Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
2014
CERTIFICATE
Date:
Guide:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to our guide Prof. M. G. Desai
for his constant and untiring guidance in carrying out my project work. His
motivation and support has helped us finish our work enthusiastically. His
constant encouragement and valuable advice in both academic and personal
front has helped us greatly in completing our project work successfully. We
would also like to acknowledge the contribution of the Department of Chemical
Engineering as a whole, and Prof. M.G.DESAI, HOD, Chemical Engineering,
G.E.C - Valsad, for having provided us with all the necessary Facilities.
ABSTRACT
During our visit to the ATUL LTD.,ANKLESHWAR we found in Multiple Effect
Evaporator plant that steam utility increases with the time for the production of
sodium sulfate.
Evaporators can minimize the production of regulated waste residues, and
increase the potential for recovering valuable materials from those wastes.
Multiple-effect evaporators (MEEs) are common to industries that concentrate
different products, regenerate solvents, or separate solid-liquid mixtures.
Our aims are to find out the reason for the increase in steam utility, to find out its
suitable solution to reduce it out and simulation of Multiple Effect Evaporator. A
model for an evaporator used for the concentration of sodium sulfate solution is
developed using a set of non-linear equations derived from the mass and energy
balance relations. Excel is used for the designing of multiple effect evaporator
List of Figures
Sr. Name of figure Page
No. No.
1 Single effect evaporator 2
2 Multiple effect evaporator 4
3 Forward feed multiple effect evaporator 13
4 Backward feed multiple effect evaporator 14
5 Parallel feed multiple effect evaporator 15
6 Variables in evaporator, preheater, and flash box of effect i. 18
7 Forward-feed arrangement for a triple-effect evaporator 20
8 Backward-feed arrangement for a triple-effect evaporator 23
9 Boiling point elevation apparatus 27
10 Critical heat flux apparatus 29
11 Input data to be inserted by user for forward feed 34
12 Material balance of evaporator for forward feed 34
13 Parameters values obtained from calculations for forward feed 35
14 Values of Temperature and latent heat from steam table for 35
forward feed
15 Iterations for forward feed 36
16 Input data to be inserted by user or obtained from forward feed 37
for back ward feed
17 Material balance of evaporator for backward feed 37
18 Parameters values obtained from calculations for backward 38
feed
19 Values of Temperature and latent heat from steam table for 38
backward feed
20 Iterations for backward feed 39
List of Graph:
Sr. No. Graph Page No.
1. Temperature vs concentration graph 27
NOMENCLATURE:
Symbol Parameter Unit
used
Mf Feed flow rate kg/s
D0 Steam flow rate kg/s
L Flow rate of liquor stream kg/s
Di Flow rate of vapor stream kg/s
CS Condensate flow rate of steam/vapor kg/s
Cp Specific heat KJ/kg °C
H Enthalpy of liquor KJ/kg
H Enthalpy of vapor KJ/kg
λ Heat of vaporization/latent heat KJ/kg
A Heat transfer area of an effect m2
U Overall heat transfer coefficient KW/m2K
Tf Feed temperature ˚C
Ti Temperature of ith effect ˚C
T0 Steam temperature ˚C
∆T Temperature drop ˚C
X Solid concentration -
Q Heat flux KW/m2
XDM Dry matter concentration -
Subscripts:
1–3 Effect number
F Feed
0 Steam
L Liquor
V Vapor
TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
List of figures v
Nomenclature vi
Table of content vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 Introduction to Evaporator
1.2 Introduction to Multiple Effect Evaporator
1.3 Performance Measure
1.4 Application of Evaporators
1.5 Boiling Point Elevation
1.6 Introduction to Sodium Sulfate
1.7 Application of Sodium Sulfate
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Evaporator
(b) Those which yield solids on concentration, in which case crystal size
and shape may be important, and those which do not.
(c) Those which, at a given pressure, boil at about the same temperature as
water, and those which have a much higher boiling point.
This brings a saving in the steam cost, but at the same time, the cost of
material and installation of the evaporator system increases because of the
large number of effects involved.
For optimum cost the maximum number of effects in a multiple effect
evaporator usually should not exceed seven, because beyond this, the
material and installation cost of the evaporator effects increases more than
the saving achieved in the steam cost.
If a single evaporator is used for the concentration of any solution, it is
called a single effect evaporator system and if more than one evaporator is
used for the concentration of any solution, it is called a multiple effect
evaporator system.
The thermal separation technology offers effective solutions to many
customer concerns such as:
i) Energy cost monitoring
ii) Production of highly purified crystalline products
iii) Disposal of industrial waste streams through concentration
iv) Recovery of valuable volatile fractions.
Multiple effect evaporators have higher economy but lower capacity than
single effect.
The thermal condition of the evaporator feed has an important impact on
economy and performance.
If the feed is not already at its boiling point, heat effects must be
considered.
If the feed is cold (below boiling) some of the heat going into the
evaporator must be used to raise the feed to boiling before evaporation can
begin; this reduces the capacity.
If the feed is above the boiling point, some flash evaporation occurs on
entry.
Monoclinic (decahydrate)
1.6.1 Acid-Base:
Sodium sulfate is a neutral salt, which forms aqueous solutions with pH of
7.Sodium sulfate reacts with sulfuric acid to give the acid salt sodium
bisulphate.
Na2SO4 + H2SO4 ⇌ 2 NaHSO4
If the feed to the first effect is near the boiling point at the pressure in the
first effect 1 kg of steam will evaporate almost 1 kg of water.
The first effect operates at a high-enough temperature so that the evaporated
water serves as the heating medium to the second effect.
Here, again, almost another kg of water is evaporated, which can be used as
the heating medium to the third effect.
The high temperatures in the early effects reduce the viscosity and give
reasonable heat-transfer coefficients in this, the feed solution and the vapor
streams flows in the opposite direction.
Fresh feed is admitted to the last effect and then pumped through other
effects.
The steam is admitted to the steam chest of first effect and the vapors
produced are fed to the second effect and so on.
In this kind of arrangement we require a pump as feed is pumped from high
pressure to the low pressure effect.
This arrangement is generally preferred with viscous liquids.
The pressure in the first effect is highest and it is lowest in the last effect.
3.3 Parallel-feed
Parallel feed in multiple-effect evaporators involves the adding of fresh feed
and the withdrawal of concentrated product from each effect.
The vapor from each effect is still used to heat the next effect. This method
of operation is mainly used when the feed is almost saturated and solid
crystals are the product, as in the evaporation of brine to make salt.
Therefore, a total of 4xn equations are used to obtain the profiles of the
flow rates, concentration, and temperature across the effects as well as the
heat transfer area. The unknown values are as follow:
Total
Distillate flow rates, D1, D2, ..., Di, Dn (n unknown)
Brine concentration, X1, X2, ... , Xi (n-1 unknown)
Brine flow rate, B1, B2, ..., Bi, Bn (n unknown)
Effect temperature, T1, T2, ..., Tn-I (n-1 unknown)
Steam flow rate (1 unknown)
Heat transfer area (1 unknown)
= (4 n) unknowns
Calculations
4.1 FORWARD FLOW CALCULATIONS
Data Available:
Mass Flow Rate of feed = 14,400 kg/hr
= 4 kg/s
= 205kN/m2
= 0.13 bar
= 69⁰K
For steam :
Energy calculation:
Effect 1:
D0 ʎ0 = mf C p (T1-Tf) + D1 ʎ1
Effect 2:
D2 ʎ2 = d1 ʎ1 + (mf-d1) Cp (T1-T2)
Effect 3:
D1 + D2 + D3 = 3 kg/s
2.748 D1 = 2.524
D1 = 0.918 kg/s
D2 = 0.948 D1 + 0.124
= 0.994
= 0.798 D1 + 0.352
D3 = 1.0877
D0 = 0.5548 + 1.022 D1
D0 = 1.50
E = 3 / 1.5
=2
PROCEDURE:
(1) Prepare sodium sulfate solutions of different concentrations in water.
(2) Make 10% of sodium sulfate solutions by adding 90ml of water in 10
grams of sodium sulfate.
(3) Mix the solution properly.
(4) Now keep the mixture on plate heater and switch on the heater.
(5) Increase the temperature of the heater.
(6) Measure the temperature at which the liquid in the flask will start boiling.
(7) Measure the temperature of the solution by using digital thermometer.
(8) Repeat the same procedure for 20%, 30%, & 40% sodium sulfate
solution.
Figure:-
OBSERVATION TABLE:
SR.NO CONCENTRATION OF BUBBLE POINT
SOLUTION TEMPERATURE
1. 10% 100.3C
2. 20% 101.2C
3. 30% 102.5C
4. 40% 103.0C
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
100 100.5 101 101.5 102 102.5 103 103.5
CONCLUSION:
Form the above experiment we can conclude that the boiling point
elevation for different concentrations of sodium sulfate solution is
negligible.
Hence the boiling point elevation can be considered as zero.
Procedure:
1. Task specified amount of distilled water in contain.
2. See that the both water are completely submerged.
3. Connect the water RI & test water wire across the states & move
necessary electrical connection.
4. Switch on the water R-I-C let variable be at opposition
5. Keep it until you get required bulk time of water in the container e.g. 50
˚C, 60˚C, 70˚C temperature.
6. Keep it till you set required bulk time & switch OFF the water R.
7. Very gradually inner water voltage across the test heater by slowly
changing variable position & stop while at each position to absence
boiling phenomenon on wire.
8. On increasing the voltage till breaks then carefully note voltage & current
at time point.
9. Repeat the experiment by altering bulk temperature of water.
Figure:-
Precautions:
Keep the variable to be zero voltage position before starting so that both
heaters can completely immersed.
The sufficient amount of distilled water in the container so that both
heaters can be completely immersed.
Connect the test heater wire across the study.
Do not touch the water or terminal point when main switch ON.
Operate the various studies in steps & sufficient time in between,.
After attachment at critical heat flux decrease slowly voltage & boils it in
zero position.
Note:-
The instrument did not worked properly so the readings could not be
obtained and we found it from the theoretical data that the maximum
allowable temperature drop can be 30C.
The boiling point elevation on the basis of different concentration is also
found by the experiment.
There is the formation of scale in evaporator so we propose the following
descaling agents with their general description.
The need for occasional chemical cleaning during the life of the
equipment has become a recognized fact & should be accepted as a
routine maintenance practice.
A frequency of service cleaning of every 3 to 4 months is recommended.
This frequency should be increased if individual unit operating history
dictates.[8]
6.3 Features
Acid based product contains inhibitors against attack on ferrous metals
Unlimited shelf life
Easy to rinse off
Fast and effective scale remover
Removes scale and rust from condensers, evaporators, heat exchangers,
etc.
Removes water scale from boilers
Descaling Liquid should not be used on aluminium, zinc, tin, stainless
steel or any galvanized surfaces for which a special grade cleaner should
be used.
In a multiple effect evaporator problem the feed conditions and flow rate
(F) are given. The overall heat transfer coefficients (Ui) are assumed to be
known. The desired final concentration (xs) is specified as well as the
pressure of the saturated steam used as the heat source (Ps).
Additionally, the pressure in one effect (usually the last) is specified (P3).
The task of the students is to find the amount of steam that must be fed to
the first effect (D), the unknown liquid and vapor flow rates (D1,D2,D3,
L1, L2, L3), the pressures in the other effects (P1, P2), and heat transfer
area of each effect (A).
Generally the heat transfer areas for all effects are assumed equal.
The third solution approach is to write the governing equations in matrix form
and use a matrix algebra solver to obtain the solution. This approach has the
advantage of presenting evaporation as a “stage-wise” operation and is
numerically stable and computationally efficient.
The first drawback of this approach is that the solution is slow because the
student still has to look up enthalpies from the steam table for each
iteration.
Secondly, according to the authors, a significant investment of time is
needed to train students to be able to rewrite the problem into the matrix
format the solvers can handle.
We present a solution method for multiple effect evaporators that directly solves
the nonlinear equations. The method builds on our sophomore materials and
energy balances course where we teach students to perform a degree of freedom
analysis and to use a spreadsheet to solve flow sheet problems. Since the students
are already comfortable using a spreadsheet to solve a flow sheet problem, using
a spreadsheet for a multiple effect evaporator problem is easy.
In general for N effects there will be 3N unknowns and 3N equations – namely a
mass balance, energy balance, and heat transfer rate equation for each effect. In
principle, these equations should be relatively easy to solve. However, the
coefficients in the equations depend on the unknowns through thermodynamic
relationships.
2. Material balance is carried out on the basis of input data and total liquid
evaporated is found out.
3. Assume suitable values of Ui and fix the Area (Ai) of each effect of evaporator.
4. On the basis of values of steam pressure and the pressure in the last effect
values of temperature and latent heat of vaporization are inserted from steam
table.
Temperature in each effect is found by using the formula which is given
below:-
Ti = T i-1 - ΔΤi U1/Ui
5. Total temperature drop ΔΤ is found out.
a) Temperature drop in each effect can be obtained by applying the relation
in between total temperature drop and heat transfer coefficient.
b) On the basis of the values of Ui that are assumed values of ΔΤ for each
effect are found out.
6. Temp in each effect is found by subtracting the values of ΔΤi and latent heat
values and pressure values are inserted from steam tables.
8. Assuming the values of D1 which is always less than 1 iterations are carried
out until value of D1+D2+D3 = D.
Figure-15 Iterations
9. Steam Economy is found out on the basis of the values of D0 and D obtained.
Figure -16 Input data to be inserted by user or obtained from forward feed
2) Material balance is carried out on the basis of input data and total liquid
evaporated is found out.
6) Temp in each effect is found by subtracting the values of ΔΤi and latent heat
values and pressure values are inserted from steam tables.
7) By applying this values and energy balance equations we get values of live
steam required and amount of vapor that we get from each effect.
8) Assuming the values of D1 which is always less than 1 iterations are carried
out until value of D1+D2+D3 = D.
Figure-20 Iterations
9. Steam Economy is found out on the basis of the values of D0 and D obtained.
Comparing the steam economy for both forward and backward feed we can say
that backward feed is better than forward feed.
Conclusion
The steam consumption for the forward feeding scheme is more than that
of backward feeding scheme i.e. the steam economy of the backward feed
is more than forward feed it is proved by using mathematical model that is
theoretical calculation and excel simulation.
There is elevation in boiling point of the liquor in each effect which is every
negligible so it can be ignored.
Scale formation problem is also faced which can be solved by using
descaling agents such as sulfamic acid, sulphuric acid, citric acid, formic
acid, glycolic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and acetic acid.
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