits a substantial amount of
illuminance level meaning using the lights can reduce
greenhouse effects
.
8. Economic Factors- Eco-friendly light bulbs are
normally cheaper than commercially known models that a vast
Fig. 1. DiaLux Logo
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majority of people use among streetlight usage but can

perform on par or better than other light bulbs

B. Recommended Illumination Levels

Fig. 4. Minor DOE Minimum value for roadway lighting parameters

According to the standards of DOE this are the

minimum values for roadway lighting parameters.

Fig. 2. Major DOE Roadway Lighting Guidelines

Fig. 5. Roadway 1

According to DOE Roadway Lighting Guidelines As can be seen from the Standards of DOE. The
these are the standards that will be used in the following
minimum value for the Average Road Surface is 1.2 Cd/m2
proposal for the highway and street lighting designs.
and the design had a value of 1.93 Cd/m2. The minimum
value for the Overall Uniformity is 0.40 and the design had a
value of 0.56. The minimum value for the Threshold
Increment is 15 and the design had a value of 15. The
minimum value for the Surrounding Ratio is 0.5 and the
design had a value of 0.66.

Fig. 3. Minor DOE Roadway Lighting Guidelines

The students also used this DOE Roadway Lighting

Guidelines for Minor Road. The students will follow this
Fig. 6. Sidewalk1
standard that will be used in the following proposal for the
highway and street lighting designs. The student followed the
DOE Standards for LED Luminaire, Standards followed by
the luminaire used (DOE standards)

C. Results for Valuation Field

a. Minor

Fig. 7. Sidewalk 2
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Sidewalk 1 and sidewalk 2 were both 2-meter-wide,
but since the distance of the pole from the road in 0.5 meter,
the sidewalk that can be walk on is 2 meters minus 0.5 meters,
which is 1.5 meters wide. The Philippine standard is 1.2
meters. But the student decided to widen the sidewalk a bit.
Adheres to illuminance class P1 which means for pedestrian.
b. Major
Fig. 8. Major DOE Minimum value for roadway lighting parameters
According to the standards of DOE this are the
minimum values for roadway lighting parameters.
Fig. 9. Roadway 1
As can be seen from the Standards of DOE. The
minimum value for the Average Road Surface is 1.2 Cd/m2
and the design had a value of 2.41 Cd/m2. The minimum
value for the Overall Uniformity is 0.40 and the design had a
value of 0.45. The minimum value for the Threshold
Increment is 15 and the design had a value of 22. The
minimum value for the Surrounding Ratio is 0.5 and the
design had a value of 1
3
Fig. 10. Roadway 2
For Roaway 2. Its same as Roadway 1 which can be
seen from the Standards of DOE. The minimum value for the
Average Road Surface is 1.2 Cd/m2 and the design had a
value of 2.41 Cd/m2. The minimum value for the Overall
Uniformity is 0.40 and the design had a value of 0.45. The
minimum value for the Threshold Increment is 15 and the
design had a value of 22. The minimum value for the
Surrounding Ratio is 0.5 and the design had a value of 1
Fig. 11. Sidewalk 1
Sidewalk 1 and sidewalk 2 ware both 2-meter-wide,
but since the distance of the pole from the road in 0.5 meter,
the sidewalk that can be walk on is 2 meters minus 0.1 meters,
which is 1.9 meters wide. The Philippine standard is 1.2
meters. But the student decided to widen the sidewalk a bit.
Adheres to illuminance class P1 which means for pedestrian.
Fig. 12. Sidewalk 2
Sidewalk 1 and sidewalk 2 ware both 2-meter-wide,
but since the distance of the pole from the road in 0.5 meter,
the sidewalk that can be walk on is 2 meters minus 0.5 meters,
which is 1.5 meters wide. The Philippine standard is 1.2
meters. But the student decided to widen the sidewalk a bit.
Adheres to illuminance class P1 which means for pedestrian.
D. Layout plan
Fig. 13. Minor Lighting Design – Street Lighting Design
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The road width is 8 meters that is why the student’s

arrangement is one side, land wattage is 70 watts, mounting
height is 8 meters and the mast arm length is 1.5 meters.

Fig. 14. Major Lighting Design – Highway Lighting Design Fig. 18. Minor 3D Rendering

The road width is 20 meters, that is why the student

arrangement is opposite, lamp wattage is 150 watts, luminaire
spacing is 20 to 40 meters, mounting height is 10 meters and
Mast arm length is 3 meters.

E. 3D Rendering

a. Minor

Fig. 19. Minor 3D Rendering

Fig. 15. Minor 3D Rendering

Fig. 20. Minor 3D Rendering

Fig. 16. Minor 3D Rendering

Fig. 21. Minor 3D Rendering

Since it is only 8m wide, the luminaire layout should

have a one-sided arrangement type. Shows one sided
arrangement type of luminaire, shows 3D form of the road,
has 2 lanes, sidewalks on both sides and grass strips on both
sides

Fig. 17. Minor 3D Rendering

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Fig. 22. Minor 3D Rendering Fig. 26. Major 3D Rendering

Fig. 23. Street Profile

b. Major Fig. 26. Street Profile

Since it is only 20m wide, the luminaire layout

should have an opposite arrangement type. This shows two-
sided arrangement type of luminaire, this also shows 3D form
of the 2 roads, and has 2 lanes, sidewalks on both sides and
Fig. 24. Major 3D Rendering grass strips on both sides.

This shows the opposite side arrangement type of F. Existing and proposed luminaire layout plan
luminaire, and also shows 3D form of the road, has 2 lanes,
sidewalks on both sides and grass strips on both sides.

Fig. 27. Major 3D Rendering

The student proposed total number of luminaires is 7.

Fig. 28. Major 3D Rendering

Fig. 25. Major 3D Rendering
The student proposed total number of luminaires is 8.

G. Lighting system (Lamps and luminaire used)

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a. Minor
Fig. 29. Lighting used for Minor
Fig. 30. Lighting used for Minor
Fig. 31. DOE Standards for LED Luminaire
6
The specification that the student used: Light source
engine type is LED, input voltage is from 220 volts to 240
volts but the DOE standard is 230V, input frequency if from
50 Hz to 60 Hz and the DOE standard is 60 Hz, housing
material is Aluminum die cast and the DOE Standard is High
pressure aluminum die cast, overall length is 626 mm but the
DOE Standard is not more than 1200 mm, overall width is 340
mm but the DOE Standard is not more than 400 mm, overall
height is 95 mm but DOE Standard is not more than 200 mm,
ingress protection code is IP66 and the DOE Standard must be
a minimum of IP66, mechanical impact protection code is
IK08 but the DOE Standard must be minimum of IK08 and
net weight is 6.5 kg but the DOE Standard is 16kg is the
maximum.
Fig. 32. Luminaire arrangement
The Proposal luminaire layout for a street (like
barangay/municipal street) with 8m wide road. Since it is only
8m wide, the luminaire layout should have a one-sided
arrangement type Pole Distance: 10-40m. The student used
20m, because the largest distance that complied to the
minimum value that needed in the results, such as Lm, Uo, Ul,
Ti. But the Ti is the only affected one due to the limitation
value which is 20m that was used in the pole distance.
The longitudinal displacement was computed, and
there is a displacement of 3 meter. This is according to DOE.
Where D is the spacing between the points in the longitudinal
direction, S is the spacing between luminaries and N is the
number of calculation points in longitudinal direction.
S
D= S<30 ; N=10 S>30 ; D<3
N
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Fig. 33. Lighting used for Minor

b. Major

Fig. 33. Lighting used for Major

Since our highway design has a width of 20 meters

Following the standards set by DOE
Lamp Wattage = 154W
Pole distance = 40 meters
Light Centre Height = 10 meters
Light Overhang = 3 meters
Pole Distance from roadway = 0.5 meter
Longitudinal Displacement = 5 meters (computed using DOE)

Fig. 32. Lighting used for Major

Fig. 34. Lighting used for Major

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Fig. 37. Horizontal Illuminance for roadway

Horizontal illuminance describes the amount of light

Fig. 35. Lighting used for Major landing on a horizontal surface, as can be seen the roadways
are getting an illuminance ranging from 18 – 24 which is in
range with the standards followed by the Dialux which is EN
13201:2015.

Fig. 38. Luminance with Dry Roadway

Fig. 39 Luminance with New Lamp

Observer 1 is from the POV of the sidewalk 1 and as

can be seen after the illuminance with the new lamp the
Fig. 36. Lighting used for Major illuminance improved from a range of about 0.7 – 1.4 Cd/m2.

The specification that the student used: Light source MINOR – ROADWAY 1
engine type is LED, input voltage is from 220 volts to 240 OBSERVER 2 – ISOLINES
volts but the DOE standard is 230V, input frequency if from
50 Hz to 60 Hz and the DOE standard is 60 Hz, housing
material is Aluminum die cast and the DOE Standard is High
pressure aluminum die cast, overall length is 865 mm but the
DOE Standard is not more than 1200 mm, overall width is 340
mm but the DOE Standard is not more than 400 mm, overall
height is 100 mm but DOE Standard is not more than 200 mm,
ingress protection code is IP66 and the DOE Standard must be
a minimum of IP66, mechanical impact protection code is Fig. 40 Luminance with Dry Roadway
IK08 but the DOE Standard must be minimum of IK08 and
net weight is 8 kg but the DOE Standard is 16kg is the
maximum.

H. False Color Rendering Isolines

a. Minor
Fig. 41 Luminance with New Lamp
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Observer 2 is from the POV of the sidewalk 2 and as Observer 1 is from the POV of the sidewalk 1 and as
can be seen after the illuminance with the new lamp the can be seen after the illuminance with the new lamp the
illuminance improved from a range of about 0.6 – 1.3 Cd/m2. illuminance improved from a range of about 0.6 – 2.1 Cd/m2.

Comparing observer 1 and observer 2 it can be seen MAJOR – ROADWAY 1

that observer 2 benefited more from the installation of the new OBSERVER 2 - ISOLINES
lamp.

MINOR – SIDEWALK 1
ISOLINES

Fig. 46 Luminance with Dry Roadway

Fig. 42 Horizontal Illuminance
Horizontal illuminance describes the amount of light
landing on a horizontal surface, as can be seen the roadways
are getting an illuminance ranging from 17 – 21 which is in
range with the standards followed by the Dialux which is EN
13201:2015 and when averaged also follows the standard of
DOE for pedestrians.
Fig. 47 Luminance with New Lamp
MINOR – SIDEWALK 2
ISOLINES
Observer 2 is from the POV of the sidewalk 2 and as
can be seen after the illuminance with the new lamp the
illuminance improved from a range of about 0.7 – 1.2 Cd/m2.
Fig 43 Horizontal Illuminance
Horizontal illuminance describes the amount of light Comparing observer 1 and observer 2 it can be seen
landing on a horizontal surface, as can be seen the roadways that observer 2 benefited more from the installation of the
are getting an illuminance ranging from 17 – 19 which is in lamps.
range with the standards followed by the Dialux which is EN
13201:2015 and when averaged also follows the standard of MAJOR – ROADWAY 2
DOE for pedestrians. OBSERVER 1 – ISOLINES

MAJOR – ROADWAY 1
OBSERVER 1 - ISOLINES
Horizontal Illuminance

Horizontal illuminance describes the amount of light

landing on a horizontal surface, as can be seen the roadways Fig 48 Horizontal Illuminance
are getting an illuminance ranging from 16 – 37 which is in
Horizontal illuminance describes the amount of light
range with the standards followed by the Dialux which is EN
landing on a horizontal surface, as can be seen the roadways
13201:2015.
are getting an illuminance ranging from 16 – 37 which is in
range with the standards followed by the Dialux which is EN
13201:2015.

Fig. 44 Luminance with Dry Roadway

Fig. 45 Luminance with New Lamp

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are getting an illuminance ranging from 11 – 16 which is in

range with the standards followed by the Dialux which is EN
13201:2015 and when averaged also follows the standard of
DOE for pedestrians.

Fig. 49 Luminance with Dry Roadway I. Value charts

MINOR – ROADWAY 1 OBSERVER I – VALUE CHART

Fig. 50 Luminance with New Lamp

Observer 1 is from the POV of the sidewalk 1 and as

can be seen after the illuminance with the new lamp the
illuminance improved from a range of about 0.2 – 1.4 Cd/m2.
Fig. 55. Horizontal Illuminance
MAJOR – ROADWAY 2
OBSERVER 2 – ISOLINES

Fig. 51 Luminance with Dry Roadway

Fig. 56. Luminance with Dry Roadway

Fig. 52 Luminance with New Lamp

Observer 2 is from the POV of the sidewalk 2 and as

can be seen after the illuminance with the new lamp the
Fig. 57. Luminance with New Lamp
illuminance improved from a range of about 0.6 – 1 Cd/m2.
MINOR – ROADWAY 1 OBSERVER 2 – VALUE CHART
Comparing observer1 and observer 2 it can be seen
that observer 1 benefited more from the installation of the
lamps.

STREET – SIDEWALK 1
ISOLINES

Fig. 53 Horizontal Illuminance Fig. 58. Luminance with Dry Roadway

Horizontal illuminance describes the amount of light

landing on a horizontal surface, as can be seen the roadways
are getting an illuminance ranging from 14 – 21 which is in
range with the standards followed by the Dialux which is EN
13201:2015 and when averaged also follows the standard of
DOE for pedestrians.

STREET – SIDEWALK 2 Fig. 59. Luminance with New Lamp

ISOLINES
MAJOR – ROADWAY 1 OBSERVER 1 – VALUE CHART
Fig. 54. Horizontal Illuminance

Horizontal illuminance describes the amount of light

landing on a horizontal surface, as can be seen the roadways
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Fig. 66. Luminance with Dry Roadway

Fig.60. Horizontal Illuminance

Fig. 67. Luminance with New Lamp

Fig. 61. Luminance with Dry Roadway MAJOR – RAODWAY 2 OBSERVER 2 – VALUE CHART

Fig. 68. Luminance with Dry Roadway

Fig. 62. Luminance with New Lamp

Fig. 69. Luminance with New Lamp

MAJOR – ROADWAY 1 OBSERVER 2 – VALUE CHART

J. Lighting Arrangement and Lighting Control
Technologies
a. Minor

Fig. 63. Luminance with Dry Roadway

Fig. 64. Luminance with New Lamp

MAJOR ROADWAY 2 OBSERVER 1 – VALUE CHART

According to the DOE, Single sided arrangement, in

which all luminaires are located on one side of the road, shall
be used when the road width is less than or equal to the
mounting height. Since our road width is 8 and our mounting
height is 8 the single sided lighting arrangements will be used
Fig. 65. Horizontal Illuminance
S
As can be seen from the isolines graph, the horizontal D= S<30 ; N=10 S>30 ; D<3
illuminance was varying from 18 – 38 on the whole road N
which is in range with the calculations of Dialux. After the
new lamp was placed the illuminance improved by 0.6 – 1.8 in Longitudinal Displacement: 3m is computed using
value with respect with the view of observer 1. the formula used by the DOE
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b. Major [1]"Abstract", Jtte.chd.edu.cn, 2020. [Online]. Available:

http://jtte.chd.edu.cn/en/oa/darticle.aspx?
type=view&id=201805004. [Accessed: 11- May- 2020].

[2]"Field evaluation of selected light sources for roadway

lighting", ScienceDirect, 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S20957
56418303544. [Accessed: 11- May- 2020].

[3]Dfintl.com, 2020. [Online]. Available:

http://www.dfintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/LED-
Road-Lighting-Design-Manual1.pdf. [Accessed: 11- May-
2020].
According to the DOE, Opposite arrangement, in
which the luminaires are placed directly opposite and facing [4]Premiumlightpro.eu, 2020. [Online]. Available:
each other along the road, shall be used when the road width is http://www.premiumlightpro.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Gu
more than 1.5 times the mounting height. idelines/Premium_Light_Pro_Outdoor_LED_Guidelines.
pdf. [Accessed: 11- May- 2020].
Since our road width is 20 meters and our mounting
height is 10 meters the single sided lighting arrangements will
be used since the width is 1.5 times more than the mounting
height
S
D= S<30 ; N=10 S>30 ; D<3
N
Longitudinal Displacement: 5m is computed using
the formula used by the DOE

V. CONCLUSION
After designing two different type of road ways, it can be
concluded that the major factors affecting the roadway
illumination are the following: pole distance, light center
height, beam angle, light overhang, pole rotation, number of
luminaires per pole, pole distance from roadway, boom length
and longitudinal displacement which was learned through the
Dialux. Another major factor will be the luminaire to be used
since it will be the one providing the illuminance. As the
group were designing, the group decided to follow the
standards set by the Department of Energy together with the
standards set by the Dialux which is the EN 13201:2015. The
process is more on a trial and error in order to meet the
standards, changing the luminaire along with the length of the
road, beam angle, pole distance and luminaire arrangement
contributed most to the calculation part of the experiment. The
lighting arrangement techniques used by the group also came
from the DOE which is the single-sided lighting arrangement
which is used when the road width is equal with the mounting
height of the luminaire and opposite lighting arrangement
which is used when the road width is 1.5 more than the
mounting height of the luminaire. The longitudinal
displacement formula that was used was also provided by the
DOE. Before designing one must know first the standards to
be safe and to comply with the government.

VI. REFERENCES