PROPERTIES OF LIQUID lower T higher T

In a liquid

Number of molecules
-Molecules are in constant motion
-There are appreciable intermolecular forces
-Molecules close together
-Liquids are almost incompressible
-Liquids do not fill the container
-In the liquid state the molecules are much closer together than in the gaseous
state, but they are still free to move. 0
Molecular energy
-Liquids occupy only the lower portion of the container as it is filled.
minimum energy needed
Enthalpy of Vaporization to break IM forces and evaporate
-Vaporization is an endothermic process. -At higher T a much larger number of molecules has high enough energy to
-Energy must be added to replace the energy that is lost when the fast-moving break IM forces and move from liquid to vapor state. High E molecules carry
molecules escape into the vapor state. away E. You cool down when sweating or after swimming.
-At higher temperatures, more of the molecules have sufficient energy to -When molecules of liquid are in the vapor state, they exert a Vapor Pressure.
escape. Equilibrium Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid
-Since vaporization is an endothermic process, condensation is an exothermic in a closed container when the rate of evaporation = the rate of condensation.
process. -The vapor pressure is the equilibrium pressure of the vapor above the liquid
-The magnitude of ΔH is related to the type and magnitude of the inter- at a given temperature.
molecular forces found in the liquid.

LIQUIDS
The two key properties we need to describe are EVAPORATION and its
opposite CONDENSATION.

-Compounds with higher vapor pressures are more volatile than those with
lower vapor pressures.
***The stronger the intermolecular forces, the lower the vapor pressure.

To evaporate, molecules must have sufficient energy to break IM forces.

Breaking IM forces requires energy. The process of evaporation is
endothermic.
Distribution of molecular energies in a liquid. KE is proportional to T.

Figure 13.19
The previous graph shows VP as a function of T.
1. The curves show all conditions of P and T where LIQ and VAP are in
equilibrium.
2. The VP rises with T.
3. When VP = external P, the liquid boils.
* This means that BP’s of liquids change with altitude.

Vapor Pressure
As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases since there are
more higher energy molecules at the higher temperature.

Heat of Vaporization is the heat required (at constant P) to vaporize the liquid. Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity
LIQ + heat ---> VAP -Surface tension is the result of the intermolecular force acting at the surface
Cmpd. ΔHvap (kJ/mol) IM Force of a liquid.
H2O 40.7 (100 oC) H-bonds -Capillary action, i.e. rising of a fluid in a very small diameter tube, results from
SO2 26.8 (-47 oC) dipole the combination of adhesive forces, between a solid (like glass) and the liquid
Xe 12.6 (-107 oC) induced dipole and the cohesive forces, between the molecules of the liquid.
-If the cohesive forces are stronger, the liquid forms an upward rounded
Boiling Point meniscus.
-The boiling point, Tb, is the temperature when the equilibrium vapor pressure -A downward rounded meniscus forms if the adhesive forces are stronger.
equals the external pressure. -Viscosity is the resistance to flow and is at least partially a function of the
-The normal boiling point, T bo, is the temperature when the equilibrium vapor intermolecular forces.
pressure equals one atmosphere pressure or 760 torr.
***Figure 13.19 illustrates Tbo with a dashed horizontal line. -Molecules at surface behave differently than those in the interior.
-A liquid boil when its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.

Boiling Point at Lower Pressure

When pressure is lowered, the vapor pressure can equal the external pressure
at a lower temperature.
-Molecules at surface experience net inward force of attraction.
Consequences of Vapor Pressure Changes -This leads to surface tension — the energy required to break the surface.
-Surface tension also leads to spherical liquid droplets.

-IM forces also lead to CAPILLARY action and to the existence of a concave
meniscus for a water column.

-When can cools, VP of water drops. Pressure in the can is less than that of
atmosphere, so can is crushed.

***FIGURE 13.19 shows VP as a function of T.

4. If external P = 760 mm Hg, T of boiling is the NORMAL BOILING POINT Capillary Action - Movement of water up a piece of paper depends on H-
5. VP of a given molecule at a given T depends on IM forces. Here the VP’s bonds between H2O and the OH groups of the cellulose in the paper.
are in the order: