ABSTRACT # 01

The study used a cross-sectional study design as the researchers assess

whether having a down syndrome increases the risk of having lip and oral
STUDY
lesions. Furthermore, cross-sectional allows the researchers to measure the
DESIGN
outcome and the exposures of the study participants at the same time.

The exposure in the given study is the condition, oralabial lesions and lip
fissures. The population of the study is 50% children with Down Syndrome
EXPOSURE and 50% healthy controls and the results proved that exposure to the
condition is correlated to an increased rate of prevalence of lip and oral soft
tissue lesions.

It is concluded in the study that the population with Down Syndrome has a
considerably wide gap in the number of the presence of lip fissures and oral
OUTCOME lesions than with the healthy ones. This has proven that exposure to the
condition is an essential variable to the outcome.
ABSTRACT # 02

The study used a case-control or retrospective study design. The researchers

compared two groups, children with down syndrome hospitalized for
STUDY bronchitis and children without down syndrome to study who will stay longer
DESIGN in the hospital. Moreover, the study participants are recruited based on
disease status where some have the outcome of interest, whereas others do
not possess the outcome of interest

The exposure in the study is whether an individual exposed to bronchitis. The

population stated to have down syndrome has shown a significant difference
in outcome when they have bronchitis from those without making it the
EXPOSURE variable that confirms the study's hypothesis.

The outcome of the study is that children with down syndrome in the hospital
for bronchitis take longer to get better than those who do not have the
disease. The inferred conclusion is that when you are conditioned with down
OUTCOME syndrome, being susceptible to bronchitis slows down the body's remedy
compared to the healthy.
ABSTRACT # 03

Case-control study design was used in the study as two existing groups
differing in outcome are identified and compared. Furthermore, it is also use
STUDY to determine if an exposure to the variable is associated with the outcome.
DESIGN

The exposure variable for the study is the genetic disorder as there is
difference observed among the lymphocyte subgroups. Those lymphocyte
subgroups with CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD56 were shown to be different
EXPOSURE
because they are the ones who are deceased.

In the case of those with Down Syndrome, they were more likely to have
upper respiratory infection, sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, and hospital
admission. And for those below 13 years old, there was statistically a
OUTCOME
decreased in all studies of CD markers. In conclusion, recurrent infections
and hospital admissions were a striking feature of those with down syndrome
but it is not necessarily related to the lymphocyte group.
ABSTRACT #4

A retrospective study design was used in this study as the researchers looks
backwards and examines exposures to suspected risk or protection factors in
STUDY
relation to an outcome that is established at the start of the study.
DESIGN

The condition is Down Syndrome and the control group which were the
siblings of the 276 participants have been used. It has proven that those with
EXPOSURE down syndrome have made a gapping difference in the outcome of the
results.

OUTCOME The outcome of the observation is that having Down syndrome is already a
risk factor for severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract
infections. Those with already known severe respiratory syncytial virus
infections were hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory
tract infection and children with controlled down syndrome without heart
congenital disease were also hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus lower
respiratory tract infection. In conclusion, these findings should prompt future
 studies to investigate possible mechanisms further.

ABSTRACT # 05

A cohort study design is used in the study as the participants are defined
which are children born at ≥ 35 weeks gestation from 1995 to 2011.
STUDY Furthermore, the participants are observed frequently over a period of many
DESIGN years for instance, to determine how often a certain disease occurs.
Furthermore, two groups that are exposed to different things are compared
with each other.

The exposure of the study is neonatal phototherapy. It is hypothesized that

EXPOSURE those who are exposed to the procedure are more likely to develop childhood
cancer than to those who were not exposed. This is to determine a significant
change of results from the two populations to come up with a correlation.

The outcome of the study was that phototherapy is really associated with the
OUTCOME increase cancer rates. Phototherapy was associated with the increased rats
of leukemia, non-lymphomatic leukemia, and liver cancer. To conclude this,
 when phototherapy is unnecessary, avoid it at all cause even just for the
possibility of casualties.

ABSTRACT # 06

Double-blind study is a type of clinical trial in which neither the participants

nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are
STUDY receiving until the clinical trial is over. This makes results of the study less
DESIGN likely to be biased.

The exposure of the study is vasopressin and norepinephrine. The study

involves the participants nor the researchers lack of knowledge as to who is
receiving the vasopressin or norepinephrine to maintain arterial pressure
EXPOSURE
after cardiac surgery. The comparison of the two population determines the
outcome of the study.

It is common for patients to have Vasoplegic syndrome complications post-

cardiac surgery and it impacts negatively on patient outcomes. Vasopressin
and/or norepinephrine can be used for as a first-line vasopressor agent when
OUTCOME vasoplegic complications happen and it can even improve the clinical
outcomes of the patients