Sixth Sense Technology

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Paper Battery
Electronic devices and gadgets require a power supply (either AC or DC),
this power supply can be taken directly from the mains power supply or
from the electrical batteries. The battery can be defined as an electronic
device comprised of (one or more) electrochemical cells. The chemical
energy of the electrochemical cells can be converted into electrical energy.
Based on different criteria batteries are classified into various types such
that based on rechargeable condition they are classified as rechargeable
batteries and non-rechargeable batteries. The advancement in technology
developed environmentally friendly and more flexible batteries such as
paper batteries. In this article, let us discuss about paper battery
construction and working. But, primarily, we must know what a paper
battery is.
Paper Battery

Paper Battery

The flexible and thin energy storage device which can be used as a battery
is called as paper battery. This paper battery can also be used as a
capacitor. This battery can be produced by merging the nanotubes (made
using carbon) and nano-composite paper (made using cellulose). The
paper battery consists of property of a battery – high-energy storage
capacity and property of super capacitor – high-energy density and thus,
produces extreme power.

Paper Battery Construction

The major components used for the construction of paper battery include:

 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) used for cathode terminal

 Lithium metal (Li+) used for anode terminal
 Different types of electrolytes that include blood, urine, and sweat
(which are termed as bio-electrolytes)
 Paper (Cellulose-Separator)
7-Simple Steps for the Construction of Paper Battery
Step 1: Take a cellulose-based paper and apply black carbon ink on it
Step2:  Spread this ink applied on the paper
Step3: After spreading ink, laminate a thin film over the cellulose surface
Step4: Heat the cellulose paper for 5min at 80 degrees C
Step5: Then, peel off the film from the substrate
Step6: The electrodes of paper battery are formed by film. The electrolytes
LTO and LCO are connected to different films
Step7: The functioning of paper battery can be checked by connecting
battery terminals to the LED

Paper Battery Structure

Paper Battery Working

The conventional rechargeable batteries which we use in our day-to-day
life consist of various separating components which are used for producing
electrons with the chemical reaction of a metal and electrolyte. If once the
paper of the battery is dipped in ion-based liquid, then the battery starts
working i.e., electricity is generated by the movement of electrons from
cathode terminal to anode terminal. This is due to the chemical reaction
between the electrodes of paper battery and liquid. Due to the quick flow of
the ions within a few seconds (10sec) energy will be stored in the paper-
electrode during the recharging. By stacking various paper-batteries up on
each other, the output of the paper battery can be increased.

Paper Battery Working

As the paper batteries are connected each other very closely for increasing
their output, there is chance of occurring short between the anode terminal
and cathode terminal. If once the anode terminal contacts with cathode
terminal, then there will be no flow of current in the external circuit. Thus, to
avoid the short circuit between anode and cathode a barrier or separator is
needed, which can be fulfilled by the paper separator.

Nanotubes used for Paper Battery

Paper Battery= Paper (Cellulose) + Carbon Nanotubes

The paper battery can be used for various applications as it facilitates
advantages such as folding, twisting, molding, crumpling, shaping, and
cutting without affecting on its efficiency. As the paper batteries are the
combination of cellulose paper and carbon nanotubes, which facilitates
advantages of long term usage, steady power, and bursts of energy. These
types of paper batteries are estimated to use for powering the next
generation vehicles and medical devices.

Paper Battery Properties

The properties of paper battery can be recognized from the properties of
cellulose such as excellent porosity, biodegradability, non-toxic,
recyclability, high-tensile strength, good absorption capacity, and low-shear
strength and also from the properties of carbon nanotubes such as low
mass density, flexibility, high packing density, lightness, better electrical
conductivity than silicon, thin (around 0.5 to 0.7mm), and low resistance.

Advantages of Paper Battery

 Unlike the conventional batteries, paper battery can be used by

folding, cutting, and rolling.
 Paper battery functions as a battery as well as a capacitor.
 Paper battery is a modern storage device with ultra-thin in size.
 It has special properties such as more economical, biodegradable,
and bio-compatible.
 Paper battery can generate electrical energy of 1.5V.
 The output voltage of paper battery can be customized based on
requirement.
Disadvantages of Paper Battery

 The carbon nanotubes used in paper battery are very expensive.

 The paper battery wastage may damage lungs if it is inhaled.
 The e-wastage is generated by paper batteries.
Applications of Paper Battery

Paper Battery Applications

There are numerous applications for paper batteries in various fields. In

electronics, paper battery is typically used in mobiles, laptops, calculators,
cameras, mouse, keyboard, Bluetooth devices, and so on. Similarly, in
medical sciences for artificial tissues, cosmetics, drug delivery systems,
and so on. In automobiles and aircraft, paper batteries are used in hybrid
vehicles because of their light weight.
Are you interested in designing electronics projects with your own innovative
ideas? Then, post your ideas, suggestions, and comments in the
comments section below for further technical assistance
 5G Mobile Technology
Q: What is 5G?
A: 5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global
wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G
enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect
virtually everyone and everything together including machines,
objects, and devices.
5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps
peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive
network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform
user experience to more users. Higher performance and
improved efficiency empower new user experiences and
connects new industries.

OnQ Blog: 5G in 101 Seconds

More 5G Resources
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Q: Who invented 5G?

Q: What underlying technologies make

up 5G?

Q: What are the

differences between the
previous generations of
mobile networks and 5G?
A: The previous generations of mobile networks are 1G, 2G,
3G, and 4G.
First generation - 1G
1980s: 1G delivered analog voice.
Second generation - 2G
Early 1990s: 2G introduced digital voice (e.g. CDMA- Code
Division Multiple Access).
Third generation - 3G
Early 2000s: 3G brought mobile data (e.g. CDMA2000).
Fourth generation - 4G LTE
2010s: 4G LTE ushered in the era of mobile broadband.
1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G all led to 5G, which is designed to provide
more connectivity than was ever available before.
5G is a unified, more capable air interface. It has been designed
with an extended capacity to enable next-generation user
experiences, empower new deployment models and deliver new
services.
With high speeds, superior reliability and negligible latency, 5G
will expand the mobile ecosystem into new realms. 5G will
impact every industry, making safer transportation, remote
healthcare, precision agriculture, digitized logistics — and more
— a reality.

Qualcomm’s 5G Timeline
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Q: How is 5G better than 4G?

Q: How and when will 5G
affect the global
economy?
A: 5G is driving global growth.
• $13.1 Trillion dollars of global economic output
• $22.8 Million new jobs created
• $265B global 5G CAPEX and R&D annually over the next 15
years
Through a landmark 5G Economy study, we found that 5G’s full
economic effect will likely be realized across the globe by 2035
—supporting a wide range of industries and potentially enabling
up to $13.1 trillion worth of goods and services.
This impact is much greater than previous network generations.
The development requirements of the new 5G network are also
expanding beyond the traditional mobile networking players to
industries such as the automotive industry.
The study also revealed that the 5G value chain (including
OEMs, operators, content creators, app developers, and
consumers) could alone support up to 22.8 million jobs, or more
than one job for every person in Beijing, China. And there are
many emerging and new applications that will still be defined in
the future. Only time will tell what the full “5G effect” on the
economy is going to be.

Read: Economic Impact Report

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Q: How will 5G affect me?

Q: Where is 5G being
used?
A: Broadly speaking, 5G is used across three main types of
connected services, including enhanced mobile broadband,
mission-critical communications, and the massive IoT. A
defining capability of 5G is that it is designed for forward
compatibility—the ability to flexibly support future services that
are unknown today.
Enhanced mobile broadband
In addition to making our smartphones better, 5G mobile
technology can usher in new immersive experiences such as
VR and AR with faster, more uniform data rates, lower latency,
and lower cost-per-bit.
Mission-critical communications
5G can enable new services that can transform industries with
ultra-reliable, available, low-latency links like remote control of
critical infrastructure, vehicles, and medical procedures.
Massive IoT
5G is meant to seamlessly connect a massive number of
embedded sensors in virtually everything through the ability to
scale down in data rates, power, and mobility—providing
extremely lean and low-cost connectivity solutions.

Download: 5G use cases

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Q: How do consumers use 5G?

Q: How do businesses use 5G?
Q: How do cities use 5G?

Q: How fast is 5G?

A: 5G is designed to deliver peak data rates up to 20 Gbps
based on IMT-2020 requirements. Qualcomm Technologies’
flagship 5G solutions, the Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ X65 is
designed to achieve up to 10 Gbps in downlink peak data rates.
But 5G is about more than just how fast it is. In addition to
higher peak data rates, 5G is designed to provide much more
network capacity by expanding into new spectrum, such as
mmWave.
5G can also deliver much lower latency for a more immediate
response and can provide an overall more uniform user
experience so that the data rates stay consistently high—even
when users are moving around. And the new 5G NR mobile
network is backed up by a Gigabit LTE coverage foundation,
which can provide ubiquitous Gigabit-class connectivity.

Explore 5G Modem-RF Systems

Discover 5G devices powered by Snapdragon

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Q: How does 5G work?

Q: Does 5G change my home internet

service?
Is 5G available now?
A: Yes, 5G is already here today, and global operators started
launching new 5G networks in early 2019. Also, all major phone
manufacturers are commercializing 5G phones. And soon, even
more people may be able to access 5G.
5G has been deployed in 60+ countries and counting. We are
seeing much faster rollout and adoption compared with 4G.
Consumers are very excited about the high speeds and low
latencies. But 5G goes beyond these benefits by also providing
the capability for mission-critical services, enhanced mobile
broadband and massive IoT. While it is hard to predict when
everyone will have access to 5G, we are seeing great
momentum of 5G launches in its first year and we expect more
countries to launch their 5G networks in 2020 and beyond.

Mind Reading Phones

Here’s a thought: Mind-reading software is not only ready for commercial use, but it
will actually be of practical use in everyday business applications.

But wait, you say. That’s creepy, invasive and useless. Read this column, though,
and you just might change your mind about that. (And if you do, your gadgets will
know.)

The missing ingredient

Futurists have predicted mind-reading technology for years. And while the detection
of brain-wave patterns has been possible for decades, the missing ingredient was
the ability to interpret them.

But now, thanks to artificial intelligence (A.I.) and machine learning, we can finally
know what’s going on inside people’s minds.

[ Further reading: A.I. and speech advances bring virtual assistants to work ]

The general process is this. Researchers have developed software that takes
readouts from people’s brains and matches them to words or pictures. Once
mapped, future readouts can be read, interpreted and used for various kinds of
mind-revealing or mental-control applications.
For example, MIT geniuses have invented a face-mounted device, plus a machine-
learning application, that performs real-time speech-to-text conversion — but without
the speech part.

I’d better explain that.

Electrodes on the device intercept neuromuscular signals sent by the brain to the
face, and the machine-learning application transcribes them into text. It replaces
vocalization with “subvocalization,” or “silent speech.”

Researchers use a neural network to match specific neuromuscular signals with

specific words. Each person’s physiology is different. The researchers were able to
achieve 92% accuracy after 15 minutes of customization and training.

The device also provides bone conduction output. That means you could make
requests of a virtual assistant and get results audible only to you, all without the
knowledge of people sitting right in front of you.

This is a surprising use for mind-reading technology, because it doesn’t “read”

thoughts in general, only “instructions” sent from the brain to the face to speak (even
if actual speaking doesn’t audibly or visually occur).

Also, it merely takes an existing behavior — spoken and audible interaction with a
virtual assistant — and makes it silent and invisible, thereby increasing the range of
situations where one could use a virtual assistant.

A video shows just how well this could work.

Of course, the device itself looks ridiculous. Nobody’s going to wear this in public.
What’s important about this research is its proof that subvocalization can be a
computer interface.

Scientists at the University of California, San Francisco, have created a mind-reading

device that also turns mental activity into text with better than 90% accuracy. Instead
of understanding the words a person is subvocalizing, it can detect what that person
is hearing, with brain activity alone.

The science was a bit gruesome.

The researchers took advantage of a kind of epilepsy treatment whereby electrodes

are implanted directly on the surface of the brain. Scientists used those electrodes
for a second purpose, which was to monitor brain waves in the auditory cortex. They
took that data and used algorithms to decode the specific speech sounds as they
were being heard by the subject.

It’s the first step toward creating an externally worn gadget that can be used to
convert thoughts to text — either “perceived” or “produced” speech.

Carnegie Mellon University research has found ways to read “complex thoughts“
based on brain scans, and output text accordingly. The university’s study
demonstrated that complex thinking could enable its A.I. to predict the next
“sentence” in the thought process.
Even Facebook has a mind-reading project in the works. The social networking
company’s secretive Building 8 division is working on a way for users to send
Facebook Messenger messages using thoughts alone.

Microsoft, ever the user-interface company, was granted patents last year for

interfaces that use brain activity to “change the state of a computer or applications.”

One example is to turn down the volume of music based on the mental activity of
being irritated by loud noise. It could be used for any number of Microsoft-related
products, from enhancing the accuracy of a mouse to enabling next-level
applications in the company’s HoloLens mixed-reality system.

Mind-reading research is also making gains in reading visuals, not just words.

A recent University of Toronto Scarborough study was able to roughly re-create

faces shown to subjects based on their brain activity.

Thirteen subjects were shown 140 faces. Electroencephalogram (EEG) readouts

were processed by an A.I. algorithm developed by the scientists, and produced
blurry but recognizable copies of what the subjects were shown.

Researchers are certain they’ll soon be able to re-create faces from memory alone, a
feat that has obvious law-enforcement applications.

Japanese researchers at the University of Kyoto are working on a neural network

system that performs in a similar way to the University of Toronto research. Subjects
are shown pictures, then functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans plus
A.I. can estimate what those pictures looked like based on blood flow to the brain.

Researchers at Purdue University are also reading minds using A.I. and fMRI
machines. They showed subjects videos and used A.I. to train their software to
predict brain activity in the visual cortex. Over time, they could figure out what the
person was looking at based on brain activity alone.

Mind-reading apps are also showing up in other contexts.

A startup called Neurable is working on a sci-fi virtual-reality (VR) video game called

Awakening, in which you pick up objects and even throw them with thoughts alone.
The game comes with an electrode headband that connects to an HTC Vive VR
headset.

As with the MIT technology, Neurable’s game doesn’t read “thoughts,” but instead
uses neural activity as commands or instructions.

A participant in HTC’s Vive X accelerator program, called Looxid Labs, is building a

mobile VR headset with built-in emotion-detection technology that uses both eye
tracking and brainwave monitoring.

The company has also developed attachments for the HTC Vive that do the same
thing. Developer kits are scheduled for release this summer.
On a more practical level, car giant Nissan revealed its IMx KURO concept car,
complete with an EEG headset, at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show.

The system uses monitored brainwaves to speed up the reaction of the car. For
example, when it detects that the driver intends to apply the brakes, it starts braking
even before the driver stomps on the brakes. Nissan claims that reaction times can
be sped up by as much as half a second.

Brain Fingerprinting
Brain fingerprinting is a lie detection technique which uses electroencephalography (EEG) to
determine whether specific information is stored in a subject's brain. The technique consists of
measuring and recording a person's electrical brainwaves and brain response when asked
questions about a crime, attempting to elicit a "P300 response" that indicates familiarity with the
details of the crime.[1] The technique is controversial, unproven [1] and of questionable accuracy.
[2]
 Comparison of brain fingerprinting with polygraphy showed mixed results consistent with "a mix
of proven techniques and dangerously exaggerated benefits". [1]

Go to:

Introduction and background

The state of the art prior to brain fingerprinting

Brain fingerprinting is an objective, scientific method to detect concealed information stored
in the brain by measuring electroencephalographic (EEG) brain responses, or brainwaves,
non-invasively by sensors placed on the scalp. The technique involves presenting words,
phrases, or pictures containing salient details about a crime or investigated situation on a
computer screen, in a series with other, irrelevant stimuli. Brain responses to the stimuli are
measured. When the brain processes information in specific ways, characteristic brainwave
patterns can be detected through computer analysis of the brain responses. When an
individual recognizes something as significant in the current context, he experiences an
“Aha!” response. This response is characterized by a specific brainwave pattern known as a
P300-MERMER. Brainwave responses are analyzed to determine whether or not the specific
information tested is stored in the brain of the subject or not. Brain fingerprinting computes a
determination of “information present”—the subject knows the critical information, or
“information absent”—he does not. The system also computes a statistical confidence for
each individual determination, e.g., “information present, 99.9% confidence” indicates that
there is a 99.9% probability that the subject knows the relevant information tested. If the
statistics computed do not provide a statistical confidence high enough to meet a
predetermined criterion for either a determination of “information present” or “information
absent,” then no determination is made: the outcome is “indeterminate.”
This tutorial review discusses the science of brain fingerprinting in light of the current state
of the art in forensic science, the scientific principles on which the technique is based,
published scientific data, successful field applications, applications in the judicial system and
legal admissibility in court, scientific methods and standards for brain fingerprinting tests,
correcting misconceptions and avoiding errors in applying the science, and the role of brain
fingerprinting in criminal investigations and security.
Prior to the invention of brain fingerprinting, the state of the art in forensic science,
investigations, and criminal justice was as follows. The goal is to reconstruct the crime and
accurately identify the perpetrator. This is accomplished by connecting features of the crime
scene with features associated with the perpetrator. The crime involves participants and a
crime scene. The participants include one or more perpetrators, and may include one or more
victims and/or witnesses.
The crime scene has two types of features that may be of use: permanent features and
changes wrought by the crime. Permanent features pre-exist the crime and persist after the
crime. These include buildings, streets, the lay of the land, etc. Changes that took place at the
time of the crime include such things as the positioning of the body in the case of a murder,
fingerprints, blood at the crime scene, etc.
The participants in the crime also have permanent and changed features. Permanent features
of the participants include, for example, DNA and fingerprints. Changed features of the
perpetrator may include, for example, wounds sustained in the course of the crime. Changes
to the victim wrought by the crime can be considered along with the crime scene.