EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BHARATHISALAI, RAMAPURAM,
CHENNAI-600 089

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

Regulation 2017

GE8261 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

II SEMESTER B.E (EEE)

Prepared By Approved by
Dr.M.Deva Brinda
Ms.B.Ponkarthika HOD/EEE

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 EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHARATHISALAI, RAMAPURAM,
CHENNAI-600 089

Name of the Student :

Register No. :
Department : Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Name of Laboratory :
Engineering Practices Laboratory

Lab Code : GE8261

Year / Semester : I/II

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 EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To produce graduates with foundation in electrical and electronics engineering who can

cater to the dynamic needs of the industry and to provide a diverse and stimulating environment

for quality research.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

M1. To align the teaching learning process and to provide basic foundation for the

students to adapt to the changing industrial needs

M2. To enrich with the latest developments through seminars, guest lectures,

workshop and paper presentations

M3. To awake young minds to acquire knowledge continuously and learn to apply it

M4. To attain multidisciplinary problem solving skills, social awareness and

confidence required to excel in their chosen field

M5. To develop professional competency and technical expertise individually and

through team effort thereby exhibit leadership in industry

M6. To create research oriented mindset and focus in fulfilling growing demands of

society through mentoring and motivation

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 EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

1. Graduates will have fundamental and broad knowledge in Electrical Sciences relating to

industrial applications and research to design, analyze and synthesize information from

various sources and think differently to provide solutions to their discipline

2. Graduates will become entrepreneurs, employees of reputed organizations, pursue higher

studies and research for developing advanced skills in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

3. Graduates will exhibit technical and intellectual competency and will be amenable for

life-long learning

4. Graduates will demonstrate technical knowledge and ethical values for professional

development to meet the societal needs

5. Graduates will be able to work in multi-disciplinary environment by providing solutions

to real time problems.

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 SYLLABUS
GE8261 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY LTPC
0 04 2
OBJECTIVES:
• To provide exposure to the students with hands on experience on various basic
engineering practices in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

GROUP B (ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS)

III ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 13

1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy meter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.
3. Stair case wiring
4. Measurement of electrical quantities – voltage, current, power & power factor in RLC
circuit.
5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.
6. Measurement of resistance to earth of electrical equipment.

IV ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE 16

1. Study of Electronic components and equipment – Resistor, colour coding

measurement of AC signal parameter (peak-peak, rms period, frequency) using CRO.
2. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EX-OR and NOT.
3. Generation of Clock Signal.
4. Soldering practice – Components Devices and Circuits – Using general purpose
PCB.
5. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.
TOTAL : 29 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:

On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to

• Carry out basic home electrical works and appliances
• Measure the electrical quantities
• Elaborate on the components, gates, soldering practices.

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 EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBJECT CODE: GE8261

SUBJECT NAME: Engineering Practices Laboratory

TARGET FOR THE CURRENT ACADEMIC YEAR (2018-2019)

Target For Internal Exam : 70

Target For External Exam: 80

Faculty Incharge HOD/EEE

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 EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LESSON PLAN FOR LABORATORY EVEN SEM (2018-19)

Regulation 2017
Subject Code: GE8261 Degree/Branch: B.E/EEE
Subject Name: Engineering Practices Laboratory Year/ Sem/Sec: I/II/A &B
Faculty: Dr.M.Deva Brinda & Ms.B.Ponkarthika Total no of Hrs given in syllabus: 29
Lecture: NIL ; Tutorial: Nil,
Practical: 29,Grand Total: 29 Hrs.
Course Objective:
To provide exposure to the students with hands on experience on various basic
engineering practices in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

S. No. Experiment Name Hours

Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator,
1 3
lamp and energy meter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring. 2
3. Stair case wiring 2
Measurement of electrical quantities – voltage, current,
4. 2
power & power factor in RLC circuit.
Measurement of energy using single phase energy
5. 2
meter.
Measurement of resistance to Earth of electrical
6. 2
equipment.
Study of Electronic components and equipments –
7. 3
Resistor, colour coding.
Measurement of AC signal parameter (peak-peak, RMS
8. 2
period, frequency) using CRO
9. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EX-OR and NOT. 3
10. Generation of Clock Signal. 3
Soldering practice – Components Devices and Circuits
11. 2
– Using general purpose PCB.
12. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR. 3

Total Hours 29

Content beyond Syllabus

S. No. Experiment Name

1. Bright and dim lamp method

2. Design and implementation of adders using logic gates

7
OUTCOMES:

On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to

• Carry out basic home electrical works and appliances
• Measure the electrical quantities
• Elaborate on the components, gates, soldering practices.

COURSE OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to…

CO1 Carry out the basic machining operations and use welding equipments to join the
structures.

CO2 Fabricate carpentry components and pipe connections including plumbing works.

CO3 Make the models using sheet metal works and Illustrate on centrifugal pump, Air
conditioner, operations of smithy, foundry and fittings

CO4 Carry out basic home electrical works and appliances and Measure the electrical
quantities

CO5 Elaborate on the components, gates, soldering practices.

CO6 Troubleshoot plumbing, Welding, Electrical, and Electronics Problems.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
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PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Use logical & technical skills to model, simulate and analyze electrical components and
systems.
PSO2: Integrate the knowledge of fundamental electronics, power electronics and embedded
systems for the controllability, reliability and sustainability of electrical systems.
PSO3: Contribute for the development of smart power grid and integrating green energy on it to
meet the increasing demand of the society.

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Mapping of Course Outcome with Programme Outcome
PO
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

GE 8261.1 2 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 - - -

GE 8261.2 2 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 - - -

GE 8261.3 2 1 2 - 1 - - 1 1 - - -

GE 8261.4 3 1 2 2 - 1 1 - - 2 1 -

GE 8261.5 3 1 2 2 - 1 1 1 - 2 1 -

GE 8261.6 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 2 1 1

GE 8261 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 - 1

Mapping of Course Outcome with Programme Specific Outcome

PSO
CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

GE 8261.1 - - -

GE 8261.2 - - -

GE 8261.3 - - -

GE 8261.4 1 1 -

GE 8261.5 1 1 -

GE 8261.6 1 1 -

GE 8261 1 1 -

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Justification of mapping:
The skill of using wood working tools need basics of engineering knowledge
of mathematics, measurement and engineering design (PO1). Certain
designs need solve specific design problems by analyzing those using first
principles of mathematics and engineering sciences (PO2). Designing
GE 8261.1
carpentry items can be easily done with the aid of modern engineering tools
(PO6). Design should adhere to the standards, where the individual or a
team involved in the design should commit to the professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice (PO8) (PO9).
The art of using plumbing tools need basics of engineering knowledge of
mathematics, measurement and engineering design (PO1). Certain plumbing
designs need solve specific design problems by analyzing those using first
principles of mathematics and engineering sciences (PO2). Designing
GE 8261.2
plumbing items can be easily done with the aid of modern engineering tools
(PO5). Design should adhere to the standards, where the individual or a team
involved in the design should commit to the professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice (PO8) (PO9).
Machining and manufacturing items by using lathe and drilling tools need
basics of engineering knowledge of mathematics, measurement and
engineering design (PO1). Certain machining designs need solve specific
design problems adhering to certain design needs, by analyzing those using
GE 8261.3 first principles of mathematics and engineering sciences (PO2) (PO3).
Manufacturing design can be easily done with the aid of modern engineering
tools (PO5). Design should adhere to the standards, where the individual or a
team involved in the design should commit to the professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice (PO8) (PO9).
To gain knowledge about basic electrical components a sufficient
understanding of engineering knowledge is needed (PO1). Developing
solutions to complex engineering problems involves analyzing the problem
and conduct investigations on it by applying the basic characteristics and
GE 8261.4
parameters of the electronic components (PO2) (PO3) (PO4) (PSO1). The
study of electronic components and its applications should lead to
development of new technologies that are sustainable and useful to the
society at large (PO6) (PO7) (PSO2).
To get experience in wiring practice basics of engineering knowledge is
required (PO1). By efficient wiring methods solutions to complex engineering
problems can be obtained by analyzing the problem and conducting suitable
investigations on it by applying the basic circuit laws (PO2) (PO3) (PO4)
GE 8261.5
(PSO1). The innovative and novel wiring techniques with proper ethical
standards will lead to development of new technologies that are sustainable
(PO6) (PO7) (PO8) (PSO2). New techniques in wiring practice will lead to an
economic and efficient project design (PO10) (PO11).
To get measure electrical parameters basics of engineering knowledge are
GE 8261.6
required (PO1) (PSO2). By accurate measurement, solutions to complex

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 engineering problems can be obtained by analyzing the problem and
conducting suitable investigations on it by applying the basic circuit laws
(PO2) (PO3) (PO4). Measurement of electrical signals can be easily done
with the aid of modern engineering tools (PO5) (PSO1). The real-time and
accurate measurement techniques will lead to development of new
technologies that paves way for a sustainable development in electrical design
(PO6) (PO7). (PO8) (PSO2). New techniques in measurements will lead to
an economic and efficient project design (PO9) (PO10) (PO11). The art of
measurement of electrical signals keeps evolving with the advent of new
challenges and requirements of the industry (PO12).

Signature of the Faculty HOD/EEE

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 ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS REGULATIONS –
2017
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
B.E. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
List Of Experiments
Group B (Electrical & Electronics)
Electrical Engineering Practice
1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy meter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.
3. Stair case wiring.
4. Measurement of electrical quantities – voltage, current, power & power factor in
RLC circuit.
5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.
6. Measurement of resistance to earth of electrical equipment.

Electronics Engineering Practice

1. Study of Electronic components and equipments – Resistor colour coding.

2. Measurement of AC signal parameter (peak-peak, RMS period, frequency) using

CRO

3. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EX-OR and NOT.

4. Generation of Clock Signal.

5. Soldering practice – Components Devices and Circuits – Using general purpose

PCB.

6. (a) Measurement of ripple factor of Half Wave Rectifier.

(b) Measurement of ripple factor of. Full Wave Rectifier.

CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS:

1. Bright and dim lamp method.

2. Design and implementation of adders using logic gates.

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 LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS:

ELECTRICAL

1. Assorted electrical components for house wiring 15 Sets

2. Electrical measuring instruments 10 Sets
3. Study purpose items: Iron box, fan and regulator, emergency lamp 1 each
4. Megger (250V/500V) 1 No.
5. Power Tools:
(a) Range Finder 2 Nos
(b) Digital Live-wire detector 2 Nos

ELECTRONICS

1. Soldering guns 10 Nos.

2. Assorted electronic components for making circuits 50 Nos.
3. Small PCBs 10 Nos.
4. Multimeters 10 Nos.
5. Study purpose items: Telephone, FM radio, low-voltage power supply

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 LABORATORY PRACTICE

SAFETY RULES

1.Safety is of paramount importance in the Laboratories.

2. Electricity never excuses careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in handling
electrical & electronic equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a
good servant but a bad master).

3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any such
contact may subject you to electrical shock)

4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact a
live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected from
electrical shock).

5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment happens to
be a rotating machine)

6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.

7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you
move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a live point
and thereby subject you to electrical shock)

8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts of the
body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock)

9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise you will
be touching the live parts in the circuit)

10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as
per the approved circuit diagram.

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11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs
and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.

12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such
defective leads.

13.Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up
and approved by the staff member.

14. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.

15. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up, resistor
heating up etc), switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the staff member.

16. Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use.

17. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the
power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.

18. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following ways:

i. Keeping unnecessary material like books, lab records, unused meters etc. causing
meters to fall down the table.
ii. Putting pressure on the meter (specially glass) while making connections or while
talking or listening somebody.

NOTE:
1. The students will be split in batches. After splitting the batches they should do the
experiments only with their batch members till the end of semester unless there is a
change made by the staff. They should not mingle with other batch mates unless the staff
asks them to do so.
2. Manual is only for the reference purpose. The experiments reading should be noted down
only in the observation notebook.

16
3. The students should maintain an observation note book separately which should be
brought to every lab class without fail. No students will be allowed to enter the lab class
without observation note book and record note book.
4. The experiments will be splitted up as Cycle-I & Cycle-II. The students must write well
in advance all the experiments of that particular cycle of which they are going to begin.
5. The students must come to lab class by preparing for the particular experiment they do
for that day and the experiment should well be written in the observation before they
come to the lab class.
6. Each experiment will be awarded an assessment marks. Total of 10 marks will be
assigned as assessment mark for each experiment out of which 5 marks will be awarded
based on the number of days of which the students gets their experiment corrected in the
observation notebook. The mark will be awarded as follows:
Getting signed on the day of experiment - 5 Marks
1 day from the day of experiment - 5 Marks
2 days from the day of experiment - 4 Marks
3 days from the day of experiment - 3 Marks
4 days from the day of experiment - 2 Marks
5 days from the day of experiment - 1 Mark
These days are exclusive of Sundays and public holidays. After 5 days no observation
will be signed by the staff member. The remaining 5 marks will be awarded based on
how the student he/she answers the Viva- Voice question which will be asked at the
beginning and end of each experiment.
7. The students can get sign in the observation note book only from the in charge staff or
from assist staff.
8. If the student does not get the particular experiment signed on the observation, they
should not write that particular experiment in their record notebook and they will also not
be given any assessment marks for that particular experiment.
9. The circuit diagrams should be drawn only using HB pencil, Scale, Pro circle, etc. No
rough diagrams are entertained.
10. At the end of each experiment completed on that particular day Viva Voice questions will
be asked by the staff members. The Viva voice questions can be from any part of that
particular subject.

17
11. No student should take leave on the day of Lab class unless for the case of emergency. In
case they absent themselves, the particular student he/she will not be allowed to repeat
the experiment for which they absent.
12. The Student who absent themselves for the lab class will be allowed to enter the lab only
after getting their leave form signed from the Class In charge and the HOD of their
respective department.
13. No repetition classes for any student will be allowed unless the staff asks them to do so.

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 GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK

The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record
should be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background
can duplicate the experiment and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record
everything directly into the notebook during the experiment. Do not use scratch paper for
recording data. Do not trust your memory to fill in the details at a later time.
Organization in your notebook is important. Descriptive headings should be used to
separate and identify the various parts of the experiment. Record data in chronological order. A
neat, organized and complete record of an experiment is just as important as the experimental
work.
1. Heading:
The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page. Your name
and date should be at the top of the first page of each day's experimental work.

2. Objective:

A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the
experiment should be at the beginning of each experiment

3. Diagram:

A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual experiment circuitry
could be easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all circuit
changes made during the experiment.

4. Equipment List:

List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data.
It may be necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies
develop in the results.

5. Procedure:

In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short

19
commentaries alongside the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that the
experiment must be reproducible from the information given in your notebook

6. Data:
Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables.
Record instrument readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct
data; however, calculated results may be recorded in the same table with the direct data.
Data tables should be clearly identified and each data column labeled and headed by the
proper units of measure.

7. Calculations:

Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to
illustrate the treatment of the experimental data in obtaining the results.

8. Graphs:
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to
be presented in graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any questionable
data points can be checked while the experiment is still set up. The grid lines in the notebook
can be used for most graphs. If special graph paper is required, affix the graph permanently
into the notebook. Give all graphs a short descriptive title. Label and scale the axes. Use
units of measure. Label each curve if more than one on a graph.

9. Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy.
Large amounts of numerical results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables are
generally used for small amounts of results. Theoretical and experimental results should be on
the same graph or arrange in the same table in a way for easy correlation of these results.

10. Conclusion:
This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as an engineer. Be brief
and specific. Give reasons for important discrepancies.

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 TROUBLE SHOOTING HINTS

1. Be Sure that the power is turned ON

2. Be sure the ground connections are common

3. Be sure the circuit you build is identical to your circuit diagram (Do a node by node check)

4. Be sure that the supply voltages are correct

5. Be sure that the equipment is set up correctly and you are measuring the correct parameters

6. If steps I through 5 are correct then you probably have used a component with the wrong

value or one that doesn’t work. It is also possible that the equipment does not work (although this is

not probable) or the protoboard you are using may have some unwanted paths between nodes. To

find your problem you must trace through the voltages in your circuit node by node and compare

the signal you expect to have. Then if they are different use your engineering judgment to decide

what is causing the different or ask your lab assistant

21
 INTRODUCTION OF TOOLS AND ELECTRICAL MATERIALS

TOOLS:
PLIER: Generally three types of pliers are used in the electrical workshop.
They are:-
FLAT NOSE PLIER:
Used for holding jobs or holding wires. It has got only two slotted jaws, which are tapered.
Thus it is used for tightening or loosening small nuts.
SIDE CUTTING PLIER:
Used for cutting of thin wires and removing insulations from them. It has got cutting edge
on its one of its sides.
ROUND NOSE PLIER:
Used only to hold or cut the wires. It has no gripping jaws.Its cutting edge is long and
rounded on the top.
SCREW DRIVER:
It is used to loosen or tighten or to keep screws in position. It has a wooden or plastic handle
and a blade of high carbon steel.
CHISEL:
FIRMER CHISEL:
Generally used for carpentry works and can be used by hand pressure or with the help of
mallet. It has flat blade, which varies from 12mm to15mm.
COLD CHISEL:
Used for cutting iron pieces (cold). It has cutting angle from 30 to45 and is made of high
carbon steel.
HAMMER:
Most commonly used in the workshop. The head is made of cast iron orforged; the claw is
hardened and tampered. The striking place is slightly convex. The head is fitted with a wooden
handle of various lengths.
HACKSAW:
Used to cut metal such as iron strips, core pipes etc. it has a blade made of high steel or
tungsten.

22
ELECTRICAL TOOLS:
TUMBLER SWITCH: (6 A for light), this switch was used 3-4 decade ago. It is made of Bakelite.
MCB BOX: Known as the Miniature Circuit Breaker Box.
METAL CONDUIT PIPE WITH JUNCTION BOX: Metallic hollow pipe, which is used as a
passage for electrical house, hold wires. It is fixed to walls with the help of metallic saddle.
METAL BEND: Hollow metallic pipe bend to an angle of 90 to allow smooth movement of
wires inserted through the walls during wiring
BATTEN WIRING: It is an old fashioned wiring used 4-5 decades ago.
PVC CASING AND LAPPING: Long rectangular box made of 2 parts. It is made of PVC and
used mainly to pass wires through walls during wiring.
PVC BEND: Work similarly as metal bends but it is made up of PVC that makes it lighter, cheaper
and more durable.
BATTEN LAMP HOLDER: Mainly used to hold electric bulbs and lamps.
SWITCH BOARD WITH SWITCHES: It contains the following:
SOCKET OUTLETS: It is a type of electrical material through which electric current flows from
wires to various electrical appliances. It is of 6A.
TWO WAY SWITCH: It is mainly used in staircase wiring to either on or off the light. It is of 6A.
ONE-WAY SWITCH: It is a device used to switch on lights of 6A.
7/20 SWG (POWER WIRE): they are used in power purposes for duty electrical appliances. 7/20
means 7 numbers of wires in the cable and 20 strands for thickness or gauge size.
3/20 SWG (PHASE WIRING): Mostly used for house wiring purposes.
3/22 SWG (NEUTRAL WIRE): It is also used for house wiring purposes.
1/18 SWG: It is used for earthing.
FLEXIBLE CABLE: This is a temporary wire used for both power and light but temporarily. It is
used as extension wire.

23
 INDEX

Marks

S.No. Experiments Page. Awarded Staff

Date
No (10) Signature

24
Ex.No: RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES,
Date: FUSE, INDICATOR LAMP AND ENERGY METER

AIM:-
To make a simple residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator lamp, filament

lamps and energy meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
S.No Name of the Components Range Quantity
1 Wiring Board - 1
2 Switches 5A 2
3 Fuse 5A 1
4 Lamp 230V/60 W 1
5 Indicator lamp 0W 1
6 Energy meter 230V/16A 1
7 3 pin socket 5A 1
6 Connecting wires - As required

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Tools should be used carefully.
2. Fitting should be tightly fitted.
3. Connection should be tight.
4. Wire should be on the conduit, power gripped properly.
THEORY:-
TYPES OF HOUSE WIRING:
1. CLEAT WIRING: -
This is of wiring suitable only for temporary wiring purpose. In lamp or wet location the
wire used should be moisture proof and a weather proof.

25
2. P.V.C OCNDUCT WIRING:-
This uses a conduit pipe for the mechanical protection of wire. In this system of wiring,
wires are carried through P.V.C conduit pipe for giving converging to pipes conduit pipe has
certain advantage like it is moisture proof and durable.
3. P.V.C CASTING WIRING: -
This type of wiring is mostly used for fixing cables on a wooden structure called batten
by means of metal. It is the surface wiring system whenever wires are broken for connecting to
switch on the right point junction box made up of either part plastic or metal C.I must be used
and provided same means of earthing.
A switch is used to make or break the electric circuit. It must make the contact finely.
Under some abnormal conditions it must retain its rigidity and keep its alignment between switch
contacts. Different types of switches are as follows.
1. Surface or Tumbler switch
a. Single way switch
b. Two way switch
2. Flush Switch
3. Pull or Ceiling switches
4. Rotary snap switches
5. Push button switch
6. Iron- Clad watertight switches
The fuse arrangement is made to break the circuit in the fault or overloaded conditions.
The energy meter is measuring the units (KWhr) consumed by the various loads. Conductors,
switches and other accessories should be of proper capable of carrying the maximum current
which will flow through them. The following table shows the rating for different accessories.
Conductors should be of copper or aluminum. In power circuit, wiring should be designed for the
load which it is supposed to carry. Power sub circuits should be kept separate from lighting and
fan sub – circuits. Wiring should be done on the distribution system with main and branch
distribution boards at convenient centers. Wiring should neat, with good appearance.
• Wires should pass through a pipe or box, and should not twist or cross
• The conductor is carried in a rigid steel conduit conforming to standards or in a
porcelain tube.

26
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

27
LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

28
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & LAYOUT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:-
1. Mark the lamp and switch positions.
2. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Check the lamps are glowing or not when the corresponding switches are kept in the
ON position.
5. Check whether the energy meter responding to the load.

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:-
Thus the simple house wiring by using switches, fuse, indicator, filament lamps and energy
meter was studied.

29
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of neutral in the circuit?

2. What kind of supply is given to the circuit?

3. What is the purpose of fuse in a circuit?

4. What is DPSTS?

5. What is frequency?

6. What is AC supply?

30
Ex. No.:
STAIRCASE WIRING
Date:

AIM:
To study the working principle of staircase Wiring.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Components Range Quantity

1 Lamp 230V/60W 1
2 Two way Switch 5A 2
3 Screw Driver 0.5mm 1
4 Lamp holder 5A 1
5 Connecting wires - As required

THEORY:

Two way switches works in pairs. One will be located at the bottom of the staircase and
the other at the top. When we want to go up, we switch the lights on with the switch at the
bottom of the staircase, when we reach the top, we use the other switch located at the top to
switch off the same light. It makes life real easy for us.
This arrangement is also very useful for corridors of buildings like schools, or hotels.
Some which has really long corridors uses the 3 way switch. In this case, there will be another
switch located along the center point of the corridor, so if people don’t really need to right up to
the end of the corridor to switch off the lights.
The wiring installation for these kind of switches is a little bit different from normal
switches as it involves a couple of extra wires to enable both the switches to work in tandem.
This will be discussed in later articles.

31
LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

32
33
CIRCUIT AND LAYOUT DIAGRAM

34
PROCEDURE:
1. Mark switch and bulb location points and draw lines for wiring on the wooden board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clamps.
3. Fix the two-way switches and bulb holder in the marked positions on the wooden
board.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the bulbs by giving electric supply to the circuit.

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
The staircase wiring was completed and tested.

35
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the type of switch using in this experiment?

2. What are the applications?

3. What is the difference between 1-way and 2-way switch?

4. What is the use of this wiring?

5. What happens if the connection of two way switches is changed as 1-2 and 1’-2’?

36
Ex. No.: FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING

Date:

AIM:
To prepare wiring for a fluorescent lamp with switch control.

TOOLS REQUIRED:
1. Screw driver
2. Hammer
3. Cutting Plier
4. Line tester

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Switch
2. Tube light with fitting
3. Joint clips
4. Wires
5. Screws
6. Switch board

THEORY:
The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, starter, a fluorescent tube and a frame.
The length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 4FT and its power rating is 40W and 230V.
The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is switched on, the

current heats the filaments and initiates emission of electrons. After one or two seconds, the

starter circuit opens and makes the choke to induce a momentary high voltage surge across the

two filaments. Ionization takes place through argon and produces bright light.

37
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

38
CIRCUIT AND LAYOUT DIAGRAM

39
PROCEDURE:
1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for wiring on the
wooden board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to the circuit.

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
The wiring for the tube light was completed and tested.

40
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the gases filled in the fluorescent tube.

2. What is the use of choke?

3. Why is starter used in fluorescent tube?

4. Will the tube light glow if the starter is removed after the tube light is on?

5. What is the material used for coating the tube light?

41
Ex. No.: MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT,
POWER AND POWER FACTOR
Date:

AIM:
To measure the voltage current power and power factor in the AC circuit with the help of
a single-phase wattmeter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the component Range Quantity

1. Single phase 1 KVA, (0-270)V 1
autotransformer
2. Wattmeter 300V, 10A UPF 1
3. Connecting wires - Few

4. Lamp load 2KVA 1

5. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1

6. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1

FORMULA USED:
1. Actual value of power = Observed value X Multiplication factor
2. Actual power = VI Cos Watts
Where, V-Voltmeter reading
I - Ammeter reading
3. Power factor Cos = Actual power / Voltmeter reading X Ammeter reading(VI)

42
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

N LAMP
TABULAR COLUMN: LOAD

Multiplication factor =
S.No Voltage Current Wattmeter reading (Watts) Power
(Volts) (Amp) factor
Observed Value Actual value
Cos

43
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

44
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially no load is applied
3. The autotransformer is varied to the rated voltage.
4. The values of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter on no load condition is noted.
5. By varying the load in steps the corresponding readings of ammeter, voltmeter and
wattmeter are noted.
6. Then the value of power factor is calculated.

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
Thus the power in the circuit was measured by the wattmeter and the % error was
calculated.

45
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define Voltage and Current?

2. Define power and power factor?

3. What is an auto-transformer?

4. Define multiplication factor?

5. What is the use of wattmeter?

6. What is the difference between transformer and an auto transformer?

46
Ex. No.:
Measurement of Energy Using Single
Phase Energy Meter
Date:

AIM:
To measure the electrical energy in a single phase AC circuit with the help of a single-
phase energy meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Component Type Range Quantity
1 Single phase autotransformer KVA (0-300)V 1

2 Single phase energy meter - 230V,5A,900rev/Kwhr 1

3 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
4 Ammeter MI (0-5)A 1
5 Connecting wires - - -
6 Lamp load - 2KVA 1

FORMULA:
1. Actual power = VI cosØ watts.
Where V-voltmeter reading, I-ammeter reading, assume power factor cosØ = 1
2. K revolutions = 1kwhr
ie K = 1000*3600 watt seconds …..(1)
3. (n revolutions/m seconds) = P watts
So n = P*m …….(2)
From equations (1) & (2)
K/n = (1000*3600)/(P*m)
4. Power consumed , P = (n*1000*3600)/(m*K)
Where n – Number of Revolutions, Say10
m – Time Taken For n Revolutions
K – Energy Meter Constant
47
THEORY:
1. Moving Iron Meters :- The operation of moving iron meters is based on the reaction of the
magnetic field set up by the current in instrument coil with a single or several moving cores of
ferromagnetic materials. as the deflection torque is obtained either by attraction or repulsion
between two bars positioned within a coil. There are two types of meters, attraction type moving
and repulsion type moving iron meters both types of meters can be used either AC or DC supply.
In most cases the control torque is obtained from a helical spring and damping torque
pneumatically.

2. Moving Coil Meters :- There are two types of moving coil instruments.
a) Permanent magnet moving coil(PMMC) Instruments
b) Dynamo type moving coil instruments.
(a) PMMC :- The principle used in the operation of PMMC instruments is that a current passing
through a conductor generates a magnetic field around the conductor and if this field is arranged
to interact with a field produced by a permanent magnet a force acts on the current carrying
conductor.if the conductor is constrained to move in a rotary manner, an angular deflection
proportional to the current may be obtained.

(b) Electrodynamic moving coil instrument:- Permanent magnet type moving coil instruments
are not suitable for AC current and voltage therefore electrodynamic type moving coil
instruments are introduced which are suitable for both AC and DC supply measurement. The
essential feature of a dynamo type instrument is that the permanent magnet is replaced by one or
two fixed coils which carry the current to be measured .these coils are air cooled. The deflecting
torque is always positive regardless of the direction of current as with change in direction of
current in moving coil instrument the field of the fixed coil also changes its direction.
3. Induction type instruments: - These types of instruments are operated by the reaction
between alternating magnetic fluxes and current induced in the moving element of the
instrument. In this instrument an aluminum disc is placed in the air gap of electromagnets is
fitted on the spindle holding the pointer of the instrument. The flux produced by the current acts
on the pointer which moves accordingly. These instruments can be used as ammeter, voltmeter,
wattmeter and energy meter.
48
 Energy meter is a device used to measure the energy consumed in AC circuits. It has two
electromagnetic coils made of silicon steel. These two coils are called current coil and pressure
coil. An aluminum disc revolution it due to the torque produced as a result of the flux that is
proportional to the current and supply voltage. The number of revolutions of the disc per kwhr is
shown on the energy meter and is called energy meter constant (K). IN an energy meter K
revolutions are equal to 1kwhr.

49
TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No Voltage Current Time taken Actual power Energy

(Volts) (Amp) for n rev calculated Consumed
(sec) ws

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Initially no load is applied
3. Auto transformer is set to minimum voltage position before switch ON the Power
supply.
4. The autotransformer is varied to the rated voltage (230V).
5. The values in the voltmeter, ammeter are recorded. Also the taken for n revolutions
(say10) on the energy meter disc is noted. All the values are noted on no load condition.
6. The load is applied by switching on the lamp ON.
7. The voltmeter and ammeter time taken for n revolutions on the energy meter disc
readings are noted.
8. Steps 6 & 7 are repeated by switch on more lamps one by one reaches 5A.
9. After noting all the readings, the load is reduced to minimum and auto transformer is
also reduced to minimum. Power supply is switched OFF.

50
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

Result:
Thus the energy is measured using energy meter in the given circuit.

51
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Energy meter?

2. What is the use of Energy meter?

3. What are the two coils used in Energy meter ?

4. What is pressure coil?

5. What is current coil? Why it is used?

6. What is Actual power? Give the formula.

7. What is the use of auto transformer?

8. Give the difference between auto transformer & ordinary transformer ?

9. Define power? Give formula for power consumed.

52
 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH
Ex. No.:
OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Date:

AIM:
To measure the resistance to earth / insulation resistance of the order of mega ohms.

THEORY:
EARTHING:
Earthing or grounding of equipment refers to the connection of non-current carrying
parts of electrical equipment to the earth to maintain earth potential. In domestic systems, the
earthing circuit is usually earthed by connecting to metallic water pipes buried in ground. An
effective earthing (grounding) system avoids having dangerous potentials on the equipment even
during electrical faults and also ensures the proper operation of electrical protection equipment
during fault conditions (this will be discussed under the operation of Earth Leakage and Residual
Current Circuit Breakers).
Megger is an instrument for testing the insulation resistance of the order of mega ohms. It
consists of an emf source and a voltmeter. The voltmeter scale is calibrated in ohms. In
measurement, the emf of the self-contained source should be equal that of the source used in
calibration.
The deflection of the moving system depends on the ratio of the currents in the coils and is
independent of the applied voltage. The value of unknown resistance can be found directly from
the scale of the instrument. Figure shows detailed diagram of a megger. It consists of a hand
driven dc generator a emf about 500v.the permanent dc meter has two moving coils. First one is
deflecting coil and another one is controlling coil. The deflecting coil is connected to the
generator through a resistor R2 . The torque due to the two coils opposes each other. It consists
of three terminals E (earth terminal ) and L (line terminal) and G (guard wire terminal).

53
OPERATION:
When the terminals are open circuited, no current flows through the deflecting coil. The
torque to the controlling coil moves the pointer to one end of the scale. When the terminals are
short circuited, the torque due to the controlling coil and the pointer is deflected to the other end
of the scale i.e. zero mark. In between the two extreme positions the scale is calibrated to
indicate the value of unknown resistance directly. The unknown insulation resistance is the
combination of insulation volume resistance and surface leakage resistance. The guard wire
terminal makes the surface leakage current to bypass the instrument hence only insulation
resistance is measured.

MEGGER

54
TABULAR COLOUMN

S.NO DISTANCE DISTANCE EARTH

BETWEEN BETWEEN RESISTANCE
P1 & P2 (CM) P2 & C2 (CM) ( Ohms)

55
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the connection diagram.
2. Insert the rods at two different places in the ground and supply the desired voltage to
megger for its operation by rotating the handle.
3. Take the readings of the megger.
4. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 by varying the distance between the rods.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
Thus the measured value of the resistance to earth / insulation resistance of the unknown
material is = ----- M.
56
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the instrument used for finding earth resistance?

2. What is meant by megger?

3. From where power is generated for megger?

4. What is meant by defection coil?

5. What is meant by current coil?

57
58
 STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND
Ex. No.: EQUIPMENTS – RESISTOR, COLOUR
CODING
Date:

AIM:
To study about the Electronic Components and Equipments such as Active and different
types of Passive components are Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Resistors-various ranges

THEORY- RESISTORS:
TYPES OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
Active components are those that require electrical power to operate. This could include
the power supply, fans, storage device, transistors, diodes and other integrated circuits.
TRANSISTORS:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals.
TYPES OF TRANSISTORS
1. Bipolar Junction Transistor 2. Field Effect Transistor

DIODES :
An electronic device with two active terminals, an anode and a cathode, through which
current passes more easily in one direction (from anode to cathode) than in the reverse direction.
Diodes have many uses, including conversion of AC power to DC power, and the decoding of
audio-frequency signals from radio signals

59
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
A passive component is a module that does not require energy to operate, except for the
available Alternating Current (AC) circuit that it is connected to. A passive module is not
capable of power gain and is not a source of energy. A typical passive component would be a
chassis, inductor, resistor, transformer, or capacitor.

Types of active and passive components

Sl.No Active Components Passive Components
1 Transistors Resistor
2 Op-Amps Capacitor
3 Diodes Inductor
RESISTORS:
Resistors are the most common components in electronic circuits. Its main function is to
reduce the high current to the desired value and also to provide desired voltage in the circuit. The
resistors are manufactured to have a specific value in ohm. The physical size of resistor
determines how much power can be dissipated in the form of heat. However there is co-relation
between resistor physical sizes and its resistance value. They are manufactured in variety of
standard values and power settings.
There are two types of resistors: • Fixed resistor • Variable resistor
Fixed resistor has a resistance value that does not change where as a variable resistor
having variable resistance range with 4 lines or color code. They indicate the resistance value in
ohms out on a larger resistor; the resistance value is printed on the body of the resistor. The
important feature of resistor is that its effect is same for both AC and DC circuits.
Resistors have three principal ratings: resistance in ohms, tolerance in percent, and power
dissipation in watts. Most of the resistors we have in the lab can dissipate ¼ watt and have
tolerances of +or - 5 %.Resistance values are coded on the resistors with color bands. The first
two bands give two significant digits of the value, the third band is a multiplier expressed as a
power of 10, and the fourth band is the tolerance. The table below shows the color code. For
example, red-red orange-gold is 22 KΩ + or - 5 %. Sometimes ¼ watt is not enough for a circuit
application and then a physically larger resistor is required.

TYPES OF RESISTORS
• Wire wand resistors • Carbon Composition resistors • Film resistors • Surface mount resistors •
Fusible resistors
CAPACITOR :
A capacitor is a passive two terminal component which stores electric charge. This
component consists of two conductors which are separated by a dielectric medium. The potential
difference when applied across the conductors polarizes the dipole ions to store the charge in the

60
dielectric medium. The unit of capacitance is Farad and it is denoted as F. The circuit symbol of
a capacitor is shown below:

TYPES OF CAPACITORS
• Ceramic capacitor • Electrolytic capacitor • Tantalum capacitor • Silver Mica Capacitor
• Polystyrene Film Capacitor • Polyester Film Capacitor • Metalized Polyester Film Capacitor
• Polycarbonate capacitor • Polypropylene Capacitor • Glass capacitors

INDUCTOR :
An inductor (also choke, coil or reactor) is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
stores energy in its magnetic field. For comparison, a capacitor stores energy in an electric field,
and a resistor does not store energy but rather dissipates energy as heat. The unit of inductance is
Henry and it is denoted as H. Any conductor has inductance. An inductor is typically made of a
wire or other conductor wound into a coil, to increase the magnetic field. When the current
flowing through an inductor changes, creating a time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a
voltage is induced according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law
opposes the change in current that created it. Inductors are one of the basic components used in
electronics where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay
and reshape alternating currents.

61
TYPES OF INDUCTORS:
• Air core inductor • Radio frequency inductor • Ferromagnetic core inductor • Laminated core
inductor • Ferrite-core inductor • Toroidal core inductor • Variable inductor

PROCEDURE:
1. Find the nominal value and the tolerance of each resistance using the color codes
2. Calculate the resistor values and using the digital multimeter as an ohmmeter, we can
cross check and record the resistance of each.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Resistor Values:
BAND 1 BAND 2 BAND 3 TOLERANCE BAND RESISTOR VALUE

62
 Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
Thus the above study experiment electronic components and equipments was studied
clearly.

63
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a resistor?

2. What is the function of a resistor?

3. How will you find out the resistor value?

4. What is tolerance?

64
 MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETER
Ex. No.: (PEAK-PEAK, RMS, TIME PERIOD AND
FREQUENCY) USING CRO
Date:

AIM:
To study the electronic components and equipments including the resistor and color
coding and to measure the various AC signal parameters (Peak-peak, RMS, Time Period and
frequency) using CRO.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. CRO
2. Function generator
THEORY:
A sinusoidal signal is a general sine function. An electrical signal is a voltage or current
which conveys information, usually it means a voltage. The term can be used for any voltage or
current in a circuit. The voltage-time graph above shows the various properties of an electrical
signal. In addition to the properties labelled on the graph, there is frequency which is the number
of cycles per second. The diagram shows a sine wave but these properties apply to any signal
with a constant shape.
• Amplitude is the maximum voltage reached by the signal.
It is measured in volts, V.
• Peak voltage is another name for amplitude.
• Peak-peak voltage is twice the peak voltage (amplitude). When reading an oscilloscope
trace it is usual to measure peak-peak voltage. the peak-to-peak value of the voltage is
simply the difference between the largest voltage (usually positive) and the smallest
voltage (usually negative).
• Time period is the time taken for the signal to complete one cycle.
It is measured in seconds (s), but time periods tend to be short so milliseconds (ms) and
microseconds (µs) are often used. 1ms = 0.001s and 1µs = 0.000001s.
• Frequency is the number of cycles per second.
It is measured in hertz (Hz), but frequencies tend to be high so kilohertz (kHz) and
megahertz (MHz) are often used. 1kHz = 1000Hz and 1MHz = 1000000Hz.
• RMS value is the effective value of a varying voltage or current. It is the equivalent
steady DC (constant) value which gives the same effect

65
FORMULA USED:
1. Peak to peak voltage V(p-p) = No. of divisions X Volts/Divisions
2. Maximum Voltage Vm = V(p-p) / 2 (V)
3. Root Mean Square Voltage VRMS = Vm / √2 (V)
4. Time period (T) = No. of divisions X Time/Divisions (Sec)
5. Frequency (f) = 1/T (Hz)
AC SINE WAVEFORM

Vm

V(p-p)
Time (Sec)

TABULAR COLUMN:
Peak to peak Voltage measurement
Peak to Peak voltage RMS voltage VRMS
No of Divisions Volts/ Divisions
V(p-p) (Volts) (Volts)

Time period measurement

No of Divisions Time/ Divisions Time period (s) Frequency (HZ)

66
PROCEDURE:
1. AC signal is given as an input to CRO.
2. The CRO display is noted.
3. From the display the various parameters like peak-peak voltage, maximum voltage
and time period are noted.
4. By using the formulas, the RMS value and frequency are calculated.

MODEL GRAPH:

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
Thus the various AC signal parameters (Peak-peak, RMS, Period and frequency) were
measured using CRO.

67
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by AC supply?

2. What is peak to peak voltage?

3. What is rms voltage?

4. What is maximum voltage?

5. What is Frequency?

6. How is the time period measured?

68
Ex. No.: STUDY OF LOGIC GATES

Date:

AIM:
To study various logic gates AND, OR, NOT, X-OR

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name Specification Quantit

. y
1 IC7404,IC7408,IC7432,IC748 74LM04,74LM08,74LM32,74LM8 1
6 6
2 Regulated power supply (0-30) V 1
3 Connecting wires - 10
4 IC Trainer Kit - 01
5. Patch Cords - 14

THEORY:
Digital electronics is found in everything from computers to CD players and watches. It
is based on the binary number system. Instead of voltages which vary continuously, as in analog
electronics, digital circuits involve voltages which take one of only two possible values. In our
case these are 0 and 5 volts (TTL logic), but they are often referred to as LOW and HIGH, or
FALSE and TRUE, or as the binary digits 0 and 1.The basic building blocks of digital electronics
are logic gates which perform simple binary logic functions (AND, OR, NOT, etc.). From these
devices, one can construct more complex circuits to do arithmetic, act as memory elements, and
so on. In this lab, you will look at a few basic devices to see what they can do. Logic gates and
other digital components come in the form of integrated circuits (ICs) which consist of small
semiconductor \chips packaged in a ceramic or plastic case with many pins. The ICs are labeled
by numbers like 74LSxx, where xx is a number identifying the type of device.

69
LOGIC GATES
AND Gate
The AND gate performs logical multiplication, commonly known as AND function. The
AND gate is composed of two or more inputs and a single output. The output of AND gate is
high (1) only when all the inputs are high (1) and the output is low (0) when any one of the
inputs are low (0).

OR Gate
The OR gate performs logical addition, commonly known as OR function. The OR gate
has two or more inputs and only one output. The operation of OR gate is such that a high (1) on
the output is produced when any of the input is high (1) and the output is low (0) only when all
the inputs are low (0).

70
NOT gate
The NOT gate performs a basic function called inversion or complementation. The
purpose of gate is to change one logic level to opposite level. It has one input and one output.
When a high level is applied to an inverter input, a low level will appear at its output and vice-
versa.

X-OR gate
It has two or more inputs and only one output. When all the inputs are high or low the
output is low. If any one of the input is high the output also high. The X-OR gate output
expression is Y = A B + AB .

71
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. +5 Volts is given to the VCC terminal, 14 pin and 7th pin of the chip is grounded.
3. Truth table is verified for various gates by giving different input and obtaining the
outputs.

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
Thus the logic gates AND, OR, NOT, X-OR gates were studied.

72
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What are the universal gates

2. Draw the truth table of AND gate.

3. Draw the truth table of NOT gate.

4. Draw the truth table of OR gate.

5. How many gates will be there in a IC 7404 chip?

6. What gate does the IC 7408 consist of?

7. What are the 7th and 14th pins in all the gates?

73
 GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL
Ex. No.:

Date:

AIM:
To generate a clock signal in Astable Multivibrator using 555 timer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipment Required Range Quantity

1 555 Timer IC LM555 1

2 Resistance 6.8KOhm,3.3KOhm Each 1
3 Capacitors 0.01 µF Each 1
0.101 µF
4 CRO 230V / 20MHZ 1
5 RPS (0-30)V (0-30)V 1
6 Bread board - 1
7 Connecting wires - As required

THEORY:
Timing resistor is split into Ra and Rb. Pin 7 is connected to the junction of Ra and Rb
along with power supply Vcc. External timing capacitor C charges towards Vcc with time
constant (Ra + Rb)C. During this time, the output at the pin 3 is high.
When the capacitor voltage equals to 2/3 Vcc, the upper comparator trigger the control
flip-flop.

FORMULA USED:
1. Ton = 0.69 ((Ra + Rb)C
2. Toff = 0.69 RbC
3. T = Ton + Toff

74
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

+5 V

6.8 KΩ RA

8 4
7 3
RB IC 555
3.3 KΩ
6 2 1 5 CRO VO

C = 0.1μf
VC 0.01μf

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl.No Resistance ON time OFF time Total time Frequency

values Ton (Sec) Toff (Sec) Ton + Toff F= 1/T (HZ)
KΩ (Sec)

75
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

76
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. +5 Volts is given to the Vcc terminal.
3. ton , toff values are calculated from the given formula.
4. The graph is drawn.

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
Thus a clock signal was generated using 555 timer IC for different values of resistances.

77
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is a clock signal?

2. What are the applications of Clock signal?

3. What is the purpose of CRO?

4. Can we generate clock signal without using 555 timer?

5. What is the use of triggering signal, Threshold and control voltage?

78
 SOLDERING PRACTICE USING GENERAL
Ex. No.:
PURPOSE PCB
Date:

AIM:
To practice soldering for the given electronic circuit by assembling the resistors and
capacitors in the given Printed Circuit Board (PCB).
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. PCB Board for given circuit
2. Soldering iron
3. Solder
4. Flux
5. Nose Plier
6. Resistors
7. Capacitor

GIVEN CIRCUIT

C1
R1 R2

DRAWING

C1
R1 R2

Back side of the PCB board

79
 C1
R1 R2

Front side of the PCB board

PROCEDURE:
Soldering
1. The given electronic circuit is studied.
2. The PCB board is cleaned.
3. The tip of the soldering iron is cleaned before heating and also the resistors and
capacitor which is to be soldered is cleaned.
4. The soldering iron is heated and the solder is applied to the tip of it.
5. The resistor (R) leads are bent to fit the holes on the board and they are inserted in the
holes of the board as per the circuit diagram.
6. The hot tip is applied to the joints and the solder is applied.
7. The soldering tip is removed and the resistor is hold tightly till the solder is cooled
and set.
8. The excess component lead is trimmed with side cutter.
9. The above steps are repeated to fix the other resistor and capacitor in the circuit
De-Soldering
1. The tip of the soldering iron is placed on the resistor- board joint until the solder is
melt.
2. When the solder is melted the resistor is removed with a tweezers and the molten
solder is removed.
3. The above steps are repeated to remove the other resistor and capacitor.
4. The resistors and capacitors are cleaned.

80
CALCULATION

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
Thus the soldering and de-soldering practice is done for the given electronic circuit.

81
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is a Resistor?

2. What is a capacitor?

3. What is Soldering and De-Soldering?

4. What is a PCB? State the use of PCB?

5. What are the uses of soldering and de-soldering?

82
 MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR
Ex. No.:
HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS
Date:

AIM:
To study the ripple factor of a half wave rectifier.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
SL.NO. NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY
EQUIPMENT
1. Transformer (12-0-12)V 1
2. Capacitor 2
0.1 µF
3. Resistor 470Ω 1
4. PN junction diode 2
IN 4007
5. Bread Board - 1
-
6. CRO 1

FORMULAE USED:
Ripple Factor, =  (Vrms / Vdc)2 - 1
Where, Vrms = The rms value of the a.c component of the output voltage
Vdc = The average or d.c value of the output voltage.

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:

Vdc = Vm/π
Vrms = Vm/2
THEORY:
A rectifier is defined as an electronic device used for converting AC voltage into
unidirectional voltage. A rectifier utilizes unidirectional conduction devices like Vacuum diode
or PN junction diode.

83
Half wave rectifier:
It converts an ac voltage into a pulsating DC voltage using only one half of the applied
ac voltage. The rectifying diode conducts during one half of the ac cycle. During positive half
cycle of the input signal the anode of diode becomes positive with respect to cathode and hence
the diode conducts. For an ideal diode the forward voltage drop is zero so the whole input
voltage appears across the load. During negative half of the input signal the anode of the diode
becomes negative with respect to cathode and hence the diode does not conduct. For an ideal
diode the impedance offered by the diode is unity so the whole input voltage drop across diode.
Hence voltage drop across RL is zero.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Half Wave Rectifier

84
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:
TYPE OF Vm Time Ripple
RECTIFIER Period factor

Half Wave
Rectifier

Circuit Diagram

85
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the CRO across the load.
3. From the waveform in the CRO screen, note down the amplitude and frequency along with
multiplication factor.
4. Calculate the ripple factor.

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
Thus the input & output waveforms are drawn for half wave rectifiers and ripple
factor calculated.

86
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Rectifier?

2. What is Half-Wave Rectifier?

3. Define Ripple Factor?

4. What type of output we get from HW Rectifier?

5. What is the value of Ripple factor for HW Rectifier?

6. What is the formula for Vrms for HW Rectifier?

7. What is the formula for Vdc for HW Rectifier?

87
 MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR
Ex. No.:
FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS
Date:

AIM:
To study the ripple factor and regulation characteristics of a full wave rectifier.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

SL.NO. NAME OF THE RANGE QUANTITY

EQUIPMENT
1. Transformer (12-0-12)V 1
2. Capacitor 2
0.1 µF
3. Resistor 470Ω 1
4. PN junction diode 2
IN 4007
5. Bread Board - 1
230V/20MHZ
6. CRO 1

FORMULA USED:
Ripple Factor, =  (Vrms / Vdc)2 - 1
Where, Vrms = The rms value of the a.c component of the output voltage
Vdc = The average or d.c value of the output voltage.

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

Vdc = 2 Vm/π
Vrms = Vm/ 2

88
THEORY:
A rectifier is defined as a electronic device used for converting AC voltage into
unidirectional voltage. A rectifier utilizes unidirectional conduction devices like Vacuum diode
or PN junction diode.
Full wave rectifier:
It converts an AC voltage in to a pulsating DC voltage using both half cycles of the applied
AC voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during positive half cycle while the other
conducts during negative half cycle. During positive half cycle of the input signal anode of the
diode D1 becomes positive with respect to cathode and at the same time anode of the diode
becomes negative. Hence D1 conducts and D2 will not conduct during positive half cycle.
During negative half of the input anode of the diode D1 becomes negative and anode of diode
D2 becomes positive. Hence D1 does not conduct and D2 will conduct. The load current flows
through D2 and voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

89
MODELGRAPH

TABULATION:

TYPE OF Vm Time Ripple

RECTIFIER Period factor

Full Wave
Rectifier

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

90
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the CRO across the load.
3. From the waveform in the CRO screen, note down the amplitude and frequency along
with multiplication factor.
4. Calculate the ripple factor.

Preparation (2) Output (3) Viva (5)

RESULT:
Thus the input & output waveforms are drawn for full wave rectifiers and ripple factor
calculated.
91
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Full wave rectifier?

2. What is the formula for Vdc for FW Rectifier?

3. What is the formulae for Vrms for FW Rectifier

4. What type of output we get from FW Rectifier?

5. What is the value of Ripple factor for FW Rectifier?

92
Ex.No:
Date: BRIGHT AND DIM LAMP METHOD

AIM:
To connect batteries in Series and Parallel to perform Bright and Dim Lamp method at
different voltage levels.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
One 9-volt battery
• Four 6-volt batteries
• 12-volt light bulb, 25 or 50 watt
• Lamp socket

SERIES CONNECTION:
Connecting components in series means to connect them in-line with each
other, so that there is but a single path for electrons to flow through them all. If you
connect batteries so that the positive of one connects to the negative of the other, you
will find that their respective voltages add. Measure the voltage across each battery
individually as they are connected, then measure the total voltage across them.

PARALLEL CONNECTION:
By connecting one 6-volt battery to the lamp. The lamp, designed to operate on
12 volts, should glow dimly when powered by the 6-volt battery. Use your voltmeter to
read voltage across the lamp.
The voltmeter should register a voltage lower than the usual voltage of the
battery. If you use your voltmeter to read the voltage directly at the battery terminals,
you will measure a low voltage there as well. Why is this? The large current drawn by
the high-power lamp causes the voltage at the battery terminals to "sag" or "droop," due
to voltage dropped across resistance internal to the battery. We may overcome this
problem by connecting batteries in parallel with each other, so that each battery only
has to supply a fraction of the total current demanded by the lamp.

93
i.Series connection

94
 ii.Parallel connection

SERIES-PARALLEL CONNECTION:
Parallel connections involve making all the positive (+) battery terminals electrically
common to each other by connection through jumper wires, and all negative (-) terminals
common to each other as well. Add one battery at a time in parallel, noting the lamp voltage
with the addition of each new, parallel-connected battery.By breaking the circuit for just one
battery, and inserting our ammeter within that break, we intercept the current of that one battery
and are therefore able to measure it. Measuring total current involves a similar procedure: make
a break somewhere in the path that total current must take, then insert the ammeter within than
break. To obtain maximum brightness from the light bulb, a series- parallel connection is
required. Two 6-volt batteries connected series-aiding will provide 12 volts.

iii.Series- Parallel connection

RESULT:
Thus the Bright and dim lamp method was performed at different voltage levels.

95
 Ex.No:
Date: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ADDERS USING LOGIC
GATES

AIM:
To design and construct half adder and to verify the functions.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.no C o m p o n e n t s Range/type Q u a n t i t y
1 IC 7408 74LM08 2
23456 IC 7486IC 7404IC 7432 7 4 L M 8 6 212
3456 IC 7404IC 7432 7 4 L M 0 4 12
456 IC 7432 7 4 L M 3 2 2
56 IC TRAINER KIT -- 1
6 CONECTING WIRES - F E W

THEORY:
HALF ADDER:
Half adder is a circuit, which can add two numbers and produce two outputs, sum and carry.
From the truth table it is clear that sum represent the logic output of an EX-OR gate and carry,
that of an AND gate. Thus a half adder can be built using two gates.
TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
A B S U M CARRY

96
K- Map:

Logic Diagram Of Half Adder

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the truth table of the respective adder.
2. Determine the simplified expression for the output variable using K-Map.
3. Decide the corresponding logic gates to be used to implement the above expression.
4. Draw the logic diagram according to output expression.
5. Construct the adder circuit using the above gates.
6. Verify the truth table.

RESULT:
Thus the half adder circuits were designed and constructed and the truth tables were
verified.
97