CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Of Study

Language is the most important communication tool for interaction. And
the importance of learning English is because English is an international language
as a means of communication that is recognized by the world as the first
international language to study. English in every country is always used as a
subject in schools. Like in Indonesia. English in Indonesia teaches from
elementary to high school levels, even in colleges or universities in Indonesia,
English is also the most popular language department. Many people learn English
as a necessity, for example, want to study abroad, work abroad or want to make
English a profession such as teacher, interpreter and others.
In learning English, of course there must be difficulties that are found, for
example Student Constraints in Writing narrative text. This is because students do
not understand what narrative text is. Usually this has become commonplace in
every school in Indonesia, and it is not surprising that this is also the case at SMA
YAPIM SimpangKawat in class X2. Writing narrative text is the most difficult
thing faced by YAPIM SimpangKawat high school students in class X2.
When researchers conducted research at SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat in
class X2, there were several things that made it difficult for students to write
narrative text, including, students did not understand the generic structure of
narrative text, students read less narrative text. Lack of students 'knowledge about
vocabulary in English, can also be a factor that causes students to find it difficult
to write narrative text. Students' interest is also lacking when discussing narrative
text they prefer to learn English through conversational dialogue. This is what
researchers found when conducting research at SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat in
class X2. The teacher's efforts to perfect the learning process have been made.
However, that was not enough, because students in these schools were still weak
in improving writing narrative text.

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The obstacles faced in the learning process of listening to the students of

SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat class X2 made the learning objectives imperfect and
obstructed. Moreover, students in these schools are less interested when there are
competitions outside of school to compete to make written works in English.
Learning difficulties are the main problems experienced by every student in
a lesson. This kind of thing becomes one of the factors hampering the student
learning process. English is of course taught in every school in Indonesia. learning
foreign languages today is not difficult if there is a strong will. With sophisticated
technology such as cellphones, of course it will not be difficult for students to
practice at home too. but most students mostly use their cell phones for other
things.
With the explanation that has been explained in the previous paragraph,
the researcher is interested in making the title PROPOSAL related to
problems at SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat, namely " Difficulty Of
Student’s In Writing Narrative Text In English At Grade X2
SmaYapimSimpangKawat ”.

1.2 Identification of The Study

From this background it can be shown that the identification in this study is as
follows:
1. Students do not understand the function of Narrative Text.
2. Students do not understand how to write narrative text.

1.3 Scope of The Study

Research conducted at SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat regarding the obstruction of
the learning process of English in schools, was only limited to, namely:
1. Research subjects based on class X2 SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat.
2. The research object is only based on the students' constraints in writing
narrative text.
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1.4 Formulation of The Study

Constraints in the process of learning English at SMA YAPIM
SimpangKawat Grade X2 students in writing narrative text because students do not
understand what narrative text looks like and students lack interest in writing
narrative text. So that it can be revealed from the statement previously described
above. The formulation of the problem in this study is as follows, What are the
causes of students' difficulties in writing narrative text?

1.5 Objective of The Research

This research was conducted quite optimally in retrieving data or
information. The researcher also tries to make sure that the data is correct.
When researchers found problems that existed in the learning process of
class X2 YAPIM Simpang Kawat students in learning English, this study
was able to discuss problems that arose in the student learning process.
Therefore this research was conducted with the aim of finding out what are
the causes of students' difficulties in writing narrative text.

1.6 Significance of The Research

The benefits of this research are very important when you want to find a
learning process problem faced by students. in doing research we will also get a lot
of knowledge about things related to the research we do. This research is very
important to do to determine the extent of students' ability in writing narrative text.
We will also find out how students carry out the learning process to make written
works with their abilities and also find out what difficulties students face that make
the learning process hampered.
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 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Framework

A theoretical framework consists of concepts, together with their
definitions, and existing theory/theories that are used for your particular study. The
theoretical framework must demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts
that are relevant to the topic of your  research paper and that will relate it to the
broader fields of knowledge in the class you are taking.
The theoretical framework is not something that is found readily available in the
literature. You must review course readings and pertinent research literature for
theories and analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you are
investigating. The selection of a theory should depend on its appropriateness, ease
of application, and explanatory power.
1. In the opinion of SUMARDI SURYABRATA: Theories, concepts are the
theoretical basis for the research to be carried out. This foundation needs to be
upheld so that the research has a solid foundation, and is not a trial and error. In
order to obtain information on the various matters mentioned above, one must
conduct a literature review. Therefore, reading sources are an essential part of
research.
2. According to John W Creswell, 1993: 120 The theory is a series of parts or
variables related to definitions and propositions that present a view of
phenomena by determining the relationship between variables, with the
intention of explaining natural phenomena.
3. According to Talcott P and Robert Theory is an epernagkat of statements that
are systematically related or often called a theory is a set of interrelated concept
definitions and propositions that present a systematic goal or existing
phenomenon by showing a unique relationship between variables.
Based on the research there three relevant previous studies. The following relevant
of previous studies they are:

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The first previous research was done by LilisAfriani, 2019 An Analysis Of

Students’ Difficulty In Writing Narrative Text (A Case Study at The First Grade of
SMAN 6 Pandeglang Years 2018-2019). The research is aimed at 1) to know the
students’ difficulties faced in writing narrative text. 2) To know the factors of
students’ difficulties of writing narrative text at the first grade of SMAN 6
Pandeglang. Writing is a complicated activity which needs full of concentration
and knowledge about what we are going to write. Sometimes you write or want to
tell a story, it is called narrative. In writing narrative, explain and tell to others
about something that happened in past event. Example writes about you in a
surprising, pleasant, unpleasant or even dangerous situation. In this research, the
writer search about students’ difficulty in writing Narrative text more detail. The
writer uses qualitative method as a case study. Case study is generally utilizing a
range of method for collecting and analyzing the data, rather than being restricted
to a single procedure. The case study method is a very popular form of qualitative
analysis and involves a careful and complete observation of a social unit, be that
unit a person, a family, an institution, a cultural group or even the entire
community. The writer chooses this method because it is related to the problem in
Senior High School level. From the analyzed, the writer concluded that the
students have difficulty in writing Narrative text such as they have difficulty to
explore the idea to compose a story in Narrative text, grammar knowledge they
have associated with tenses especially simple past tense that still very low, mostly
students cannot translate some words of Indonesian into English, they cannot
distinguish between narrative text and other types of text, they felt difficulty in the
diction and the use of spelling, the writer also found some students made error in
using punctuation and capitalization. The writer found that the factors caused
students’ difficulties of writing narrative text at the first grade of SMAN 6
Pandeglang those are: 1) Internal factors, such as some students never reading or
do exercise English lesson especially writing Narrative text and grammar at home,
lack of vocabulary that they have, they do not understand the type of text well,
especially narrative text; They are lazy to study and to use the vocabulary in their
daily activity, less motivation from yourself to write in English and study about
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English well. 2) External factors such as: the teacher is less of giving motivation,
less interesting and innovative in teaching methods.
The scond previous research was done by Dina PancaRanny A Study On
Student’s Difficulties In Writing Narrative Text At SmkPgri 3 Malang, Writing is
a process in figuring out the meaning and putting the language into language. To
be master in learning writing skill the students find several difficulties, for example
about grammatical, looking for the interesting idea that appropriate with the theme,
create a interesting tittle, arrange statement for make a paragraph, create a text that
appropriate with the text organization and so on. This study was about identifying
the student’s difficulties in writing narrative text of class X-C of Motorcycle
Engineering at SMK PGRI 3 Malang and the solutions given by the teacher to the
student’s difficulties in writing narrative text of Class X-C of Motorcycle
Engineering at SMK PGRI 3,
The result of the study showed that it there found attention problem
included getting started on writing assignment and easy distractibility during
writing tasks. To solve these difficulties, the teacher advised the student to choose
a topic and then give an example by wrote a sentence which related to the topic on
the board. Related to difficulty in spatial ordering problem, the students got
difficulty arranging the paragraph in narrative text.
The third previous research was done by M. Y. Laia, “The Difficulties Of
Students To Write Narrative Text At The Eighth Grade Students Of SmpNegeri 1
Lolowau”,01 january 2019.The objective of this research is to expalain the kinds
and the reasons of difficulties in writing narrative text which was devided into
grammar,vocabulary,speeling, handwriting, punctuation and layout done by the
eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Lolowau especially in writing narrative
text. In doing this study, the writer used descriptive analysis of qualitative research
design. Additionally, in collecting the data document and interview were used.
English teacher and students were interviewed to get additional information about
the background of students’ knowledge in writing narrative text, and test was given
to the students to know the difficulties they made. Furthermore, the participants of
the test were 20 of the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Lolowau. Both result
 8

of interview and test were analyzed to get a comprehensive conclusion. The

finding shows that most of students got difficulties in writing narrative text. The
classification of difficulties which has been done by the students is grammar,
vocabulary, speeling, punctuation and layout and layout except, in handwriting.

2.1.1 Difficulty Learning

Difficulties learning in conditions where students cannot learn well, are

caused by disturbances, both those originating from internal student factors which
are limited by intelligence factors and student external factors. Factors that cause
students to be unable to develop according to their capacity.

2.1.1.1 Definition of learning difficulties

In general, difficulty is something that is difficult to do, or to do, where the
difficulty will hamper an activity process.
1. According to Mulyadi (2010) learning difficulties can be interpreted as a
situation where in a learning process there are certain difficulties in achieving
student learning outcomes.
2. As for Lyon (1996) which states that where students have learning disabilities
that will have an impact on students' learning abilities and their achievements.
3. And there is also an expert, namely Samuel Krik (in Hallahan, Kaufman &
Pullen, 2012) who states that learning disabilities have many types that are
used to describe students with normal intelligence, but experience problems in
learning. Such as minimal brain injury resulting in slow thinking, or a disability
in perception. In fact, some researchers stated that students 'learning disabilities
are based on the age factor at the mental maturity level of the students
themselves, which is influenced by students' mental deficiencies in learning,
and results in decreased student ability and achievement.

The conclusions of the three experts about learning difficulties

are:From the opinion of these experts, it can be concluded that student
learning difficulties will have an impact on student learning outcomes
and student achievement will decline.
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2.2.2 Writing
Writing" is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet,
punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form.
1. According to DjagoTarigan, writing is an activity in expressing in writing
various forms of ideas, ideas, feelings, opinions, or thoughts.
2. Mc. Crimmon : According to Mc. Crimmon, writing is an activity in exploring
someone's thoughts and feelings about a subject, to be able to determine what
will be written, and to determine the writing technique so that people who read
the writing can understand it easily.
3. BarliBram : According to Barli Bram, writing can be interpreted as an effort
made by someone to make or remodel existing writing to become a beautiful
writing work.From the three opinions of experts, it can be concluded that
writing is an activity carried out by a person in expressing ideas, ideas and
feelings that are expressed in writing.

2.2.2.1 The goals of writing

To inform everything, be it facts, data or events, including opinions and
views on facts, data and events so that the readers will gain new knowledge and
understanding of various things that can or are happening on this earth.Persuading
through the writing of a writer also expects the reader to be able to determine an
attitude, whether to agree or support what he puts forward. The writer must be able
to persuade and convince readers by using a persuasive language style. Therefore,
the persuasion function of a writing will be able to produce if the writer is able to
present it in an attractive, intimate, friendly, and easily digestible language
style.Educating is one of the goals of communication through writing. Through
reading the results of writing, one's knowledge will continue to increase,
intelligence will continue to be sharpened, which in turn will determine a person's
behavior. Educated people, for example, tend to be more open and tolerant, respect
other people's opinions, and of course tend to be more rational.Entertaining the
function and purpose of entertaining in communication, not the monopoly of mass
media, radio, television, but print media can also play a role in entertaining readers.
 10

"Light" writings or readings that are rich in anecdotes, stories and funny
experiences can also be readings for penglipurlara or to release tension after a busy
day of activities.

2.2.2.2 Benefits of writing

Preliminary writing skills have benefits, especially in advanced writing
skills related to the teaching and learning process, these benefits include:
1. Expands and improves vocabulary growth.
2. Improve writing fluency and compose sentences.
3. An essay essentially deals with language and life.
4. Writing activities increase the ability to organize and organize.
5. Encourage aspiring writers to become accustomed to developing a personal
writing style and accustomed to looking for organizations that suit their own
ideas.

2.3.3 Narrative Text

Narrative is a story that is told based on a plot or plot. Narration can
contain fact or fiction. Narratives that contain facts are called expository narratives,
while narratives that contain fiction are called suggestive narratives.
Keraf (1981: 136) states that narrative essay is a form of discourse whose
main target is actions which are woven and woven into one event that occurs in a
single time.
As for others, such as the opinion expressed by Semi, (2003: 29), narrative
is a form of conversation or writing that aims to convey or tell a series of events or
human experiences based on developments from time to time.
And Remini (2007: 32), says that narration is a form of conversation or
writing that aims to convey or tell a series of events or human experiences based
on developments over time.
Based on the opinions of experts that have been described above before. It
can be concluded that narrative writing is an article that partly contains a story.
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Although there are descriptions in it to complete the story, the writing is

completely narrative.
The conclusions of the three experts about narrative text are: narrative text
is a text in the form of a discourse where the main target is in the form of actions or
events that occur from time.

2.3.3.1 The Purpose Of Narrative Text

The use of the narrative text itself has several purposes, such as
entertaining, educating, telling, conveying the author's experience or as a medium
to develop the imagination of the reader. Examples of narrative text such as
folklore, fairy tales, or fables that are legendary from all parts of the world,
although the narrative text is generally imaginative, some narrative text is also
factual.

2.3.3.2 Social Function Narrative Text

Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.
The social function of narrative is to amuse, entertain and to deal with an actual or
vicarious experience in different ways.
Example narrative text:

An Honest Boy

One day there was fair in the village. All are very happy, they were excited
for fair but there was a boy who was very poor and he had not money to buy any
thing from fair. His name was Rohit. All children were happy, they were excited
for fair and for buying different things from fair.some children buy balloon, some
children buy different toys. They buy ice-cream, sweats, samosa, etc. from fair.
But Rohit was sitting on the bench near a shop and saw the fair. He saw some boy
buying toys. He also wanted to buy many thing but he had no money. After
sometime he saw a man whose 500 rupee fall from his wallet, when he was buying
a teddy bear but the man would not see this money. Rohit go there and he took this
Rs. 500 and gave to that man. Rohit told the story that how Rs.500 fall from his
D
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wallet. The man say thank you and ask everyone should have a thing who is in fair
but you don't have anything, why? The boy replied that I am a poor boy , I had not
money, so I had not anything.The man said you are an honest boy. The man gave
that 500 rupee to Rohit and say this is a reward for your honesty. Rohit was very
happy and said thanks uncle.

2.2

D
Na
Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework is an analytical tool that is used to get a
comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon. It can be used in different fields
of work and is most commonly used to visually explain the key concepts or
variables and the relationships between them that need to be studied.

Diff iculty Of
Stud en t’s I n Writin g
N
Deurologic
W
evelopm
riting
Nar rativ e Tex t I n
Na
Sifficulty
amuel
rrative
En glish
Dyslexia
ental
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al
At Grad e X2 Sm a
Kirk
Learning
Text
(2012)
Yap im
Disorders
Aphas
Text ia
Kawat
Sim pa ng

Physical conditions, which include visual impairment, hearing loss, balance

and spatial orientation disorders, low body image, hyperactivity, and malnutrition.
An unfavorable family, community and school environment for children will
hinder social, psychological development and academic achievement.Motivation
and affection factors, these two factors can aggravate children who have learning
12

difficulties, children who always fail in one or several subjects tend to be insecure,
ignore assignments and have low self-esteem. This attitude will reduce the
motivation to learn and appear negative feelings towards matters related to school.
 13

This failure can shape the child's personality into a passive learner.Psychological
conditions, these psychological conditions include attention disorders, visual
perception, auditory perception, motor perception, thinking disabilities, and slow
language skills.
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

3.1 Location and Time

This proposal research was conducted at YAPIM High School
SimpangKawat, Jalan Lintas North Sumatra, SimpangKawat, Air Batu District,
Asahan Regency, North Sumatra Province. And this research was conducted on
Wednesday, March 31, 2021, at 10.55.38 AM.
The location of the research was carried out in the morning at the hour
previously described. When learning activities take place, researchers see how the
learning process takes place. there are questions and answers between students and
teachers about the material they discuss, namely about narrative text.

3.2 Subject of The Research

Researchers focus on examining the process of learning English in SMA Class X2
YAPIM SimpangKawat. The number of students in class X2 was 31 students. Of
the total students of class X2, only 25% of students are able to write narrative text.
The facilities provided by the school, such as speakers, computers, laptops
and infocus do not guarantee that students are successful in writing narrative text.
This is because students are less interested in writing papers and also mastery of
English vocabulary which students lack.

3.3 Research Design

In this study, researchers used Qualitative Research Methods to complete
this research. Qualitative research is research that gets data through existing
information. As for the opinions of experts on qualitative research, namely
According to Sugiyono (2011), qualitative research methods are research methods
based on the post-positivism philosophy, used to examine the conditions of natural
objects, (as opposed to experiments) where the researcher is the key instrument,
sampling The data source was done purposively and snowball, the collection

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technique was tri-accounting (combined), the data analysis was inductive or

qualitative, and the results of this study emphasized the meaning rather than
generalization.
In addition, there is another opinion, namely According to Saryono (2010),
qualitative research is research that is used to investigate, find, describe, and
explain the quality or features of social influences that cannot be explained,
measured or described through a quantitative approach. Every Expert Expert has a
difference of opinion, but it still makes sense. Likewise, according to Creswell,
who has different opinions from other experts, he said that "qualitative research is
an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of
inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a complex,
holistic picture, analyzes word, report detailed views of information, and conducts
the study in a natural setting ".
Qualitative research is research that obtains data in the form of
descriptions of field notes, informants' answers, and documents. Qualitative
research analysis is carried out from the beginning to the end of the study, to obtain
complete and accurate information results in accordance with existing facts. In
qualitative research, the form of numbers is not used to make research, but only
explained according to the facts without conducting trials to find different data
information.

3.4 Instrument of Data Selection

Researchers used several data collection instruments to obtain accurate data
information, including: Observation The tool used by researchers when
conducting research in class X2 SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat in the process of
learning English is to use a note based on information that is seen directly by the
researcher when doing research in that class. Interview The tool used in conducting
research in class X2 SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat in the process of learning
English in the interview is to use notes to list some of the questions that will be
asked of the informants, to find accurate information. And Documentation The
tools used by researchers in documentation in class X2 SMA YAPIM
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SimpangKawat in the process of learning English is to use a list of student

attendance and use of mobile phones to take some documentation photos about
research to support the research data obtained.

3.5 Technique of Collecting Data

1. Obeservation
Researchers collected data through observations to the school under
study, namely SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat. By seeing firsthand the activities of
the learning process in Class X2. And when making observations in class, the
English teacher was teaching material to class X2 students.
At that time the teacher also conducted questions and answers to students,
discussing the material they were discussing. The material they discuss is narrative
text. And after the teacher has finished explaining the introduction of the material
to students, the teacher provides a narrative text paper that will be worked on by
the students. The researcher saw that many class X2 students had difficulty finding
the generic structure contained in the narrative text. Only a few students know
whether the content of the narrative text is not entirely correct. In collecting data
through observation, researchers need aids in the form of writing tools, and the use
of cellphones to take pictures and record the sound of the X2 grade students'
learning process.

2. Interview
In this study, the researcher also conducted interviews with English
teachers who taught in class X2. Namely with Mr. Sugiono, S.pd. who is an
English Teacher at YAPIM SimpangKawat High School. The tools needed in
collecting interview data are writing instruments and the use of cellphones to
photograph and record voices during interviews, as evidence of accurate data.
Researchers asked several questions related to the difficulties of class X2 students
of SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat in learning English, including the following :
1. How many students in class X2 SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat?
2. How many boys and girls are there in class X2 SMA YAPIM
SimpangKawat?
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3. How many English teachers are there at SMA YAPIM

SimpangKawat?
4. How many meetings are there in English lessons in a week in class
X2 SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat?
5. How many hours does the meeting for English lessons in class X2
SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat?
6. What difficulties hinder students in the process of learning English in
class X2 SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat?
7. Why do these difficulties occur to students in class X2 SMA YAPIM
SimpangKawat?
8. Is the student learning process hampered by the difficulties of class
X2 SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat in English lessons?
9. Are there any efforts by the teacher to overcome difficulties in
learning English in class X2 SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat?
10. Are the teacher's efforts in overcoming the difficulties of class X2
SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat in English lessons any improvement
from before?
11. Do students of class X2 SMA YAPIM SimpangKawat participate
when there is an English competition at school or outside?

3. Documentation
Researchers also collect data using documentation to improve
research results to be accurate. Namely, the researcher collected data when the
teacher gave narrative text audio to be heard. The X2 grade students of SMA
YAPIM SimpangKawat and the researcher wrote in the book the results of the data
that had been obtained. Then listen back to the recordings that were recorded via
mobile when the researcher conducted interviews and previous observations. Not
to forget that the researcher also documented the research through photos with the
English teacher who the researcher interviewed.
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3.6 Technique of data analysis

The data analysis technique in this research is descriptive, because the
methods used in collecting the data are descriptive in nature, namely interviews
and documentation. According to Patton (Moleong, 2001: 103), data analysis is
"the process of arranging the order of data, organizing it into a pattern, category
and basic description". By conducting descriptive data analysis techniques, the
researcher describes the results of the research and develops them into more
perfect and accurate research results.