MATHS FORMULAS

In an x-y Cartesian coordinate system, equation of the circle is:

(x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2 sin 0° = 0 cos 0° = 1 tan 0° = 0

sin 30° = ½ cos 30° = (√3)/2 tan 30° = 1/(√3) sin 45° = 1/(√2)

cos 45° = 1/(√2) tan 45° = 1 sin 60° = (√3)/2 cos 60° = 1/2

tan 60° = √3 sin 90° = 1 cos 90° = 0 tan 90° = ∞

sinq = 1/cosecq cosq = 1/secq tanq = 1/cotq sinq/cosq = tanq

sin2q + cos2q = 1 1 + tan2q = sec2q 1 + cot2q = cosec2q sin( 90° - q ) = cosq

cos( 90° - q ) = sinq tan( 90° - q ) = cotq sin( 90° + q ) = cosq cos( 90° + q ) = - sinq

tan( 90° + q ) = - cotq sin( 180° - q ) = sinq cos( 180° - q ) = - cosq tan( 180° - q ) = - tanq

sin( 180° + q ) = - sinq cos( 180° + q ) = - cosq tan( 180° + q ) = tanq

Pythagorean Theorem:

The square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the
legs

a2 = b2 + c2

a,b - two sides of the triangle connected by the right angle

c - hypotenuse of the triangle

circumference of a circle

circumference of a circle = 2 . π . r

where,

π = PI = 22/7 r = radius of circle

Area of Triangle

Area of Triangle = (1/2) . b . h

where,

h = height of triangle b = the length of the base of triangle

Area of rectangle

Area of rectangle = l . b

where,

l = length of rectangle b = width of rectangle

Area of circle

Area of circle = π . r 2

where,

π = PI = 22/7 r = radius of circle

Area of trapezoid

Area of trapezoid = (1/2) . (height). (base one + base two)

Area of Ellipse

Area of Ellipse = π . r1 . r2

where,

r1 = major radius r2 = minor radius

Area of Cylinder (surface area)

Area of Cylinder (surface area) =

2.π.r.h

where,

r = radius of cylinder h = length of cylinder

Area of Cone (surface area)

Area of Cone (surface area) =

π.r.l

where,

r = radius of cone l = length of side of the cone

Volume of cylinder Volume of cylinder = π . r 2 . h

where,

π = PI = 22/7

r = radius of cylinder h = length of cylinder

Volume of sphere

Volume of sphere = (4/3) . π . r 3

where,

π = PI = 22/7 r = radius of sphere

Volume of Cone

Volume of Cone = (1/3) . π . r 2 . h

where,

π = PI = 22/7

r = radius of Cone h = height of cone

sin(-x) = -sin(x) cosec(-x) = -cosec(x) cos(-x) = cos(x) sec(-x) = sec(x)

tan(-x) = -tan(x) cot(-x) = -cot(x) sin( a + b ) = sina cosb + cosa sinb

sin( a - b ) = sina cosb - cosa sinb cos( a + b ) = cosa cosb - sina sinb

cos( a - b ) = cosa cosb + sina sinb tan( a + b ) =(tana + tanb) (1 - tana tanb)

tan( a - b ) = (tana - tanb)

(1 + tana tanb) sin2a = 2 sina cosa cos2a = cos2a - sin2a = 2cos2a - 1 = 1 - 2sin2a

tan2a = (2 tana) (1 - tan2a) sin3a = 3sina - 4sin3a cos3a = 4cos3a - 3cosa

For any triangle ABC with side lengths a,b,c

Law of Cosines

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2 a b cos C b2 = c2 + a2 - 2 c a cos B a2 = b2 + c2 - 2 b c cos A

Law of Sines

sinA/a = sinB/b = sinC/c cos θ cos β = cos(θ - β) + cos(θ + β)

2 sin θ sin β = cos(θ - β) - cos(θ + β)

sin θ cos β = sin(θ + β) + sin(θ - β) 2

sin3 θ = 3sin θ - sin 3θ 4

cos3 θ = 3cos θ + cos 3θ 4

sin3 θ . cos3 θ = 3sin 2θ - sin 6θ 32

sin4 θ = 3 - 4 cos 2θ + cos 4θ 8

cos4 θ = 3 + 4 cos 2θ + cos 4θ 8

sin4 θ . cos4 θ = 3 - 4 cos 4θ + cos 8θ 128

sin5 θ = 10 sin θ - 5 sin 3θ + sin 5θ 16

cos5 θ = 10 cos θ + 5 cos 3θ + cos 5θ 16

sin5 θ . cos5 θ = 10 sin 2θ - 5 sin 6θ + sin 10θ 512

Quadratic Equation

For the equation:

ax2+bx+c=0

the value of x will be

x= - b ± √ (b2 - 4 a c)

2a

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2 a b + b2

(a - b)2 = a2 - 2 a b + b2

(a + b) . (a - b) = (a2 - b2)

Arithmetic progression: Arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any
two successive members of the sequence is a constant.

For example: Suppose a1, a2, a3, a4, ...... , an-1, an are in sequence of arithmetic progression

Then the first term of an arithmetic series is a1 and assume that the common difference of successive
members is d, then the nth term of the sequence is:

an = a1 + (n - 1).d

The sum of all the components of an arithmetic series is:

Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + ....... + an-1 + an

i.e. Sn = (n).(a1 + an)/2

Geometric progression: geometric progression OR geometric series is a sequence of numbers such that
the quotient of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant. The ratio of two successive
number is called common ratio. The constant ratio must not be equal to 0.

Example of geometric series :

ar1, ar2, ar3, . ....... ., arn-1, arn

The nth term of the geometric series can be defined as:

an = a r(n - 1)

r is called common ratio and n must be greater than 0:

Logarithms:

logb 1 = 0

logb b = 1

logb(X . Y) = logbX + logbY

logb(X / Y) = logbX - logbY

logb(Xn) = n . logbX

logmn . lognm = 1

dC =0

dx

d(Cu) =C du

dx dx

d(u + v) = du + dv

dx dx dx

d(u . v) = u dv +v du
dx dx dx

d ( u )= v (du/dx) - u (dv/dx)

dx v v2

d ( u n ) = n u n-1 du

dx dx

d (xn) = n x n-1

dx

d ( C u ) = C u ln(C) du

dx dx

d (eu) =eu du

dx dx

d( ln(u))= 1 du

dx u dx

d( sin(u)) = cos(u)du

dx dx

d( cos(u)) = - sin(u) du

dx dx

d( tan(u)) = sec2(u) du

dx dx

d( cosec(u)) = - cosec(u) . cot(u) du

dx dx

d( sec(u)) = sec(u) . tan(u) du

dx dx

d( cot(u)) = - cosec2(u) du

dx dx+
d(sin-1u) = 1 du

dx dx

d(cos-1u) = -1 du

dx dx

d(tan-1u) = 1 du

dx 1 + u2 dx

d(cot-1u) = -1 du

dx 1 + u2 dx

d(sec-1u) = 1 du

dx |u| dx

d(cosec-1u) = -1 du

dx |u| dx