A

Seminar report
On

PAPER BATTERY
Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

Electronics & Communication Engineering

By

Kanchan Kumari
(1418731910)
Under the Supervision of

Mr. Digvijay Singh Chauhan

(Assistant Professor of ECE Department)

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FEROZE GANDHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
RAEBARELI
March-2016

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Kanchan Kumari (1418731910) has carried out the work presented
in this seminar training report entitled Paper Battery under my supervision.

Date: March, 2016

Signature
Mr. Rakesh Bajpai
(Head of ECE Department)

Signature
Mr. Digvijay Singh Chauhan
(Assistant Professor ECE Department)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Im thankful to Mr. Digvijay Singh Chauhan (Assistant Prof. of ECE Department)
for his proper guidance, encouragement and suggestions during the period of this
seminar and its presentation. It was his able guidance and support, which resulted in
the successful presentation of seminar within the specified time. Their unflinching
help and encouragement was a constant source of inspiration to me.
Im very thankful to Mr. Rakesh Bajpai (Head of ECE Department) who went out
of way to provided me every possible facility and support in presenting seminar
smoothly and successfully. A seminar owes its success from commencement to
completion, to people involved with seminar at various stages. I avail this
opportunity to convey my sincere thanks to all the individuals who have helped and
assisted me in carrying and bringing out this seminar last but not the least, the cooperation and help received from teachers and friends Dept. of ECE, is gratefully
acknowledged.

Kanchan
Kumari
ECE 3rd
(1418731910)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content
1. Abstract
2. Introduction to paper battery
a. Introduction to ordinary battery
b. Introduction to paper battery
3. Manufacturing of paper battery
a. Manufacturing of carbon nanotubes
b. Development
4. Experiment Details
5. Result and Discussions
6. Applications
a. In cosmetics
b. Uses of paper battery
c. Durability
7. Conclusion
8. References

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ABSTRACT
This paper reports on the use of cellulose paper simultaneously as electrolyte,
separation of electrodes and physical support of a rechargeable battery. The
deposition on both faces of a paper sheet of metal or metal oxides thin layers with
different electrochemical potentials, respectively as anode and cathode, such as Cu
and Al, lead to an output voltage of 0.70 V and a current density that varies
between 150nA/cm and 0.5mA/cm, subject to the paper composition, thickness and
the degree of OH_ species adsorbed in the paper matrix. The electrical output of
the paper battery is independent of the electrodes thickness but strongly
depends on the atmospheric relative humidity (RH), with a current density
enhancement by more than 3 orders of magnitude when RH changes from 60% to
85%. Besides flexibility, low cost, low material consumption, environmental
friendly, the power output of paper batteries can be adapted to the desired
voltagecurrent needed, by proper integration. A 3-V prototype was fabricated to
control the ON/OFF state of a paper transistor.

INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY

INTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY BATTERY
Ordinary paper could one day be used as a lightweight battery to power the devices
that are now enabling the printed word to be eclipsed by e-mail, e-books an online
news. Scientists at Stanford University in California reported on Monday they have
successfully turned paper coated with ink made of silver and carbon Nano
materials into a "paper battery" that holds promise for new types of lightweight,
high-performance energy storage. The same feature that helps ink adhere to paper
allows it to hold onto the single-walled carbon nanotubes and silver Nano wire
films. Earlier research found that silicon Nano wires could be used to make
batteries 10 times as powerful as lithium-ion batteries now used to power devices
such as laptop computers.

(Figure 1.1 Ordinary batteries)

"Taking advantage of the mature paper technology, low cost, light and highperformance energy-storage are realized by using conductive paper as current
collectors and electrodes," the scientists said in research published in the
proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. This type of battery could be
useful in powering electric or hybrid vehicles, would make electronics lighter
weight and longer lasting, and might even lead someday to paper electronics,
the scientists said. Battery weight and life has been an obstacle to commercial
viability of electric-powered cars and trucks. "Society really needs a low-cost,
high-performance energy storage device, such as batteries and simple super
capacitors," Stanford assistant professor of materials science and engineering
and paper co-author Yi Cui said. Cui said in an e-mail that in addition to being
useful for portable electronics and wearable electronics, "Our paper super
capacitors can be used for all kinds of applications that require instant high power.

(Figure 1.1 Conventional batteries)

 INTRODUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device

formed by combining carbon nanotube with a conventional sheet of cellulosebased paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor,
combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This
combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production
and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to
power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles,
allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.

(Fig. 1 3 Carbon Nanotubes)

Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications
without any loss of integrity or efficiency. Cutting one in half halves its energy
production. Stacking them multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device
are able to produce 2.5volts of electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp.

(Fig. 1.4 Paper Battery)

The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon
nanotubes that are each approximately one millionth of a centimeter thick. The
carbon is what gives the batteries their black color. These tiny filaments act like the
electrodes found in a traditional battery, conducting electricity when the paper
comes into contact with an ionic liquid solution. Ionic liquids contain no water,
which means that there is nothing to freeze or evaporate in extreme environmental
conditions. As a result, paper batteries can function between 75 and 150 degrees
Celsius.

One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nanotubes on a silicon substrate and
then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose. Once the matrix has dried,
the material can be peeled off of the substrate, Exposing one end of the carbon
nanotubes to act as an electrode.

(Fig. 1.5 Paper Battery)

When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a super
capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic liquid. This
liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions like human blood,
sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and lack of toxic chemicals
in paper batteries makes the device both biocompatible and environmentally
friendly, especially when compared to the traditional lithium ion battery used in
many present-day electronic devices and laptops.

Widespread commercial deployment of paper batteries will rely on the

Development of more inexpensive manufacturing techniques for Carbon
Nanotubes. As a result of the potentially transformative applications in
Electronics, aerospace, hybrid vehicles and medical science, however, Numerous
companies and organizations are pursuing the development of When two sheets are
combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a super capacitor is formed that
can be activated by the addition of the ionic liquid. This liquid acts as an
electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions like human blood, sweat or urine.
The high cellulose content (over 90%) and lack of toxic chemicals in paper
batteries makes the device both biocompatible and environmentally friendly,
especially when compared to the traditional lithium ion battery used in
many present-day electronic devices and laptops. Widespread commercial
deployment of paper batteries will rely on the development of more
inexpensive manufacturing techniques for carbon nanotubes.
As a result of the potentially transformative applications in electronics, aerospace,
hybrid vehicles and medical science, however, numerous companies and
organizations are pursuing the development of paper batteries. In addition to the
developments announced in 2007 at RPI and MIT, researchers in Singapore
announced that they had developed a paper battery powered by ionic solutions in
2005. NEC has also invested in R&D into paper batteries for potential applications
in its electronic devices. Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources
for any number of devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID
tags, cosmetics, drug-delivery systems and pacemakers. A capacitor introduced into
an organism could be implanted fully dry and then be gradually exposed to bodily
fluids over time to generate voltage. Paper batteries are also biodegradable, a
need only partially addressed by current e-cycling and other electronics
disposal methods increasingly advocated for by the green computing movement.

MANUFACTURING OF PAPER BATTERY

MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBES
One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute and MIT, begins with growing the Nano tubes on a silicon substrate and
then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose. Once the matrix has dried,
the material can be peeled off of the substrate, exposing one end of the carbon Nano
tubes to act as an electrode.

(Fig. 2.1 Paper Battery)

When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a super
capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic liquid. This
liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions like human blood,
sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and lack of toxic chemicals
in paper batteries makes the device both biocompatible and environmentally
friendly, especially when compared to the traditional lithium ion battery used in
many present-day electronic devices and laptops.

Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for any number of devices
implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags, cosmetics, drug-delivery

systems and pacemakers. A capacitor introduced into an organism could be

implanted fully dry and then be gradually exposed to bodily fluids over time to
generate voltage. Paper batteries are also bio degradable, a need only partially
addressed by current e-cycling and other electronics disposal methods increasingly
advocated for by the green computing movement.

DEVELOPMENT

The creation of this unique Nano composite paper drew from a diverse pool of
disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage, and chemistry.
The researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the batterys
electrolyte. The use of ionic liquid, which contains no water, means theres nothing
in the batteries to freeze or evaporate. This lack of water allows the paper energy
storage devices to withstand extreme temperatures, Kumar said. It gives the
battery the ability to function in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and
down to 100 below zero. The use of ionic liquid also makes the battery extremely
biocompatible; the team printed paper batteries without adding any electrolytes,
and demonstrated that naturally occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and
urine can be used to activate the battery device.
Cellulose-based paper is a natural abundant material, biodegradable, light, and
recyclable with a well-known consolidated manufacturing process. These attribute
turn paper a quite interesting material to produce very cheap disposable electronic
devices with the great advantage of being environmental friendly. The recent (r)
evolution of thin-film electronic devices such as paper transistors, transparent thinfilm transistors based on semiconductor oxides, and paper memory, open the
possibility to produce low cost disposable electronics in large scale. Common to all
these advances is the use of cellulose fiber-based paper as an active material in
opposition to other ink-jet printed active-matrix display and thin-film transistors
reports where paper acts only as a passive element (substrate).
Batteries in which a paper matrix is incorporated with carbon nanotubes, or bio
fluid - and water-activated batteries with a filter paper have been reported, but it is
not known a work where the paper itself is the core of the device performance.
With the present work, we expect to contribute to the first step of an incoming
disruptive concept related to the production of self-sustained paper electronic
systems where the power supply is integrated in the electronic circuits to fabricate
fully self-sustained disposable, flexible, low cost and low electrical consumption
systems such as tags, games or displays.
In achieving such goal we have fabricated batteries using commercial paper as
electrolyte and physical support of thin film electrodes. A thin film layer of a metal
or metal oxide is deposited in one side of a commercial paper sheet while in the
opposite face a metal or metal oxide with opposite electrochemical potential is also
deposited. The simplest structure produced is Cu/paper/Al but other structures such
as Al paper WO TCO were also tested, leading to batteries with open circuit
voltages varying between 0.50 and 1.10 V.

(Figure 2.2 development of paper battery)

On the other hand, the short current density is highly dependent on the relative
humidity (RH), whose presence is important to recharge the battery.
The set of batteries characterized show stable performance after being tested by
more than 115 hours, under standard atmospheric conditions room temperature, RT
(22 C) and 60% air humidity, RH]. In this work we also present as a proof of
concept a paper transistor in which the gate ON/OFF state is controlled by a nonencapsulated 3 V integrated paper battery.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The paper batteries produced have the Al/paper/Cu structure, where the metal
layers were produced by thermal evaporation at RT. The thicknesses of the metal
elect rods varied between 100 and 500 nm. The electrical characteristics of the
batteries were obtained through IV curves and also by sweep voltammetry using
scanning speed of 25 mV/s and the electrodes area of 1 cm. A Keithley 617
Programmable Electrometer with a National Instruments GPIB acquisition board
were used to determine the IV characteristics.

(Figure 3.1 Dependence of temperature on discharge capacity)

The cyclic voltammetry was performed with a potenciostat Gamry InstrumentsRef. 600 in a two-electrode configuration. The electrical performances of the
batteries were determined by monitoring the current of the battery under variable
RH conditions. The surface analysis of the paper and paper batteries was
performed by S-4100 Hitachi scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with a 40 tilt
angle. The electrical properties of the paper transistor controlled by the paper
battery were monitored with an Agilent 4155C semiconductor parameter analyzer
and a Cascade M150 microprobe station.

(Figure 3.2 Typical series connection method)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Al/paper/Cu thin batteries studied involved the use of three different classes of
paper: commercial copy white paper (WP: 0.68 g/cm , 0.118 mm thick); recycled
paper (RP: 0.70 g/cm , 0.115 mm thick); tracing paper (TP: 0.58 g/cm , 0.065 mm
thick). The TP is made of long pine fibers and according to FRX (X-ray
fluorescence) mainly Al2 O3 (24%), SiO2 (37%), SO2 (15%), CaO (9%), and Na2
O (4%).
The role of the type of paper and electrodes thickness on the electrical parameters
of the battery, such as the Voc and Jsc are indicated in Table I, for RH of 50%
60%, using metal electrodes with different thicknesses (t1=100 nm; tot2=250
nm;t3=500 nm). Jsc for WP is ~ 40%50% lower than of TP, and RP is one order
of magnitude lower than WP. Consequently, the Voc is reduced by merely a ~ 0.1 V
when moving from WP to RP only for thickness (t1=100 nm) while it increases for
t2 and t3.

(Figure 4.1 Photograph of the paper batteries with a sketch of the cross section)

The thickness of the metal layer does not play a remarkable role on electrical
characteristics of the batteries. The results show that it is enough to guarantee the
step coverage of the randomly dispersed fibers by metal or metaloxide thin films
to allow the carriers to find a continuous pathway without the inhibition of water
vapor absorption by the paper fibers. Considering that the tracing paper is less
dense and thinner than white and recycled paper, the difference on the current
density observed can be related to ions recombination either due to impurities
inside the foam/mesh-like paper structure or charge annihilation by vacant sites
associated to the surface of the paper fibers, existing in thicker papers.
Other possible explanation is that the adsorption of water vapor is favored in less
dense paper. Fig. 4.1 shows a photograph and a sketch of a paper battery analysis it
contains with an Al anode while the cathode is Cu, whose difference in work
functions influences the set of chemical reactions that take place within the paper
mesh structure.
The paper SEM image of Fig. 4.2 is the surface morphology of tracing paper used.
There, large (50 m). This mesh-like structure favors OHx absorption on the surface
of the fibers, in line with data depicted in Table 4.1, where the batteries produced
in WP show currents one order of magnitude lower than the ones produced in TP.

(Figure 4.3 SEM image of the anode (Al) surface)

For RP, two orders of magnitude difference in is observed. Voc is reduced by

0.10.2 V when moving from WP to RP as electrolyte. The paper battery prototype
used is non-encapsulated and so, its electrical performance is influenced by the
atmospheric constituents. This behavior was confirmed by measuring the current of
one cell in vacuum and under atmospheric pressure. The results demonstrated a
reduction of one order of magnitude in Jsc value after vacuum reaching 10 Pa.
These results were reproducible after performing several tests. We attributed this
behavior to the incorporation of OH radicals from adsorbed water and its
contribution to the enhancement of current through the typical reactions of 2H2
OO2+ 4H+ +4e- and/or4 OH- O2+2 H2 O+4e- and subsequent reactions
with the paper fibers constituents (cellulose and ions). This was confirmed by
measuring the current variation as RH changes. The graph of Fig. 4.4 shows the
short circuit-current density variation as RH increases for TP. A variation of about
three orders of magnitude is observed when RH changes from 60% to 85%, and it
is reversible, meaning that no battery damage is verified. We conclude that this
type of battery is a mixture of a secondary battery and a fuel cell where the fuel is
the water vapor and so its application requires environment with RH>40 % or
proper encapsulation with controlled humidity via holes through which we can
allow the battery to breathe.

(Fig
ure 4.4 Continuous measurement of the short circuit current density of the
paper battery as it is under gradual relative humidity)

(Table 4.1 Influence of the electrodes thickness in the electrical characteristics of devices)

This is the case in applications with typically high RH, as in the food industry,
where these batteries could be used to turn electronic tags auto sustained.
From the data taken, each battery element is able to supply a power from 75nW/cm
to 350 W/cm, depending on RH. The desired voltage and power output can be
achieved by integrating in series and in parallel the battery elements produced.

In the present case, a prototype battery able to supply a 3 V was produced to

actuate the gate of a paper transistor working in the depletion mode. Fig. 4.4 shows
a photograph of the prototype made of 10 cells (with only 8 cells connected in
series) and the graph of the drain current of the paper transistor when the paper
battery is connected to the gate ( 3 V) or disconnected (0 V).
The connection/disconnection was repeated during 400 s in intervals of 25s and the
current was monitored continuously.
The results clearly show the sustainability of the paper battery in powering the gate
of the transistor and how the results are reproducible. The drain current of the
paper transistor at 0 V is 2 10 A and at 3V is 10 A, similar to the values obtained
when measuring the transfer characteristics of the same devices with a
semiconductor analyze.

APPLICATION AND USES OF PAPER BATTERY

IN COSMETICS

Anti-aging and wrinkles

Dark spots / Discoloration
Skin lightening / Whitening
Firming and lifting
Moisturizing

(Figure 5.1.1 Anti-aging and wrinkles)

(Figure 5.1.3 Iontophoresis mechanism)

Figure 5.1.4 estee lauder (for wrinkles)

USES OF PAPER BATTERY

The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the
Nanotubes embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost, 25 making
them attractive for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys (such as
model aircraft), while their ability to use electrolytes in blood make them
potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers.
The medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not contain any toxic
materials and can be biodegradable; a major drawback of chemical cells
However, Professor Sparling cautions that commercial applications may be a long
way away, because nanotubes are still relatively expensive to fabricate.
Currently they are making devices a few inches in size.
In order to be commercially viable, they would like to be able to make them
newspaper size; a size which, taken all together would be powerful enough to
power a car.

DURABILITY
The use of carbon nanotubes gives the paper battery extreme flexibility, the sheets
can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into numerous shapes with no loss of integrity
or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or a Voltaic pile), to boost total output.
As well, they can be made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet.
Its essentially a regular piece of paper, but its made in a very intelligent way,
said Linhardt, Were not putting pieces together its a single, integrated
device, he said. The components are

CONCLUSION
In this paper we show the functionality of a non-encapsulated thin-film battery
using paper as electrolyte and also as physical support. Batteries able to supply a
Voc.70V and Jsc>100nA/cm2 at RH>60% were fabricated using respectively as
anode and cathode thin metal films of Al and Cu as thin as 100 nm. The battery is
self-rechargeable when exposed to relative humidity above 40%, being Jsc highly
influenced by RH>60%. In this case, Jsc varies from 150nA/cm2 to 0.8 mA/cm2,
as RH varies from 60% to 85%. This constitutes the first step towards future fully
integrated self-sustained flexible, cheap and disposable electronic devices, with
great emphasis on the so-called paper electronics.

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