Electroweak Monopole: Y. M. Cho

Electroweak Monopole
Y. M. Cho
Administration Building 310-4, Konkuk University

and
School of Physics and Astonomy
Seoul National University
KOREA
March 1, 2013
Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 1 / 36

Motivation and Plan
Q: What is the next hot subject after Higgs?
A: Certainly the Cho-Maison monopole!
It is predicted by the Weinberg-Salam model.
It is the electroweak generalization of the Dirac monopole, a hybrid of

Dirac and ’tHooft-Polyakov.
It is the only realistic monopole we can have in nature.

Can we detect it?
The MoEDAL (Monopole and Exotics Detector at LHC) at CERN is

actively searching for the monopole.
If detected, it will become the first topological elementary particle,

the true God’s particle.
But a crucial information is lacking. We need to know the mass.
Theoretical and Experimental Challenges

Contents
1. Cho-Maison Monopole
2. Comparison with Other Monopoles
3. Mass of Cho-Maison Monopole
4. Electroweak Regularization
5. Physical Implications

Cho-Maison Monopole
A) History
Ever since Dirac predicted his monopole in 1931, the monopole has
become an obsession, theoretically and experimentally.
At present we have Dirac, Wu-Yang, ’tHooft-Polyakov, and grand

unification monopoles. But none (except Dirac) is realistic.
In the realistic Weinberg-Salam model model it has been asserted

that the monopole does not exist. Fortunately this assertion turned
out to be wrong.

In 1997 Cho and Maison proved the existence of the monopole
topology in the standard model and constructed the electroweak
monopole numerically.
In 1998 the mathematical existence proof was made by Yang, and the
monopole is named Cho-Maison monopole.
The ”discovery” of Higgs particle has made it hot, and the MoEDAL
at CERN started searching for the monopole.

B) Cho-Maison Dyon: A Review
Consider the Weinberg-Salam Lagrangian
λ † µ2 2 1 ~ 2 1
L = −|Dµ φ|2 − φ φ− − Fµν − G2µν ,
2 λ 4 4
g 0 0
~ µ − i Bµ φ = Dµ − i g Bµ φ,
g
Dµ φ = ∂µ − i ~τ · A
2 2 2
Choose the spherically symmetric ansatz
sin(θ/2) e−iϕ

1
φ = √ ρ(r) ξ, ξ = i ,
2 − cos(θ/2)
~ µ = 1 A(r)∂µ t r̂ + 1 (f (r) − 1) r̂ × ∂µ r̂, (r̂ = −ξ †~τ ξ)
A
g g
1 1
Bµ = 0 B(r)∂µ t − 0 (1 − cos θ)∂µ ϕ,
g g

~ µ has the Wu-Yang singularity − 1 r̂ × ∂µ r̂ at the origin.
Notice that A
g
Moreover, ξ and Bµ have the string singularity along the negative
z-axis.
But the string singularity can be removed making U (1) non-trivial. So

U (1) plays the crucial role to make the ansatz spherically symmetric.
The ansatz contains the electric potentials A and B. So it describes

the most general spherically symmetric ansatz for the electroweak
dyon.

With
!
(em)
Aµ cos θw sin θw Bµ
= ,
Zµ − sin θw cos θw A3µ
p
the ansatz in the physical fields becomes (with e = gg 0 / g 2 + g 02 )
(em) e g0 g 1
Aµ = A(r) + B(r) ∂µ t − (1 − cos θ)∂µ ϕ,
gg 0 g g0 e
i f (r)
Wµ = √ eiϕ (∂µ θ + i sin θ∂µ ϕ),
g 2
e
Zµ = 0 A(r) − B(r) ∂µ t.
gg

From this the equations of motion reduce to
2 f2 1 λ 2µ2
ρ̈ + ρ̇ − 2 ρ = − (A − B)2 ρ + ρ2 − ρ,
r 2r 4 2 λ
f2 − 1 g2 2
f¨ − ρ − A2 f,

2
f =
r 4
2 g 2 02
Ä + Ȧ − 2f
2
A = ρ2 (A − B), B̈ + 2 Ḃ = − g ρ2 (A − B).
r 2
r 4 r 4
This has the point monopole solution which has the magnetic charge
4π/e
p
ρ = ρ0 = 2µ2 /λ, f = 0, A = B = 0,
(em) 1
Aµ = − (1 − cos θ)∂µ ϕ.
e

With the boundary condition
ρ(0) = 0, f (0) = 1, A(0) = 0, B(0) = b0 ,

ρ(∞) = ρ0 , f (∞) = 0, A(∞) = B(∞) = A0 ,
we have the Cho-Maison dyon which has the asymptotic behavior,

ρ1
ρ ' ρ0 + exp(−MH r),
p r
f ' f1 exp(− 1 − (A0 /MW )2 MW r),
A1 B1
A ' A0 + , B 'A+ exp(−MZ r),
√ r r p
MH = λρ0 , MW = gρ0 /2, MZ = g 2 + g 02 ρ0 /2.

1
ρ/ρ0
0.8
0.6
f
0.4
A/gρ0
0.2
0
Z/gρ0
−0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
MW r
Figure : The Cho-Maison dyon solution. Here Z = A − B and we have chosen

sin2 θw = 0.2312, MH /MW = 1.56, and A(∞) = MW /2.

1
The dyon has the Abelian monopole − (1 − cos θ)∂µ ϕ at the center.
e
So it can be interpreted as the Abelian monopole which has the
non-trivial dressing of the weak bosons.
Clearly MH , MW , and MZ determine the exponential damping of the

Higgs, W , and Z bosons. And A0 slows down the damping of the W
boson further.
But A has no exponential damping, and generates the electric charge.

So the dyon has the electromagnetic charges
4π 4π
qe = A1 , qm = .
e e
The dyons come in pair with opposite electric charges ±qe , since the
equation is invariant under the reflection A → −A, B → −B.

The dyon has the following energy
E = E0 + E1 ,
4π ∞ dr n g 2
Z o
2 2
E0 = 2 2 g 02
+ (f − 1) ,
g 0 2r
4π ∞ n g 2 λg 2 r2 2
Z
2 1
E1 = 2 dr (rρ̇)2 + ρ − ρ20 + f˙2 + (rȦ)2
g 0 2 8 2
g2 g 2 g 2 r2 o
+ 02 (rḂ)2 + f 2 ρ2 + (B − A)2 ρ2 + f 2 A2 .
2g 4 8
The boundary condition tells that E1 is finite. But E0 becomes

infinite, because of the point singularity at the origin.

Comparison with Other Monopoles
There are other known monopoles, but they are either unphysical or
irrelevant.
The electromagnetic Dirac’s monopole has to be generalized to the

electroweak monopole. Moreover, after the electroweak generalization
it becomes the Cho-Maison monopole.
The Wu-Yang monopole is supposed to make the monopole

condensation in QCD, so that it can not be observed.
The ’tHooft-Polyakov monopole comes from the Georgi-Glashow

model, which is unrealistic.

The grand unification monopole is too heavy that it could have been
produced only in the early universe. But the inflation makes it
completely irrelevant.
This makes the Cho-Maison monopole the only realistic monopole

which we can actually produce and observe.
But they are closely related. Basically they are either of the Dirac
type or Wu-Yang type. And the Wu-Yang monopole becomes the
Dirac monopole in the singular gauge.

But notice that, unlike the Dirac monopole, the electroweak
monopole satisfies the Schwinger quantization rule
4πn
gm = .
e
This is because the electroweak generalization of Dirac monopole

requires us to embed the electromagnetic U (1) to the U (1) subgroup
of SU (2), which has the period of 4π.

Mass of Cho-Maison Monopole
The strong electromagnetic interaction (1/α stronger than the

electron) of the monopole in principle should make the monopole easy
to detect. But we need the most important piece of information, the
mass, to detect it.
Unfortunately the Cho-Maison monopole is singular, so that we can

not predict the mass.
Intuitively the monopole mass should come from the same mechanism
which generates the mass to the weak bosons. This implies that the
monopole mass should be bigger than MW by the factor 1/α, or
around 10 TeV.

To find the mass we have to regularize the Cho-Maison monopole. If
such solution exists, it should be stable under the scale transformation
~x −→ λ~x.
The monopole energy consists of 4 terms

Z Z
1 1 2
KA = d3 x F~ij2 , KB = d3 x Bij
4 4
µ2 2
Z Z
λ
Kφ = d3 x |Di φ|2 , Vφ = d3 x |φ|2 − ,
2 λ
but only KB is divergent. Under the scaling we have
KA → λKA , KB → λKB , Kφ → λ−1 Kφ , Vφ → λ−3 Vφ .

So we have the following condition for the stable monopole solution
KA + KB = Kφ + 3Vφ .
Now, from the Cho-Maison monopole (with A = B = 0) we have

4π 4π
KA ' 0.1852 × MW , Kφ ' 0.1577 × MW ,
e2 e2
4π
Vφ ' 0.0011 × MW .
e2
So we must have
4π
KB ' 0.0058 × MW .
e2

From this we estimate the energy of the monopole to be
4π
E ' 0.3498 × MW ' 3.85 TeV.
e2
This strongly supports the intuitive prediction. More importantly this
mass is within the reach of the present LHC, so that the MoEDAL
should be able to detect such monopole.
But can we regularize the Cho-Maison monopole?

Electromagnetic Regularization of Cho-Maison Monopole
Obviously the Cho-Maison monopole is the only monopole in the

standard model. But the Weinberg-Salam theory is the “bare” theory
which must change to the “effective” theory after the quantum
corrections.
Physically the effective theory should describe the real world, so that
the real monopole must be the solution of the effective theory. This is
evident in QCD.
But how can we find the effective theory of the Weinberg-Salam

model?

Consider the generalized Weinberg-Salam model
1 λ 2µ2 2 1 (em) 2 1 2
Lef f = − (∂µ ρ)2 − ρ2 − − Fµν − Zµν
2 8 λ 4 4
1 (em) (em) g 2
− (Dµ Wν − Dν Wµ ) + ie 0 (Zµ Wν − Zν Wµ )
2 g
(em) g2
+ie(1 + α)Fµν Wµ∗ Wν + (1 + β) (Wµ∗ Wν − Wν∗ Wµ )2
4
g 2 2 02
g +g 2 2 g
−(1 + γ) ρ2 |Wµ |2 − ρ Zµ + ie 0 Zµν Wµ∗ Wν ,
4 8 g
It has exactly the same type of interaction (the modification only

changes the coupling strengths). So it can be viewed as the effective
theory of the standard model. Notice that here we are not proposing
a new theory.

With this the energy of the electroweak dyon is given by
Ê = Ê0 + Ê1 ,
Z ∞ 2
2π dr gn
2 4
o
Ê0 = 2 2 g 02
+ 1 − 2(1 + α)f + (1 + β)f ,
g 0 r
4π ∞ n g 2 λg 2 r2 2 2µ2 2
Z
Ê1 = 2 dr (rρ̇)2 + ρ −
g 0 2 8 λ
1 g 2
+(f˙)2 + (rȦ)2 + 02 (rḂ)2 + f 2 A2
2 2g
g2 2 2 g2 r2 o
+(1 + γ) f ρ + (B − A)2 ρ2 .
4 8
Notice that Ê1 remains finite with the modification.

To make Ê0 finite, we have to require
g2
1+ − 2(1 + α)f 2 (0) + (1 + β)f 4 (0) = 0,
g 02
(1 + α)f (0) − (1 + β)f 3 (0) = 0.
From this we have the following condition for a finite energy solution
g e2
f (0) = √ , 1 + β = (1 + α)2 .
e 1+α g2

With this the equation of motion becomes
(1 + α) f 2 g2 2
f¨ − ρ − A2 f,

2 2
− 1 f = (1 + γ)
r f (0) 4
2 f 2 1 λ 2µ2
ρ̈ + ρ̇ − (1 + γ) 2 ρ = − (A − B)2 ρ + ρ2 − ρ,
r 2r 4 2 λ
2 2f 2 g2
Ä + Ȧ − 2 A = (A − B)ρ2 ,
r r 4
2 g 02
B̈ + Ḃ = − (A − B)ρ2 .
r 4
We can integrate it numerically with the boundary condition
ρ(0) = 0, f (0) = 1, A(0) = 0, B(0) = b0 ,

f (∞) = 0, ρ(∞) = ρ0 , A(∞) = B(∞) = A0 .

1
ρ/ρ0
0.8
0.6
f
0.4
A/gρ0
0.2
0
Z/gρ0
−0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
MW r
Figure : The finite energy electroweak dyon solution. The red line represents the
finite energy dyon and green line represents the Cho-Maison dyon.

It is really remarkable that the finite energy solutions look almost
identical to the Cho-Maison solutions, even though they no longer
have the magnetic singularity at the origin.
For the monopole (with A = B = 0) the energy is given by

4π
E ' 0.611 × MW ' 6.72 TeV.
e2
Moreover, with
e2 4e2
α = 0, 1+β = , 1+γ = ,
g2 g2
we can have an explicitly analytic solution.

In this case the equation reduces to the BPS equation in the limit
λ=0
1 e2 2
f˙ ± eρf = 0,

ρ̇ ± f − 1 = 0.
er2 g 2
This has the analytic monopole solution whose energy is given by the
Bogomol’nyi bound
gρ0 r 1
f= , ρ = ρ0 coth(eρ0 r) − ,
sinh(eρ0 r) er
4π
E ' 0.4624 × MW ' 5.08 TeV.
e2
From this we can confidently say that the mass of the electroweak
monopole could be around 4 to 7 TeV.

1
ρ/ρ0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 f
0 2 4 6 8 10
MW r
Figure : The analytic electroweak monopole. The green and red lines represent
the Cho-Maison and finite energy monopoles, and the black line represents the
analytic monopole.

The regularized solutions should be regarded as the approximate
solutions of the effective theory which have the finite energy, not the
exact solutions of the Weinberg-Salam model.
Nevertheless they have important physical meaning, which imply that

the quantum corrections can make the energy of the Cho-Maison
monopole finite.
In particular, they allow us to estimate the mass of the monopole in

the standard model.

Another way to regularize the Cho-Maison monopole is to embed the
electroweak SU (2) × U (1) to a larger SU (2) × SU (2)Y , which can
remove the point singularity in Bµ .
The embedding will inevitably introduce an intermediate scale MX

(between the electroweak and grand unification scales) which makes
the mass of the monopole much heavier.
This type of the generalization could naturally arise in the left-right

symmetric grand unification models, in particular in the SO(10)
grand unification.

Physical Implications
The existence of the electroweak monopole of mass around 4 to 7

TeV has deep physical implications.
The electroweak monopole is within the reach of LHC. The MoEDAL

at CERN should be able to detect it.
It explains why the Dirac’s monopole has not been discovered. it is

not supposed to exist.

If detected it could be the first topological elementary particle, the
true God’s particle, discovered in nature.
In the early universe the monopole could have been produced in pairs
after inflation, so that it could be an excellent candidate of the dark
matter.
Classically the Cho-Maison dyon has arbitrary electric charge. What

happens to the charge quantization? The quest must go on...

References
1 Y. M. Cho and D. Maison, Phys. Lett. B391, 360 (1997); W. S. Bae

and Y. M. Cho, JKPS 46, 791 (2005).
2 Yisong Yang, Proc. Roy. Soc. A454, 155 (1998); Yisong Yang,
Solitons in Field Theory and Nonlinear Analysis (Springer Monographs
in Mathematics), p. 322 (Springer-Verlag) 2001.
3 J. Pinfold, Rad. Meas. 44, 834 (2009); Progress in High-Energy

Physics and Nuclear Safety (edited by V. Begun et al.), p. 217
(Springer Science and Business Media) 2009.
4 CERN Courier 52, No. 7, p. 10 (2012).
5 Y. M. Cho, Kyungtae Kimm, and J. H. Yoon, arXiv hep-ph 1212.3885.

Electroweak Monopole: Y. M. Cho

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Electroweak Monopole

Administration Building 310-4, Konkuk University

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 1 / 36

Q: What is the next hot subject after Higgs?

A: Certainly the Cho-Maison monopole!

It is predicted by the Weinberg-Salam model.

It is the electroweak generalization of the Dirac monopole, a hybrid of

It is the only realistic monopole we can have in nature.

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 2 / 36

The MoEDAL (Monopole and Exotics Detector at LHC) at CERN is

If detected, it will become the first topological elementary particle,

But a crucial information is lacking. We need to know the mass.

Theoretical and Experimental Challenges

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 3 / 36

2. Comparison with Other Monopoles

3. Mass of Cho-Maison Monopole

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 4 / 36

At present we have Dirac, Wu-Yang, ’tHooft-Polyakov, and grand

In the realistic Weinberg-Salam model model it has been asserted

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 5 / 36

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 6 / 36

Consider the Weinberg-Salam Lagrangian

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 7 / 36

But the string singularity can be removed making U (1) non-trivial. So

The ansatz contains the electric potentials A and B. So it describes

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 8 / 36

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 9 / 36

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 10 / 36

ρ(0) = 0, f (0) = 1, A(0) = 0, B(0) = b0 ,

we have the Cho-Maison dyon which has the asymptotic behavior,

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 11 / 36

Figure : The Cho-Maison dyon solution. Here Z = A − B and we have chosen

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 12 / 36

Clearly MH , MW , and MZ determine the exponential damping of the

But A has no exponential damping, and generates the electric charge.

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 13 / 36

The boundary condition tells that E1 is finite. But E0 becomes

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 14 / 36

The electromagnetic Dirac’s monopole has to be generalized to the

The Wu-Yang monopole is supposed to make the monopole

The ’tHooft-Polyakov monopole comes from the Georgi-Glashow

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 15 / 36

This makes the Cho-Maison monopole the only realistic monopole

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 16 / 36

This is because the electroweak generalization of Dirac monopole

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 17 / 36

The strong electromagnetic interaction (1/α stronger than the

Unfortunately the Cho-Maison monopole is singular, so that we can

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 18 / 36

The monopole energy consists of 4 terms

KA → λKA , KB → λKB , Kφ → λ−1 Kφ , Vφ → λ−3 Vφ .

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 19 / 36

Now, from the Cho-Maison monopole (with A = B = 0) we have

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 20 / 36

But can we regularize the Cho-Maison monopole?

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 21 / 36

Obviously the Cho-Maison monopole is the only monopole in the

But how can we find the effective theory of the Weinberg-Salam

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 22 / 36

It has exactly the same type of interaction (the modification only

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 23 / 36

Notice that Ê1 remains finite with the modification.

Y. M. Cho (Seoul National University) Electroweak Monopole March 1, 2013 24 / 36