Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. The graph shows the volume of CO2 released over time when 25.00cm3 of 0.500 mol dm-3
Na2CO3(aq) is reacted with an excess of HCl at a temperature of 30oC.
a. Copy the graph and, on the same
axes, sketch the graph of the volume of
CO2 released over time when 25.00cm3 of
1.00mol dm-3 of Na2CO3 is reacted with
the same amount of HCl, keeping HCl still
in excess
b. On a different set of axes, graph the
mass of the mixture in the original
experiment as CO2 escapes over time.
Catalysts
Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy of the reaction.
Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction – it can be used over and over again
What are some of the catalysts that are useful in the industry?
Transition elements could make good catalysts – because they have more than one oxidation state –
they can donate electrons in more ways than one they lend 2 electrons into the reaction,
jumpstarting the entire reaction. Towards the end of the reaction, the transition elements recover
the pair of electrons back
Examples:
1. For production of ice cream – use enzyme lactase – breaks down milk sugar (lactose) into
two smaller sugars – glucose and galactose
a. Lactose-intolerant persons – they can eat ice cream without stomach ache.
b. Makes ice cream sweeter – glucose and galactose are sweeter than lactose.
c. Makes ice cream creamier – improves texture of the ice cream
2. Detergent – if a detergent has “stain-removing feature”, it probably has an enzyme in it.
a. Removing blood stains – use animal enzyme (protease)
b. Grass stain – use plant enzyme (cellulose)
Problem with enzymes is that they only work for a limited range of temperature and pH. But we
would prefer enzymes over inorganic catalysts because they are hundreds of times faster.
Photochemical Reactions
Examples
Reason why ozone protects use from harmful UV rays is because the production of ozone (O3) in the
atmosphere requires the absorption of the most harmful frequencies of ultraviolet rays
(UV-B 20% of UV incident to surface or earth – more harmful and cause skin cancer)
(UV-C none falls to the earth’s surface – most harmful, totally absorbed by the ozone layer)
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) destroy the ozone layer by absorbing light. Its products become catalyst
to breakdown of ozone.
ACIDS AND BASES
Turns litmus paper from blue to red Turns red litmus to blue
pH < 7 pH >7
Universal Indicator
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Strong acid weak acid neutral weak strong base
1 7 14
Strong acid: HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) H+(aq) gives the substance its acidic character
Weak: CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) not all acid breaks down into H+
Strong:
Weak:
Common bases:
Strong:
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
Weak bases:
NH3
Mg(OH)2
Method of Chemical
Reactants Salt formed Byproducts
preparation equation
Acid + base Calcium
hydroxide and
nitric acid
Acid + active Zinc and
metal hydrochloric acid
Acid + alkali ____ and Potassium sulfate Water only
potassium
hydroxide
Acid + carbonate _____ and _____ Sodium chloride Water and _____
Acid + metal _____ and _____ Iron (II) sulfate
Acid + ________ Nitric acid and
sodium
hydroxide
Acid + base ______ and Copper (II)
copper (II) oxide sulfate
Acid + ________ _____ and _____ Copper (II) Carbon dioxide
sulfate and _________