Convection «Heat transfer between a surface and a moving fluid Advection: due to bulk motion Ugo Teo Diffusion: due to random motion of fluid particles | —= # Categorization of convection External vs. Internal Forced vs. Free #Our concern is to find h. #Skip mass transfer in MECH 311. 6.1 Convective Boundary Layer /elocity Boundary Layer oA consequence of viscous effects associated with relative motion between a fluid and a surfacé oA region of the flow characterized by shear stresses and velocity gradients Velocity boundary6.1 Convective Boundary Layer Velocity Boundary Layer oA region between the surface and the free stream whose thickness 6 increases in the flow direction. oManifested by a surface shear stress r, that provides a drag force, F Free stream Velocity boundary 6.1 Convective Boundary Layer «Thermal Boundary Layer oA consequence of heat transfer between the surface and fluid © Aregion of the flow characterized by temperature gradients and neat fluxes.6.1 Convective Boundary Layer «Thermal Boundary Layer © region between the surface and the free stream whose thickness 6, inereases in the flow direction Manifested by a surface heat flux g? and a convection heat transfer 6.1 Convective Boundary Layer sThickness 5 eThickness 5, *Characterized by large *Characterized by large du oT ay ay *Described by Ze _| Described by += tous Fluid at surface 7 e Fluid at surface u=0 Tl4-0) =T=T B.C 16 slip 46 he6.2 Local and Average Conv. Coeff. Local Heat Flux and Coefficient: PAT Fahro i: os x? ahd »hz 6.2 Local and Average Conv. Coeff. «Average Heat Flux and Coefficient for a Uniform Surface Temperature: Greco rst6.2 Local and Average Conv. Coeff. The problem of convection’ «In conduction: © Simplify heat diffusion equation Integrate the equation Apply boundary conditions and initial condition to solve for integration constants Obtain T = T(x,y,z,t) Apply Fourier’s Law toget q = q(xy.2.t) *7 In convection (Chapters 6-10): Independs on Eslirase promeny —flod pee Ge ruapropates aie or wed +P Oe blond. nite 6.3 Flow Conditions: Laminar and Turbulent Flow Boundary layer transition6.3 Flow Conditions: Laminar and Turbulent Flow Boundary layer transition Transition criterion for a flat plate in parallel flow: Rege = 2% critical Reynolds number Ww _ ~ location at which transition to turbulence begins <3 x 10° i Effect of transition on boundary layer thickness and local convection coefficient: _ snerdial ras Ra, = Viscous YBcces bode plode + be, = 5x10*. sim 6.3 Flow Conditions: Laminar and Turbulent Flow Laminar Turbulent Large Large ‘Small Large Straight, ordered, 1D Random 3D motion ‘motion and mixing steamine uy Smal Large al. Shear Stress Small Large small Large Small Large6.4 Boundary Layer Equations We need information about (for design or analysis): Pressure drop 2 > velocity field should be known, u = u(x, y) and v = v(x») Heat transfer 4@"(x) > temperature field should be known, T = T(x,y) 6.4 Boundary Layer Equations BL Equations for Laminar Flow Assume 4 gible effects of body forces (eg. gravity) ~~ ~ No thermal energy generation6.4 Boundary Layer Equations BL Equations for Laminar Flow vation of mass: au | av dx * ay Conservation of x Larereriye ste vit tt AD Bu op Manag par YO ee Fak viscus sheor shes Silas pee net ates Corbschion 6.4 Boundary Layer Equations BL Equations for Laminar Flow de @ He u(y=0) Ofre 2 Thy=0) G fou yet ax * ay L ulame)= leo ORR +e ndaty conditions and pressure gradient solve and (2 fr the velocity field veel) out on} qeaeol = Teo6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: Normalized BL Eqn*. As applied to BL, the principle of similarity is based on determining similarity parameters that facilitate application of results obtained for a surface experiencing one set of conditions to geometrically similar surfaces experiencing different conditions. «Dependent boundary layer variables of interest are: z, and q” or h For a given geometry, the independent variables are Geometrical: Size (L), Location (xy) eHydrodynamic: Velocity (V) Fluid properties: Hydrodynamic: p, Thermal: pk 6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: Normalized BL Eqn*. e Therefore, u= f(y. LV,p.1) t= fGLV.0.M) T= Fle ys bs Vs p. ae ep f= fe. Ls Vs Bs Me Gye Bo * Define,6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: Normalized BL Eqn*. # The conservation equations become, mnonctron Oj a é se AHL IE wetenolssNenter 7M “se fe 3] 2+ the Prandtl Number Ve ie es ie 4 Boundary la ra ca ip mer Che. mai) 4 2 i Prat (bases, 6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: Normalized BL Eqn*. + For a given geometry, or local friction coetficient, i then6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: Normalized BL Eqn*. + For a given geometry, Mu» local Nusselt umber 6.6 Physical interpretation of Dimensionless Parameters Selected dimensi Definton loterpretation Bead munber Ratio of gravatoal ad sufceeson free6.7 Reynold’s Analogy + Equivalence of dimensionless momentum and energy equations for negligible pressure gradient ( ang or. with the Stanton number defined as, a 6.7 Reynold’s Analogy With Pr= 1, the Reynolds analogy, which relates important parameters of the velocity and thermal boundary layers. is: bt ¢ Genle | Sh = Applicable if dp*/dx* — 0 and P-1. * Modified Reynolds (Chilton-Colburn) Analogy: Applicable to laminar flow iG Generally applicable to turbul