GENERAL CHEMISTRY II 4.

LONDON DISPERSION - is the weakest

intermolecular force as a temporary attractive
Matter - is anything that has mass and
force results in temporary dipoles in the
occupies space.
molecules.

TYPES OF MATTER
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

SOLID - a substance whose molecules cannot move

1. SURFACE TENSION - the external force is due to
freely except to vibrate.
the cohesive nature of its molecules.
LIQUID - the only state with a definite volume but no
2. VISCOSITY - the resistance of a liquid to flow.
fixed shape.
The greater the intermolecular force, the more
GAS - molecules move in random motion with little or
viscous a liquid is.
no attraction to each other.
3. VAPOR PRESSURE - force exerted by gas above
PLASMA - is created when extra energy is added to a
the liquid when a liquid is made to evaporate in
gas, which can occur when gases are heated to high
a closed container. Volatile (evaporate easily)
temperatures. Plasma is an ionized gas.
liquids have weak intermolecular forces of
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE –
attraction.
4. BOILING POINT - -the temperature at which its
vapor pressure is equal to the external or
MOLECULAR THEORY
atmospheric pressure.
1. A gas is made up of molecules that are in
5. HEAT OF VAPORIZATION - the amount of
constant, random, straight-line motion.
energy necessary to change a liquid to a vapor
2. Molecules of a gas are far apart; a gas is mostly
at constant temperature and pressure.
empty space.
3. There are no forces between molecules except
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
during the instant of collision.
4. Individual molecules may gain or lose energy as a
consequence of collisions, but the total energy remains
constant.

TWO TYPES OF MOLECULAR FORCES

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES - forces that hold atoms

together within a molecule.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES - forces that hold atoms
together between molecules.

FOUR TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

ATTRACTION

1. ION-DIPOLE - an attractive force that results

SATURATED SOLUTION - contains the maximum
from the electrostatic attraction between an ion
possible amount of solute at any given temperature.
and a neutral molecule that has a dipole.
2. DIPOLE-DIPOLE – forces of attraction between
DILUTE SOLUTION - A solution containing less amount
oppositely charged ends of polar molecules.
of solute.
3. HYDROGEN BOND - A hydrogen bond is an
intermolecular force (IMF) that forms a special
*NOTE: Due to their higher differential concentration,
type of dipole-dipole attraction when a
thinner diffusion layer, and increased surface area,
hydrogen atom is bonded to a strongly
small particles dissolve faster.
electronegative atom.
 1.3 MOLAR CONCENTRATION

moles of solute
a. 𝑀 = L of solution
*NOTE: An increase in pressure and an increase in moles of solute
temperature in this reaction results in greater b. 𝐿 = M
solubility. An increase in pressure results in more gas c. moles of solute = (M)(L)
particles entering the liquid in order to decrease the
partial pressure. Therefore, the solubility would
increase.

*NOTE: The rule of thumb is that "like dissolves like".

Polar/ionic solvents dissolve polar/ionic solutes and
non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes. For
example, water is a polar solvent and it will dissolve
salts and other polar molecules, but not non-polar
molecules like oil.

STOICHEOMETRY - is the calculation of the quantities of

reactants and products in chemical reactions. It is also
the numerical relationship between reactants and
products.

FORMULA (REFER TO THE PPT FOR EXAMPLES)

1.1 PERCENT BY MASS 1.4 MOLAL CONCENTRATION

mass of solute
a. % 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = mass of solution 𝑥 100
moles of solute
mass of solute a. 𝑚 =
b. % 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = solute + solvent 𝑥 100 Kg of solvent
moles of solute
c. 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = (mass of solution)(% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. ) b. 𝐾𝑔 = 𝑚
d. 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = (CF)(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) c. moles of solute = (m)(Kg of solvent)

1.2 PERCENT BY VOLUME CONVERSION FORMULA

volume of solute
a. % 𝑏𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥 100
volume of solution
MASS TO NUMBER OF MOLE
MOLARITY AND MOLALITY mass
a. 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = Molar Mass (MM)

NUMBER OF MOLE TO MASS

a. Mass = (number of mol) (Molar Mass (MM))

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