Well-come to

my
presentation !
[Meng 1032]

By : Mr. Mewael M.

2018/19 G.C
Chapter NE : Introduction To
Engineering Drawing
Engineers use drawings to Chapter
One
communicate ideas to
colleagues and co-workers
 The term engineering is derived from the Latin word
“ ingenium or ingenerare”, meaning “ to create ”.

 The next procedure to identifying the problem In the Chapter

One
process of creation is to draw the draft or outline of the
item.
Chapter
One
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
? Try to write a description of this object.

? Test your written description by having

someone attempt to make a sketch from
your description.
Chapter
One
You can easily understand that …
The word languages are inadequate for describing the size, shape
and features completely as well as concisely.
Compositions of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use lines
to represent the surfaces, edges and contours of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” . Chapter

One
 Drawing
Is a form of visual art in which a person uses
various drawing equipment to mark paper or
another two-dimensional medium. Chapter
One
 Drawing is one of the oldest forms of communication,
dating back even further than the verbal communication.

 Cave dwellers painted drawings on walls of their caves Chapter

thousands of years before paper was invented. But in later years, One
Egyptian hieroglyphics were a more advanced form of
communicating through drawings.
 History of drawing

 Gas pared Monge, French mathematician, introduced

theory of projection at the end of 18th century

 Leonardo da Vinci‘s(1452-1519) sketch shows the aware

of multi view drawings.
Chapter
One
 Chapter
One
Fig.1: Characters and objects taken from an ancient
wall.
We can generally mention the purposes of engineering
drawing as:
 Drawing as a means of communications.
 Since, Engineers are creative people who use technical
means to solve problems we use engineering drawing to Chapter
clarify problem or need. One

 To document the various ideas and concepts formed.

 To document the proposed solution.

There are two basic types of drawings:
I. Artistic Drawing.
Chapter
One
II. Technical Drawing.
I. Artistic Drawing

 Is used to express the esthetic idea (beauty),philosophic

imaginations and abstract ideas of the artist.

Chapter
One
II. Technical Drawing

 Is the study of the procedures, tools, skills and techniques

used to record and communicate the shape and size of a product.

 Is a universal standardized graphical language used to describe

accurately and clearly the form, size and construction of an object.
Chapter
One

 Must contain everything needed for proper interpretation of the

design because design and manufacturing may be located far apart
- often in different countries.
 Engineering drawing.
 Cut away drawing.

 Exploded drawing.

 Patent drawing.
Chapter
One
 Technical illustrations.

 Technical sketches.
 Working drawings, e.g. Plumbering and electrical drawings.
 A graphical language that communicates ideas and
information from one mind to another.

 Is used to fully and clearly define requirements for

engineered items.
Chapter
 (the activity) produces engineering drawings (the One
documents).

 More than merely the drawing of pictures, it is also a

language.
 A clear and precise engineering drawing requires both
graphics and word languages. Example

Graphics language

Describes a shape (mainly).

Word language Chapter

One
Describes an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
Example Dimension & Notes

Chapter
One

Title Block
Notes
A drawing can be created in Three ways:
1. Freehand sketch.
2. Using typical drawing instruments.
3. Using a computer. Chapter
One
 The lines are drawn using only pencil and erasers
on a blank or grid paper.
Example

Chapter
One

Pictorial sketch Orthographic sketch

 Drawing instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles,
and curves concisely and accurately.
 Drawings are usually made to scale.

Example
Chapter
One
 Computer aided drafting (CAD) software is
used.
Example

Chapter
One

2D drawing Solid modeling

Basic Knowledge for Drafting or Drawing

Graphics language
Line types
Projection method
Geometric construction
Chapter
One
Word language
Lettering
Is the process of forming letters, numerals,
and other notes in drawing.

Chapter
One
ISO 3098 Technical product documentation – Lettering

Gothic sans-serif
Lettering styles
Roman - All letters having elementary strokes “
ABCDEFGH accented “ or consisting of heavy and light
abcdefgh lines, are classified as Roman

Text – this term includes all styles of old

ABCDEFGH English. German text, Bradley text or others of
abcdefgh various trade names – Text styles
Are too illegible for commercial purposes.
Chapter
ABCDEFGH GOTHIC – All letters having the elementary
Strokes of even width are classified as Gothic
One
abcdefgh
ABCDEFGH Italic – All slanting letters are classified as
Italics. These may be further designated as
abcdefgh Roman Italics, Gothic Italics or Text Italic.
 Engineering drawings use a Gothic sans-serif script.

Gothic sans-serif

 Lettering is freehand drawing and not writing. Therefore, the

Chapter
six fundamental strokes and their direction for freehand drawing are One
basic to lettering.
 Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

Chapter
One
4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested
Upper-case letters Strokes Sequence
& Numerals
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters Chapter
One

Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Lower-case letters

Chapter
One
I L T F

Chapter
E H One
V X W

Chapter
One
N M K Z

Y A 4 Chapter
One
O Q C G

Chapter
One
D U P B

R J 1 2 Chapter
One
5 7

Chapter
One
S 0 3 6

8 9 Chapter
One
l i

Chapter
One
v w x k

z Chapter
One
j y f t

Chapter
r One
c o a b

d p q e Chapter
One
g n m h

u s Chapter
One
 Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.

A) Non-uniform spacing

JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing Chapter
One

J IR A P O N G
Which one is easier to read ?
Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour || || \/ \ | )( )| |(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of Chapter
One
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
 Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

Chapter
One

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

 Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T” Chapter

One

≡ slant slant

slant
≡ straight
 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN Chapter

One
MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Drawing practice must follow certain rules, if it is to serve
as a means of communication.
Chapter
One
Standard Codes
Country Code Full name

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard

UK BS British Standard
Chapter
One
Australia AS Australian Standard

Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

 TEA BREAK

10 MINUTES Chapter
One
Chapter
One
Chapter
One
 Drawing instrument set

The 30°- 60° triangle

{ Compass, Divider, extensions }

The 45°- 45° triangle

Chapter
One

T-Square Triangles
 2H or HB for thick line
4H for thin line

Chapter
One

Adhesive Tape Pencil

 Sandpaper Circle Template

Chapter
One

Pencil Eraser Erasing Shield

 Chapter
One

Sharpener Clean paper

Drawing papers are the
materials on which
the drawings are
made.

Chapter
One
 Drawing Sheet : Orientation & Margin

c
1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)
portrait

c
d
c
Border d Drawing space
c Drawing
space
lines Title block

c
c

Title block Chapter

Sheet size c (min) d (min) One
Landscape
A4 5 20
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
 Drawing Scales
Is a measure of the relationship between actual distances
and distances Represented in a view of drawing
size on the drawing
scale =
size on the actual object

OR
scale size on the drawing : size on the actual object
Chapter
SCALE 1:1 for full size One

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)

Standard enlarging scales are 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1

SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Standard reducing scales are 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100
 Lines of various forms and thickness are
used as alphabets of the graphic language.
 If these lines are properly and systematically
composed, they have the capacity to describe
the shape of an object adequately.
 used to show the out line and shape of an
object and define features.
 are dark, heavy solid lines

 They are used to show the out line of a feature

that can not be seen in a particular view and
help clarify a feature.
 are medium weight short dashed lines.
 The parts are screw or threded the line is
replaced by zig zag
 It is used to indicate axis of circles and
symmetrical surfaces of an object.
 are thin lines composed of one long dash and one
short dash spaced alternately.

 It is used to Show the length, width, and height

of the features of an object.
 are thin lines with arrowheads at its ends.
 used to show the starting and stopping points
of a dimension.
 are thin solid lines

 Used to show the dimension of a feature or a

note that is too large to be placed beside the
feature itself
 Thin lines
 areused to indicate the location of the
cutting of cutting plane in the process of
sectioning.

 are used to indicate the cut surface of an object in sectional

view. The section lines are usually drawn thin at an angle to
produce a contrast with visible line.
 It should be equally spaced and proportional to the mass of the
sectional surface.
 The type of section line used
to represent a surface varies
according to the type of
material.
 However, the general
purpose section line symbol
used in most section view
drawings are :
 are used to break out sections for clarity or
for shortening apart.
 Three types of lines with different line
weights are used in break line. These are:
Long breaks
Short breaks
Cylindrical breaks
 are used for three purposes in drawings:
To show the alternate position of
machine part and lines of motion.
To show the relationship of parts that fit
together.
To show repeated detail.
alternate
position of
machine part
and lines of
motion

For repeated detail

 Are used to show a surface or surface zone is to
receive additional treatment or considerations
within limits specified on a drawing.
 Consists of thick, alternating long and short
dashes.
Example 1

Chapter
One
Example 2

70
71
 Borders
 Provides a safety area to prevent the loss of
important information.
 Approve appearance for presentation purposes.
 Title Blocks
Chapter
 some items standard: drawing number, sheet number, One
title, company name, logo, scale, date, tolerances,
drafter, checker, supervisor.
Chapter
One
How to Keep Your Drawing Clean
Do Don’t
 Straight Line
1. Hold the pencil naturally.

2. Spot the beginning and end points.

3. Swing the pencil back and forth between the points, barely
touching the paper until the direction is clearly established.

4. Draw the line firmly with a free and easy wrist-and-arm

motion
Horizontal line Vertical line
Nearly vertical
inclined line

Nearly horizontal
inclined line
 Small Circle
Method 1 : Starting with a square
1. Lightly sketching the square and marking the mid-points.

2. Draw light diagonals and mark the estimated radius.

3. Draw the circle through the eight points.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

 Small Circle
Method 2 : Starting with center line
1. Lightly draw a center line.

2. Add light radial lines and mark the estimated radius.

3. Sketch the full circle.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

 Large Circle
1. Place the little finger (or pencil’ s tip) at the center as a
pivot, and set the pencil point at the radius-distance
from the center.
2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.
 Arc
Method 1 : Starting with a square

Method 2 : Starting with a center line

Steps in Sketching
1. Block in main shape.
2. Locate the features.

3. Sketch arcs and circles.

4. Sketch lines.
Example
 THE END
THANK YOU VERY
MUCH !!!
 Chapter
Two

Chapter TW : Theory of
Projections
 a drawing or representation of an object which is
three dimensional on an imaginary two dimensional surface or
plane.
 In order to carry out the process of projection the following
elements should be fulfilled:
An object to be projected,
An observer who is viewing the object,
A station point where the observer is located,
The imaginary projection or picture plane ( Viewers
drawing paper) and ,
Imaginary lines of sight called projectors.
 Projection plane

Projection plane

Observer

Object

Station Point
SP
Projection Standard is communicated
by Simple Projection Symbols
Projection Symbols:
The very first thing a manufacturer
looks for.

EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!
 THE END
THANK YOU VERY
MUCH !!!