CH 39

CHAPTER 39
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Systems
Kalpakjian • Schmid
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology © 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 39-1
Computer-
Integrated
Manufacturing
System
Figure 39.1 A schematic

illustration of a computer-
integrated manufacturing system.
Source: U. Rembold, et al.,
Computer-Integrated
Manufacturing and Engineering.
Addison-Wesley, 1993.
CAD/CAM Flow Chart
Figure 39.2 Information flow chart in CAD/CAM application.
CAD Modeling
Figure 39.3 Various types of modeling for CAD.
CAD Representations
Figure 39.4 (a)
Boundary
representation of
solids, showing the
enclosing surfaces of
the solid model and the
generated solid model.
(b) A solid model
represented as
compositions of solid
primitives. (c) Three
representations of the
same part by CAD.
Source: P. Ranky.
Octree Representation of a Solid Object
Figure 39.5 The octree representation of a solid object. Any volume can be broken down into octants,
which are then identified as solid, void, or partially filled. Shown is two-dimensional version, or
quadtree, for representation of shapes in a plane.
Routing Sheet
Figure 39.6 An example
of a simple routing sheet.
These operation sheets
may include additional
information on materials,
tooling, estimated time for
each operation, processing
parameters (such as cutting
speeds and feeds), and
other information. The
routing sheet travels with
the part from operation to
operation. The current
trend is to store all relevant
data in computers and to
affix to the part a bar code
that serves as a key into
the database of parts
information.
Group Technology
Figure 39.7 Grouping parts

according to geometric similarities.
Functional
and Group-
Technology
Layout
Figure 39.8 (a) Functional layout

of machine tools in a traditional
plant. Arrosw indicate the flow of
materials and parts in various
stages of completion. (b) Group-
technology (cellular) layout.
Legend: L = lathe, M = milling
machine, D = drilling machine,
G = grinding machine, A =
assembly. Source: M. P. Groover.
Decision-Tree Coding
Figure 39.9 Decision-tree classification for a sheet-metal bracket. Source: G. W. Millar.
Opitz Classification and Coding System
Figure 39.10
Classification
and coding
system
according to
Opitz,
consisting fo 5
digits and a
supplementary
code of 4 digits.
MultiClass Classification and Coding System
Figure 39.11 Typical MultiClass code for a machined part. Source: Organization for Industrial
Research.
KK-3 System for Rotational Components
Figure 39.12 The structure of a KK-3
system for rotational components.
Source: Japan Society for the Promotion
of Machine Industry.
Flexible Manufacturing Cell
Figure 39.13 Schematic view

of a flexible manufacturing
cell, showing two machine
tools, an automated part
inspection system, and a
central robot serving these
machines. Source: P. K.
Wright.
Flexible Manufacturing System
Figure 39.14 A general
view of a flexible
manufacturing system,
showing several machine
tools and an automated
guided vehicle. Source:
Courtesy of Cincinnate
Milacron, Inc.
Comparison of the Characteristics of Transfer
Lines and Flexible-Manufacturing Systems
TABLE 39.1
Characteristic Transfer line FMS
Types of parts made Generally few Infinite
Lot size > 100 1–50
Part changing time 1/2 to 8 hr 1 min
Tool change Manual Automatic
Adaptive control Difficult Available
Inventory High Low
Production during breakdown None Partial
Efficiency 60–70% 85%
Justification for capital expenditure Simple Difficult
Local Area Network Topology
Figure 39.15 Three basic types of topology for a local area network (LAN) (a) The star topology
is suitable for situations that are not subject to frequent configuration changes. All messages pass
through a central station. Telephone systems in office buildings usually have this type of
topology. (b) In the ring topology all individual user stations are connected in a continuous ring.
The message is forwarded from one station to the next until it reaches its assigned destination.
Although the wiring is relatively simple, the failure of one station shuts down the entire network.
(c) In the bus topology all stations have independent access to the bus. This system is reliable and
is easier than the other two to service. Because its arrangement is similar to the layout of the
machines in the factory, its installation is relatively easy, and it can be reagrranged when the
machines are rearranged.
ISO/OSI Communication Model
Figure 39.16 The
ISO/OSI reference
model for open
communication. Source:
U. Rembold, et al.
Computer Integrated
Manufacturing and
Engineering. Addison-
Wesley, 1993.
Expert System
Figure 39.17 Basic structure of an
expert system. The knowledge base
consists of knowledge rules (general
information about the problem) and the
inference rules (the way conclusions
are reached). The results may be
communicated to the user through the
natural-language interface. Source: K.
W. Goff, Mechanical Engineering,
October 1985.
Expert System Applied to an Industrial Robot
Figure 39.18 Expert system, as applied to an industrial robot guided by machine vision.

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CHAPTER 39

Figure 39.1 A schematic

Figure 39.2 Information flow chart in CAD/CAM application.

Figure 39.3 Various types of modeling for CAD.

Figure 39.7 Grouping parts

Figure 39.8 (a) Functional layout

Figure 39.13 Schematic view

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