1.

Philosophically romanticism represents a shift from the objective to the

subjective. Science claims to describe the objective world, the world
understood from no particular viewpoint. Imagine three people looking at a
landscape, one is a farmer, another a property developer and the third an
artist. The farmer would see the potential for raising crops and livestock, the
property developer the chance to build houses and the artist at the shades and
subtleties of colour and form. None of these individuals is seeing the
landscape objectively; they are seeing it from a particular or subjective
viewpoint.
2. Empiricism is a belief that the senses are the ultimate source of knowledge.
Empiricists believe that all knowledge is based on experience.
3. Realism is the idea that reality exists independent of the human mind, that
reality is what actually exists, and that is the physical objects. So that
everything that we see, touch, hear, or feel is real. Therefore, the focus is the
body, the hands to touch, the legs to walk and all that to experience the reality
of the real world.
4. It uses computational ideas to determine how scientific theories are
discovered, evaluated, and used in explanations. It applies artificial
intelligence to problems in research.
5. Contemporary Pragmatism seeks original explorations and critiques of
pragmatism, and also of pragmatism's relations with humanism, naturalism,
and analytic philosophy.
6. Logical positivism is the philosophy that dismisses any statements or beliefs
that were not verifiable or confirmable by observation and experiment while
logical empiricism was characterized by the view that scientific knowledge is
the only kind of factual knowledge and that all traditional metaphysical
doctrines are to be rejected as meaningless.
8. Scientific method is the process of observing, asking questions, and seeking
answers through tests and experiments. Scientific method should be
distinguished from the aims and products of science, such as knowledge,
predictions, or control. Methods are the means by which those goals are
achieved. Scientific method should also be distinguished from meta-
methodology, which includes the values and justifications behind a particular
characterization of scientific method (i.e., a methodology) — values such as
objectivity, reproducibility, simplicity, or past successes. Methodological rules
are proposed to govern method and it is a meta-methodological question
whether methods obeying those rules satisfy given values. Finally, method is
distinct, to some degree, from the detailed and contextual practices through
which methods are implemented. The latter might range over: specific
laboratory techniques; mathematical formalisms or other specialized
languages used in descriptions and reasoning; technological or other material
means; ways of communicating and sharing results, whether with other
scientists or with the public at large; or the conventions, habits, enforced
customs, and institutional controls over how and what science is carried out.
While it is important to recognize these distinctions, their boundaries are
fuzzy. Hence, accounts of method cannot be entirely divorced from their
methodological and meta-methodological motivations or justifications,
Moreover, each aspect plays a crucial role in identifying methods. Disputes
about method have therefore played out at the detail, rule, and meta-rule
levels. Changes in beliefs about the certainty or fallibility of scientific
knowledge, for instance (which is a meta-methodological consideration of
what we can hope for methods to deliver), have meant different emphases on
deductive and inductive reasoning, or on the relative importance attached to
reasoning over observation (i.e., differences over particular methods.) Beliefs
about the role of science in society will affect the place one gives to values in
scientific method. (Zalta, 2016)