MICROMECHANICS OF

COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Pair Correlation Function

http://www.lehigh.edu/imi/tec
hed/AtModel/Lecture_5_
Micoulaut_Atomistics_Gl
ass_Course.pdf
Pair Correlation Function

Pair Correlation Function of

FCC Gold at 300oK
Pair Correlation Function

Pair Correlation Function of

Liquid Gold
Primary Bonds

Characterized by strong atom-to-atom

attractions that involve exchange of
valence electrons
Types:
Ionic
Covalent
Metallic
Ionic Bonding

 Atoms of one element

give up their outer
electron(s), which are in
turn attracted to atoms of
some other element to
increase electron count
in the outermost shell to
eight
Covalent Bonding

 Electrons are shared

(as opposed to
transferred) between
atoms in their outermost
shells to achieve a
stable set of eight
Two Examples of
Covalent Bonding
Metallic Bonding

 Sharing of outer shell

electrons by all atoms to
form a general electron
cloud that permeates the
entire block
Secondary Bonds

Whereas primary bonds involve

atom-to-atom attractive forces, secondary
bonds involve attraction forces between
molecules
 No transfer or sharing of electrons
 Bonds are weaker than primary bonds
 Three forms:
1. Dipole forces
2. London forces
3. Hydrogen bonding
4. Van der Waals bonds
Dipole Forces

 Arise in a molecule comprised of two atoms with

equal and opposite electrical charges
 Each molecule therefore forms a dipole that attracts
other molecules
London Forces

 Attractive force between non-polar molecules, i.e.,

atoms in molecule do not form dipoles
 However, due to rapid motion of electrons in orbit,
temporary dipoles form when more electrons are on
one side
Hydrogen Bonding

 Occurs in molecules containing hydrogen atoms

covalently bonded to another atom (e.g., H2O)
 Since electrons to complete shell of hydrogen atom
are aligned on one side of nucleus, opposite side has
a net positive charge that attracts electrons in other
molecules
Van der Waals Bonding
 Van der Waals bonding mechanism is present in all
solids only in the absence of other bonding as is the
case in the solid form of noble gases.
1 electron volt =
1.60217662 × 10-19 joules

D. A. Davies,
Waves Atoms
and Solids,
Longman,
1986.
Properties of Bonds
Crystalline Structure

Structure in which atoms are located at

regular and recurring positions in three
dimensions
Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of atoms
that is repeated
The pattern may be replicated millions of times
within a given crystal
Characteristic structure of virtually all metals, as
well as many ceramics and some polymers
Three Crystal Structures in Metals

(a) Body-centered cubic, (b) face-centered

cubic, and (c) hexagonal close-packed
Stress, Temperature and Entropy
Virial Stress

1 3
Temperature: KE   mi vi  k BT
i 2 2

Entropy: S  k B  pi ln pi
i http://www.rakeshkapoor.us/ClassNot
es/classnotes.php?notes=ForceAndM
otion&index=1
Surfaces and Interfaces

Unequilibriated forces on the

forces causes surfaces
stresses where as it causes
interface stresses between
two materials

http://pediaa.com/difference-
between-surface-tension-and-
surface-energy/
 Surfaces and Interfaces

Unequilibriated forces causes

surface stresses where as it
causes interface stresses
between two materials

http://www.adhesiveandglue.com/surface-
energy.html http://pediaa.com/difference-
between-surface-tension-and-
surface-energy/
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic

http://ocw.nctu.edu.tw/upload/classbf
s120912440363933.pdf
qc<5o: Super hydrophilic
10o < qc<30o: Hydrophilic
70o < qc<90o: Hydrophobic
qc>100o: Super hydrophobic
 Surfaces and Interfaces

Unequilibriated forces causes

surface stresses where as
they causes interface stresses
between two materials
Work of Adhesion

http://mmrc.caltech.edu/Gniometeer/
Literature/surface_energy_%20Hans
en.pdf
 Interatomic Forces

a0=21/6s

Embedded Atom
Model
http://hep.ph.liv.ac.uk/~burdin/ph
ys132/lecture_2_handout.pdf
Young Modulus
Virial Stress
F(x)=-36 21/6 (r-a0) e/s2

e5.6 10-19J

s5.37 10-10m

EF/(A e)=36 21/2 e/s3

E184.112 GPa

http://www.rakeshkapoor.us/ClassNo
tes/classnotes.php?notes=ForceAnd
Motion&index=1
Elastic Constants of Typical
BCC
Virial Stress
e5.6 10-19J

s5.37 10-10m

z8 :Cauchy-Born Rule

E172.101 GPa
n0.416
Mechanical Properties of Composites

Isostrain
Mechanical Properties of Composites

Isostress
Mechanical Properties of Composites
Mechanical Properties of Composites
Macromechanics
Macromechanics
Macromechanics
Macromechanics
Macromechanics
Macromechanics
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Incremental Work Symmetry of Stiffness Tensor
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Anisotropic
M. Sedighi-Gilani, P. Vontobel, W.
Lehmann, D. Derome and J.
Carmeliet, Moisture Migration in
Wood Under Heating Measured by
Thermal Neutron Radiography,
Experimental Heat
Transfer 27(2):160-179, 2013
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Monoclinic
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Orthotropic

http://maybach300c.blogspot.
com/2012/08/mechanical-
behavior-of-composite.html
Elastic Orthotropy
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Transversely Isotropic
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Isotropic
 Mechanical Properties
Compliance
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Engineering Constants
Betti’s Reciprocal Theorem
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Restrictions on Material Constants-Isotropic Material
Shear Modulus

Volumetric Strain

Bulk Modulus
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Restrictions on Material Constants-Orthotropic Material
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Restrictions on Material Constants-Orthotropic Material
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Restrictions on Material Constants-Orthotropic Material
 Mechanical Properties of Composites
Restrictions on Material Constants-Orthotropic Material