Introduction Goal: Find function of local or average Nu Local: Nuy = f(8",Rey, Pr) depends on + Location + Geometry + Flow conditions + Fluid properties, Average: i m ) depends on Nu, = f(Re,, Pr RDF a3) + Geometry + Flow conditions + Fluid properties,Introduction Physical features ‘As with all external flows, the boundary layers develop freely without constraint Boundary layer conditions maybe “= entirely : ‘lamitsrarPurbuent, Conixed)) s entirely turbulent Cro barn'ram) os Determine the conditions, calculate Reynold’s number Xe. re, = Pek, wll) ae Compare with critical Reynolds number, Re,..vs. Bey > ke, laminar flow throughout ina > Re, > Re,, > transition to turbulent flow atx, /L= Re,, /Re i!Introduction Physical features (cont'd) Critical Reynold’s number depends on free stream turbulence and surface roughness (Moody's chart), © Typically, for external flow, Reg = 5 x 105 © Tripping at the leading edge makes the flow turbulent throughout the surface. Gs) Boundary conditions at the surface: eo * Uniform surface temperature (UST) ae Bea + Uniform surface heat flux (Introduction Physical features (cont'd) Thermal BL may be delayed due to an unheated starting length Equivalent surface and free stream temperatures for x < € and uniform 7, or q; for x > €7.1 Empirical Method *Consider the following setup: + Repeat for many conditions. *Generalize the results. + Empirical results based on several experiments.7.1 Empirical Method = (7) hs *Choose C mand nto fit data +Empirical correlation and ¢ mand nan vary with surface geometry, flow conditions, fluid, ete. —_ he7.1 Empirical Method Table 7.7 summarizes these correlations for external flow. ection heat transfer correlations for external flow”* Geometry Condens 032k i pte Lamina, eal, Tr, Pr = 06 (0.664 Re 7 i pie Laminar, average 7, Pr= 06 0364 Pe i pine Laminar, oa, Pr = 005 Pe, = 1007.1 Empirical Method o Pape Mixed avenge 7 Re, = $107.2 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow: Laminar Flow Laminar flow over isothermal plate: Similarity solution «Assume ‘Steady, incompressible, laminar flow with constant properties Negligible viscous dissipation Governing equations: au, av ox” Oy au | av tay ar ar_ ar Utes7.2 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow: Laminar Flow «Hydrodynamic Solution: > Based on premise that the dimensionless x-velocity component, u/u, andtemperature, 1° =[(T-T,)/(T,-T,)]canbe represented exclusively in termis of a dimensionléss similarity parameter, © Similarity permits transformation of the partial differential equations associated with the transfer of x-momentum and thermal energy to ordinary differential equations of the form “ay dip | 44 where (u/.)=df fdn, and Assunk 3 4 =o G4) +/h) a Pr al dy7.2 Flat Plate in Parallel Flaw: Laminar Flow «Hydrodynamic Solution (cont'd): © Subject to prescribed boundary conditions, numerical solutions to the momentum and energy equations yield the following results for the x-component velocity distribution and the temperature distribution in the boundary layer7.2 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow: Laminar Flow *Hydrodynamic Solution (cont'd): © Similarity solution (Blasius solution) * BL thickness os + Local friction coefficient Gx = EL = 0.664Re T pul7.2 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow: Laminar Flow «Heat Transfer/Thermal Solution: ‘Using hydrodynamic solution and energy equation: ayia ays for Pr > 0.6 0332Re!!* Pri? o Combine hydrodynamic and thermal solutions to get, = Pr7.2 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow: Laminar Flow Heat Transfer/Thermal Solution (cont'd): o Average BL parameter 3 td Ga = 1328Re [near Mig = 0.664Re!/*Pr5/3 * The effect of variable properties may be considered by evaluating all properties at the film temperature.7.2 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow: Turbulent Flaw Recall: Laminar > analytical solution o Turbulent > empirical solution / correlation «Local parameters Nutz = 0.0296Re.!*Pr! > Mixed fa Conditions ZL fat fou) = (e082 ass oe 420.057 Re, — 060%7.2 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow: Unheated Starting Length For both uniform surface temperature (UST) and uniform surfa 1 heat flux (USF). the effect of the USL on the local Nusselt number may be represented as follow Laminar usT USF 3/4 3/4 v3 V3 032 048: vw ve Turbulent UST USF 9no 9/10 vy 0.0308 as7.2 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow *Constant surface heat flux (USF) BC: o~#/ Laminar flow g tt Ea) Wk 4," = hy 4 Nuy = 0.483 Rel!*pril 27 — ” + a; ys F EO) To * 7, Nu, = 0.0308 Re!!Spr/3 oe See Turbulent flow: —> Limitations on use of h We obtain h through empirical relations / correlator The err inh an beaslarge a€25305)7.3 Methodology for Convection Calculations 1D flow geometry >Flat plate Pyne tte > Sphere, etc Gees Select reference temperature, e.g., film temperature Choose characteristic length (length or diameter) Calculate Re Does transition occur? Ray VO Pye Do you need hyor i? Select correct correlation oUse Table 77 for constant surface temperature (UST) BC. Calculate Nu and then(h.)7.4 Cylinder in Cross Flow «Nomenclature: V_—: upstream velocity Uo: freestream velocity (often #0) Stagnation point: u = 0 and P = Pax x : streamline coordinate 6: angle from the stagnation point diameter, characteristic length for convection over the cylinder a vy7A Cylinder in Cross Flow *Conditions depend on special features of boundary layer development, including onset at a stagnation point and separation, as well as transition to turbulence. > Stagnation point: Location of zero velocity (u,=0) and maximum. pressure, a Forward stagration point Separation pont Boundary layer7.4 Cylinder in Cross Flow Followed by boundary layer development under a favorable pressure gradient (dp/de<0) and hence acceleration of the free stream flow (du, 0) As the rear of the cylinder is approached, the pressure must begin to increase. Hence, there is a minimum in the pressure distribution, P(a),after which boundary layer development eine ressure gradient 0) Forward stagnation point Boundary aye7.ACylinder in Cross Flow Separation occurs when the velocity gradient d/<,-. reduces to zero and is accompanied by flow reversal and a downstream wake7.4 Cylinder in Cross Flow > Location of separation depends on boundary layer transition. After separation point, flow reversal occurs > Boundary Layer detaches from surface formation @ at separation point a0 ~140°7.4 Cylinder in Cross Flaw Drag force is imposed by the combination of shear and pressure forces ve ne © The dimensionless form of the drag force is_(Gy)= > aD D7.4 Cylinder in Cross Flow +Heat transfer considerations Local Nusselt number (h > (6; Re, Pr)7.ACylinder in Cross Flow Heat transfer considerations o Average Nusselt number Alternatively, 282,0007.5 Flow across Tube Banks «Common geometry in heat exchangers7.5 Flow across Tube Banks7.5 Flow across Tube Banks Average Nusselt number of the entire bank: Nulp = C,RePimax Pr°6(Py/Pr,)'!* Y7.5 Flow across Tube Banks «Average Nusselt number of the entire bank: Nuly = Co[CReBmax Pr°%°(Pr/Pr5)*"*] TAMLE 7.6 Correction factor C, of Equation 7.59 for N, <20 os 7 B16 Sugeered 064 076084 ~=—087 09209507097.5 Flow across Tube Banks «Total heat rate: q=hA, N(eDL) ar, -(=0)-(-1)