Group No.

: Group 1
Group Leader: Abella, Journeyleen Y.
Group Members: Arren Abenes
Mohajirah Abubakar
Norhata Ali
Angelica Mae Arsenal
Lyra Valdez
Topics:
 HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

MODULE 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Contents:
This module is composed of four lessons, including:
Lesson 1: Ancient Times
 Sumerian Civilization
 Babylonian Civilization
 Egyptian Civilization
 Greek Civilization
 Roman Civilization
 Chinese Civilization
Lesson 2: Medieval/Middle Ages
Lesson 3: Modern Times
Lesson 4: Philippine Inventions

Objectives:

After studying this module, you should be able to:

 Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa;
 Identify the inventions and discoveries that change the world over the course of history
and;
 Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines.

Brief Recap:

Science (Latin word 'Scientia', meaning knowledge). It refers to a systematic and

methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves
through observation, experimentation or both.

Technology, for its part, is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to
produce services, materials tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems. It comes
from the Greek root word 'Techne', meaning art, skill, or cunning of hand.
According to Albert Einstein, "it is not knowledge if you only derived it from the books but if
you can derive it on numbers, it is considered knowledge". Because numbers are the application
of knowledge and technology is the application of numbers and science.

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

In the ancient times, people were concerned with:

a. transportation and navigation
b. communication and record-keeping
c. mass production
d. security and protection
e. health and aesthetics
f. architecture

What is Civilization?

-Civilization is the state of having an advanced level of social organization and a comfortable
way of life.

-it has a sort of stable food supply, social structure, source of government, religious system,
advances of technology and develop written language.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

- Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia

-Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for
great things.

 Cuneiform - is the first writing system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols
which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left dry. It allowed the
sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value of their daily lives. The
word cuneiform is literally mean "wedge-shaped".
 City of UR -is considered to be the first true city in the world. It was built by the
Sumerians using only mud or clay which they mixed with reeds, producing a sun-baked
bricks
 The Great Ziggurat of Ur- It is also called the mountain of god. It serves as the sacred
place of their chief god,where only priests were allowed to enter.
 ―Stele of Vultures‖- The stele represents the first important pictorial portrayal of war in
the Sumerian period and portrays the king of Lagash leading an infantry phalanx of
armored, helmeted warriors, armed with spears as they trample their enemies.

Phalanx formation: - a block of foot soldiers depicted standing shield-to-shield, presenting

spears, and advancing in a dense mass.
Sumerian weapons:
Helmets- basic function was to protect the head, face, and sometimes the neck from
projectiles and the cutting blows of swords, spears, arrows, and other weapons.

Shields- Shields are used to intercept specific tasks, whether from close-ranged weapony
or projectiles such as arrows, by means of active blocks, as well as to provide passive protection
by closing one or more lines of engagement during combat.

Armored cloaks- Each soldier‘s cloak is secured around the neck and may have been
made of wool cloth or, more probably, thin leather.The Sumerian armor cloack was first
representation of body armor in history.

Spears- a pole weapon with a sharp point, either thrown or thrust at an enemy or prey.

Sickle swords- sickle-shaped sword evolved from battle axes. The inside curve of the
weapon could be used to trap an opponent's arm, or to pull an opponent's shield out of the way.

Slingshots- A slingshot is a weapon that you can use for "shooting" stones. A sling shot
works like a small catapult, with rubber strips holding a pocket where the stone or other
projectile sits. When you pull the pocket back and release it, the stone is projected forward.

Mace- A mace is a type of weapon that uses a heavy head on the end of a handle to
deliver powerful strikes.

Chariots- The earliest chariots had either two or four solid wheels. Early Sumerian
chariots were pulled by donkeys. The charioteer steered the chariot using reins which went
through a ring carried on the donkey's back and attached to rings in their noses.

Bow & Arrow- -a bow is a weapon consisting of a stave made of wood or other elastic
material, bent and held in tension by a string. The arrow, a thin wooden shaft with a feathered
tail, is fitted to the string by a notch in the end of the shaft and is drawn back until sufficient
tension is produced in the bow so that when released it will propel the arrow.

Dagger- A dagger is a knife with a very sharp point and usually two sharp edges,
typically designed or capable of being used as a thrusting or stabbing weapon.

Battle Axes- A battle axe had a relatively short wooden handle, with a lethal head of
either metal or stone. It was designed to be swung by the handle, with the head brought
forcefully down on the enemy.

How did Sumerians use science?

One of the Sumerians greatest advances was in the area of hydraulic engineering. Early in their
history they created a system of ditches to control flooding, and were also the inventors of
irrigation, harnessing the power of the Tigris and Euphrates for farming
How did technology help Sumerian civilization develop?

Technology developed better agricultural techniques in which helped the Sumerians produce
more food. With a dependable food supply the population of villages began to grow.

Sumerians invented or improved a wide range of technology, including the wheel, cuneiform
script, arithmetic, geometry, irrigation, saws and other tools, sandals, chariots, harpoons, and
beer.

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATIONS

Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates River. The Babylonians were
great builders, engineers and architects. Babylonians, as I have mention emerge near the river
because water is one of their basic necessity. Water brings food for them, brings energy and
beauty, and it also enable them to travel from one place to another. With the use of the river, they
are able to exchanger their goods to other places, and they can also use it to conquer and also to
escape.

 Hanging Gardens of Babylon- It was built by the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar
II for his wife, Queen Amytis. The hanging gardens of Babylon was said to be a structure
made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees,
and vines. However, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Many said it was just a product of the creative imagination
of the great King. On the other hand, if it really existed, itmust have been destroyed by
war, erosion, or an earthquake.

Babylonian Weapons:

The Babylonians were a Bronze Age people. This made them less effective in battle. They
used sharpened weapons such as sickle swords, socketed axes, spears. At the time, though,
bronze was top-of-the-line technology, and the Babylonians were so good at empire building
that later armies modeled their weapons after Babylonian designs.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONS

Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian Civilization located in North
Africa. Many stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptian especially regarding
infrastructures established by the Pharaohs. Aside from the pyramids, they also have contributed
other practical things that the world now considers as essential.

 Paper or Papyrus- Was one of the earlier contributions of the Egyptian civilization. This
invention was a major accomplishment in Egyptian record-keeping and communications.
It makes writing easier for the world. It was made from Papyrus, a plant that grew along
the Nile River in Egypt. (They were able to process the plant in order to produce thin
sheets). People were able to send letters or correspondences anywhere in the world since
the pieces of paper were very light that they could be carried and delivered by birds.
 Moreover, record-keeping was no longer a problem since documents would not take huge
storage spaces unlike tablets
 Ink- When Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper, engraving ceased to be used in
writing. As a result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different
chemicals to produce inks of different colors. It withstand the elements of nature since it
was used to record history, culture, and codified laws.
 Hieroglyphics- Like Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a system of writing using
symbols, known as hieroglyphics. Although some say that hieroglyphics was adapted
from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between
civilizations, the Egyptians believe that this writing system was provided to them by their
gods. It uses symbols carved on the walls of pyramids and other structures. Their way of
writing is also the root cause why many scientists are confused about their history.
Hieroglyphics is not just an ordinary writing of text, but it is also consisting of many
different symbols and illustrations that may lead the scientist to misinterpretation in data
or meaning. It was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of
the ancient Egyptian. Their record was well-preserved since they were carved at the walls
of pyramids and other important Egyptian structures.
 Cosmetics- Cosmetics was invented and use in ancient Egypt for both health and
aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye
diseases. Kohl was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena. Egyptians
believed that a person wearing make- up was protected from evil and that beauty was a
sign of holiness.
 Wig- It was also invented by the Egyptians for health and wellness purposes than for
aesthetic purposes. It was used to protect the shaved head of the wealthy Egyptians from
the harmful rays of the sun. It was considered cleaner than the natural hair because it
prevented the accumulation of head lice.
 Water clock/Clepsydra- Is another important ancient Egyptian contribution.This device
utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The amount of
water (or its height) remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since
it is full. In the process, time is measured.

Egyptian Weapons:

Bronze-Tipped Spear and Shield- the core of the Egyptian army, like most ancient armies, was
its spearmen. The Egyptian spearmen would advance on the enemy in tightly packed
formations. The length of the spear allowed Egyptian fighters to joust at their enemy behind
the relative safety of their shields, and the bronze tip was hard and sharp enough to pierce
through an enemy infantry‘s leather armor.

Javelin- The Egyptian javelin was more than a hand-launched missile. It also functioned in close
combat as a short spear about a meter long (3.3 feet). At close range, they would use the javelin
to thrust at the enemy behind their shields, but they could also launch the armor-piercing javelin
at attacking chariots or lines of infantry. They fitted their javelins with diamond-shaped metal
blades and made them easier to aim and throw with a well-balanced and reinforced wooden grip.
Battle Axe- The Egyptian battle axe was a secondary weapon tucked into a warrior‘s waistband
or hung from his shoulder. In close combat, it could hack at an enemy‘s shield or dispatch an
injured foe with a crushing blow. In earlier periods of Egyptian history, when the enemy didn‘t
wear armor, the blades of battle axes were semi-circular or crescent-shaped, designed to deliver
deep, slashing cuts to unprotected flesh.

Mace Ax- Egyptians armed themselves with simple maces made of a wooden handle topped
with a heavy stone head. But during the New Kingdom, they improved on the deadly design
with the addition of a curved blade embedded into a solid wooden head. ―This is a weapon
that‘s purely Egyptian,‖ says Elliott. ―It‘s essentially an ax with extra power behind it.‖ The
mace ax would have been wielded with two hands to break enemy swords and bash through
even the strongest bronze armor.

Short Swords- Short swords are strong enough to withstand the rigors of battle. There were
two common types of Egyptian short swords. The first was dagger-shaped and came to a sharp
point. Its job was to stab the enemy at very close range. The second was longer with flat sides
coming to a rounded, ―butter-knife‖ point. This sword was for slashing at the enemy from a
safer distance and was strong enough not to bend when brought down hard on a shield or bone.

Khopesh- Perhaps the most iconic and feared Egyptian weapon of the New Kingdom was a
curved sword called a khopesh. The distinctive blade of the khopesh looks like a question mark
with the cutting edge on the outside of the curve like a scimitar, not the inside like a sickle. In
Ancient Egyptian, khopesh means ―foreleg of an animal,‖ similar to the English word ―dogleg.‖

Composite bow- Egyptian composite bows were long, about 1.5 meters (nearly 5 feet), and
carefully constructed from birch wood, goat horns, bull tendons and sinews, all cemented
together by animal glues. The layered construction, plus the recurved design, allowed the bow
to snap back with far more action than the simple self bow, launching an arrow as far as 250 to
300 meters (820 to 984 feet) by ancient accounts. The strings of composite bows were made
from tightly woven animal gut and the arrows were fashioned from bronze-tipped woody
reeds, which were plentiful in the Nile Valley. To improve accuracy, the arrows were fletched
with three feathers. The composite bows were so expensive and difficult to make that
conquering Egyptian armies often asked for bows instead of gold as tribute.

Chariots- Before horses were big enough to be ridden into battle as cavalry, the chariot was the
speediest and most terrifying war machine. The Hyksos were the ones who introduced the
Egyptians to lightweight wooden chariots with flexible leather floors as shock absorbers, but it
was the Egyptian New Kingdom, with its vast wealth, that deployed swarms of heavily armed
chariots on the battlefield to deadly effect. Eliott says that the Egyptians treated the chariot like
a fast-moving ―weapons platform‖ manned by a chariot driver and a warrior.The speed and
maneuverability of the Egyptian chariot was only matched by its weaponry, which not only
included arrows and javelins, but several khopeshes and battle axes for hand-to-hand combat.

Scale Armor- The most elaborate and protective armor was reserved for the charioteers, both the
driver and warrior, who were singled out as prized targets for enemy archers, especially those
with long-range composite bows. The Egyptian charioteers rode into battle wearing long coats of
bronze scales, giving them the appearance of large, upright lizards. Each bronze scale, was
pierced with small holes through which the scale was tied to a linen or leather backing. A large
coat of armor might contain more than 600 individual scales, both small and large.

GREEK CIVILIZATION

Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western
philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy
and mathematics. More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed
much to the world especially in the fields of science and technology.

 Alarm Clock- - one of the most utilized gadgets today that was invented by the ancient
Greeks. Plato used four water vessels lined up vertically: The upper vessel supplied the
water which dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to be filled up in a given time.
After it was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which would
cause the expulsion of the contained air, creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this
vessel would empty the bottom vessel for storage and reuse.

 Water Mill- Commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a
necessary form of food processing during that time. Because milling was made possible
by the use of watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the like became
common.

Greek Weapons:

The weapons of Ancient Greece that the Greeks used in fighting these wars were varied,
powerful, and sophisticated. Some of the weapons that the Ancient Greeks used were the spear,
sword, armor, shield, phalanx, ballista, and warship.

Spear and sword(xiphos & dory) - The spear, also known as the dory, was a very important
weapon for an Ancient Greek warrior or hoplite. Spears were 6 to 8 feet long and were made out
of a sharp iron head, a wooden shaft, and a bronze butt at the other end which was used in case
the iron head broke. Hoplites also carried and used swords in battle. Most swords were double
edged and they were effective at slashing and stabbing. Considered a secondary weapon, swords
were only used after the spear was thrown or after the spear broke.

Armor & Sheild- The Armor of an Ancient Greek soldier protected the soldier from the spears,
arrows, and other weapons of the enemy and weighed about 60 to 65 pounds. The shield was
used to smash the spears of the enemy and to protect Greek soldiers from the attacks of the
enemy. Ancient Greek soldiers also wore helmets to protect their heads during battle.

Ballista- - The Ballista was an ancient type of crossbow and was one of the most powerful
weapons of Ancient Greece. The Ballista could fire many long range arrows at the same time and
it was a weapon that was useful in attacking forts during sieges.
Phalanx- A military formation that was developed by the Ancient Greeks and used heavily by
Alexander the Great. The phalanx consisted of a tight formation of soldiers armed with spears
and carrying concave shields. The phalanx protected soldiers from the arrows and attacks of the
enemy.

Warship(Pentekontors)- Warships were important to Ancient Greek warfare because of the

geography of Greece. Greece is surrounded by water. The earliest Ancient Greek warships were
called pentekontors. They were long, narrow ships designed to go fast to overtake other ships
and attack them. Pentekontors had twenty five oarsmen on each side to row the ship.

Greek Communication:

The Ancient Greeks were highly innovative and creative when it comes to communication
methods during celebration, war and sorrow. Some communication methods were used to
communicate between people to people, between armies, leaders and also from emperors to his
citizens. Other type of communication involved relaying messages to the gods.

Stentorophonic Horn- Alexander the Great was the first to conceive the idea of reproducing
sounds by the acoustic telegraph, which could transmit sounds through the air over great
distances. It consisted of a tripod four feet high, from which extended a rope to which was
attached a large round sound horn.

Fryktories- Fire, and therefore light, was a basic requirement for getting the message across
quickly and over long distances. The use of light signals was mainly used in war to convey the
orders of superiors.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It
was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period. Because the
Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of
legislation and codified laws. Aside from their contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and
inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the Roman Empire.

 Newspaper- is one of the major contributions of the Romans. The first newspaper is
known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. When
paper was invented, it became easier for the Romans to "publish" matters that needed the
attention of the Roman Citizens.
 Boundbook or Codex- - was first started by Julius Caesar who stacked up papyrus to
form pages of a book. Later on, Romans were able to provide covers made of wax which
was replaced by animal skin to protect the papyrus. With the papyrus pages bound
together and covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire was able to produce first
books or codex.
 Roman Numeral- a number system devised by Romans to address the need for a standard
counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns.
Roman numeral is no longer widely used today due to its inherent limitations.
  Roman Architecture- - is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman
Empire to the world. The quality of these majestic Roman structures can be seen by the
way they withstood time and the harsh elements of the environment. Today, people of the
world still enjoy these marvels. These structure are proofs of ancient Roman technology.

Roman Warrior- Roman military personal equipment was produced in small numbers to
established patterns, and used in an established manner. These standard patterns and uses were
called the res militaris or disciplina. Its regular practice during the Roman Republic and Roman
Empire led to military excellence and victory.

There were three main weapons used by the Roman soldiers, each serving its own purpose.

1.) An important Roman weapon was the gladius, or short sword, which was around 18 inches
(46 cm) in length and sharpened on both sides. This was often used for close combat.

2.) The pugio is synonymous with status and often associated with high-ranking officers; it was
famously used to kill Julius Caesar. Being in the military was an honor for a Roman citizen and
wearing a pugio was the simplest way to let everyone know.

3.) Pilum - With close-quarters combat a strength, the Roman legionary was also a master from a
distance. A Roman pilum was a wooden javelin with a metal tip. If this tip hit an enemy shield or
the ground at an angle, it would bend so it became useless.

Roman Communication- The Roman Empire was so strong because they had the ability to
communicate with the masses and within their own empire very well.Continuing on, another major way
of communication was through writing. The Romans introduced writing to the Northern Europe for the
first time, and the Latin alphabet is still used there.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION

The civilization of ancient China first developed in the Yellow River region of northern China, in
the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. This is a very fertile region; however the land needs irrigation to
make the crops grow, and well-built river embankments to prevent catastrophic flooding.

In ancient times, the main crop in northern China was millet, a food still grown in many parts of
the world as a major crop.

This region is regarded as the Cradle of China‘s Civilization. It was here that the earliest Chinese
dynasties were based. Throughout the ancient period of China‘s history it formed the heart of the
Chinese world, and it was from here that Chinese civilization spread out across the rest of China.

War weapons of China:

During the Han period they became more effective with better metalworking techniques giving
stronger blades with sharper cutting edges. Other weapons used by Chinese infantry included the
ever-popular halberd (a mix of spear and axe), spears, javelins, daggers, and battle-axes.

 Halberd- Chinese Halberds were used in war for well over 3000 years and have taken
several different forms. These weapons combine either an Axe head, or Dagger Axe, with
a spear point allowing for thrusting, chopping, and hooking in battle.
 Dao-was one of the most widely used weapons.‗Dao‘ was a term that referred to any kind of long
weapon.As a result, the Dao could be classified into many different weapons. A common Dao
appeared like a short spear that was used in hand-to-hand combat and was not thrown at the
opponent like a normal spear.
 Qiang- The Qiang, which was a type of spear, was another important weapon of the
Chinese army. The Qiang class of spears were believed to have evolved from the
prehistoric spear that was known as the ‗Mao‘. The common Qiang could be described as
a spear that had a long staff, and had a steel, iron, or bronze mounted tip.

MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES

The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were
prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the field of weaponry,
navigation, mass food and farm production, farm production and health. The wars have resulted
in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise in
population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for
transportation technology.

 Printing Press - was wooden invented by Johann Gutenberg. He utilized wooden

machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the
letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an
extract impression on paper. This was invented in order to address the need for
publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate. This
invention also made works for accessible to people who could not even write.
 Microscope- the first compound microscope was developed by Zacharias Janssen. With
this device, people were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the
naked. The microscope was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing
various illnesses (Davidson, 2015).
 Telescope- the invention of the telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the
observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time. Galileo‘s
refractor. Together with the telescope, the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders
made sea travelling easier and safer (Helden, 1989).

War Weapons:

War weapons were invented since wars were widespread during this period. Was used not only
as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments.
* For open-area battles, developed cross bows and long bows so that they could attack enemies
at long ranges.

*In close range hand-to hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, they
created an iron body armors. However, it was heavy so they invented the chainmail.

Swords- According to DeVries, ―The single most important weapon in the Middle Ages was the
sword‖. A fast-moving weapon that could stab as well as slice, the sword delivered the most
damage for least effort. It allowed the development of a sophisticated form of martial art,
granting fame to expert swordsmen and inspiring fighting manuals such as Fiore dei Liberi‘s
Flos Duellatorum (1410). As military historian Mike Loades says, the sword ―gives hope that
skill can triumph over brute force.‖

Lances- The other high-status weapon was the lance, used in attacks by mounted men-at-arms.
The force of a galloping horseman, concentrated through the point of a lance, gave it incredible
power. But it was a one-shot weapon, often shattering on impact and was no use up close. It was
individually deadly but not a war-winner.

Spears, Axes, Mace- Though swords became widespread, polearm weapons were, at one point,
more prevalent for ordinary infantry. Cheap and easy to manufacture, spears equipped the
increasingly large armies of medieval rulers. Used in large defensive blocks, they provided an
antidote to cavalry charges, as shown by the successes of the Scots against the English at
Bannockburn (1314).

While the spear was most common, other polearms were deadlier. Equipped with axes, blades, as
well as points, staff weapons could be swung with incredible force. A mace was a pole fitted
with a heavy head made of stone, iron, bronze or steel.

Crossbows and Longbows- Spearmen protected archers, another important feature of the
battlefield. Three types of bows increased the power of medieval archers, giving them more
range and capacity to kill—recurve bows, crossbows and longbows. Even with their extra power,
arrows rarely penetrated metal armor, as shown by tests at Britain‘s Royal Armories.

Daggers- The point of most weapons was to incapacitate rather than to kill. Prisoners, especially
those of high status, could be ransomed for money or leveraged for political influence. But when
killing was ordered, as on Henry V‘s orders at Agincourt, the daggers came out. Medieval
warriors often carried daggers designed not for cutting but for punching through the gaps in
armor. These were used against incapacitated enemies, as happened to Richard III at the Battle of
Bosworth Field. Based on Richard‘s remains, DeVries believes that his helmet was cut off with
daggers, exposing him to the attacks that killed him.

Tribuchets to Guns- Medieval warfare was mostly decided by sieges, and here a different sort of
weapon mattered. Loades refers to the trebuchet as the ―weapon par excellence for the siege.‖ By
flinging rocks repeatedly at a single point, it could hammer a hole in a castle‘s defenses, letting
the attackers in. Traction trebuchets were in use from the start of the Middle Ages. The arrival of
the counterweight trebuchet in the 13th century increased their power, making even great castles
vulnerable.

MODERN TIMES

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more
goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more
goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be
upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to
establish connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of
industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more
complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since
health was of great concern.

 Pasteurization- it was invented by Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and

chemist. A process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them
to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer
period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College,
2010).
 Petroleum Refinery- M. Kier invented kerosene by Samuel refining petroleum, which
was later on referred to as the ―illuminating oil‖ because it was used at first to provide
lighting to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The development
of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present,
petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants, among
others.
 Telephone- Telephone was one of the most important inventions at that time. It was
invented by Alexander Graham Bell. It was invented because; the more people got
connected by trade and exploration, the more they need a way to easily maintain these
connections and communicate with each other in real time, and government also needed
some kind of communication system which allow them to administer their states well.
 Calculator- It was invented because circumstances in the modern times required a faster
way to compute more complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to
carry. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic
calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines
like the computer

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

Philippines also contributed to the global advancement of science and technology. Many of the
discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were built from indigenous materials or created
to adapt to the harsh tropical environment.

 Salamander Amphibious Tricycle - It was invented by H20 technlogied headed by

Domnic N. Chung and Lamberto Armada, together with Chief Designer Victor ―Atoy‖
Llave. Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can cross only flooded streets but also
rivers and lakes. It may also be utilized to travel from island to island.
 SALt Lamp- SALt lamp (Sustainable Alternative Lighting was invented by a young
Filipina inventor named Aisa Mijeno. SALt lamp is an environment-friendly light source
that runs on saltwater or by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water. SALt
lamp is safer as it poses no risk or fire and emits no toxic gases.
 Medical incubator- it was devised by Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the
first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, using only cheap and
indigenous materials which did not run on electricity. It was made by placing a native
laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles where inserted between baskets to
provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. Its main purpose was
to maintain conditions suitale for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby.
 Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System- It was introduced by the Department of
Science and Technology – Industrial technology Development Institue (DOST –ITDI).
This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for
humans and the environment.
 E -Jeepney- e-Jeepney utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel. It is
environment- friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise.