1. What are the different laws of Mendel? Explain each law.

The three different laws of Mendel are Law of Dominance, Law of Equal Segregation, and Law of
Independent Assortment. Law of Dominance tells that one allele masked another, one allele was
dominant over the other in the F1 generation. The Law of Equal Segregations states that when gametes
are formed, the pairs of heredity factors (genes) become separated, so that each sex cell (egg/sperm)
receives only one kind of gene. Every individual has two alleles but only one allele will proceed to the
offspring. And lastly, the Law of Independent Assortment states that the alleles of two (or more)
different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. Simply the inheritance of one
pair of genes is independent of inheritance of another pair

2. Understand the meaning of the following:

a. alleles

– Two genes that occupy the same position of homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait
(like ‘flavors’ of a trait).

b. genes

– A unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein.

c. recessive

– An allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition, only in
homozygous.

d. dominant

– The allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in
the heterozygous condition.

e. heterozygous

– Having two different genes for a particular characteristic.

f. genotype

– The genetic makeup of an organisms

g. phenotype

– The physical appearance of an organism (Genotype + environment)

h. F1 generation
- F1 = First filial generation; offspring from a genetic cross or the initial cross between two genetically
distinct plants. Often an F1 cross does not yield the desired goals because some traits do not show up in
those first-generation seedlings.

i. F2 generation

- F2 = Second filial generation of a genetic cross. An "F2" cross is the next generation, or the result of
crossing two sister seedlings from the F1 cross.

j. parental generation

- The first generation of a cross. The symbol "P" is the conventional designation for the parental
generation. The generation of individuals of different genotypes that are mated, usually for scientific
purposes, to produce hybrids.

k. offspring/progeny

- The product of reproduction, a new organism produced by one or more parents.

References:

https://byjus.com/biology/mendel-laws-of-inheritance/

https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JARS/v59n4/v59n4-hyatt1.htm

https://www.genscript.com/molecular-biology-glossary/10854/parent-generation

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/parental-generation

https://www.genscript.com/molecular-biology-glossary/10773/offspring