PHASE DIAGRAM, CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES Quarter 3: Week 2 -Module 2 STEM - 11VOCABULARY HUNT, Direction Use the statement clus and look forthe answers in the word puzzle below SYUOH COLL 6 TI VER G yy OLTP WY ULopKi a GdDazy URLHI AR YEW YPLuUDUNN YTAAOLETRD UINKMkK pM RNESYPair.Lg BHU op y "MX ECQMRDW1a x ERYuMG SS TDHWWAWENAxcany NME MDYITAPELEQNAS RTUHS 5s OLt ARK AORYNSDGTYRNMN 1GHGMNLUMaAg sp CENT ME HHBRCETGRRTYop lunHFe cPSALCHTEFGTWWiopoaper 1 Q MOLEFRACTIONQROQTE OZ COLAMWRMHADEVKEWMP TBUODYOEENS 3 KLOPNMNE SMQGHPNQTYUPLWScHROM LSOANODAWRTIVIUYoPHKU GKPSOLUTIONSzcBMUTOL OLNCKUOYLASWYOPECTYO TOO MT UPLWRGVNIJ KaAMY CLUES: va is a visual representation of a substance's physical state as a function of temperature and pressure in a closed system. vA is made up of two parts: the solute and the solvent. Y The ‘is calculated by multiplying the mass of a solute by the mass ofa solution by v os of a solution is defined as the proportion ofthe volume of solute present in a solution to the total volume of the solution. Y The___is the number of motes of solute X relative tothe total number of moles in a mixture ¥ The is expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (moliL). v is the study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations). sa property of solutions are those that are affected by the concentration of solute molecules or ions but not by the solute's identity GENERAL GHENISTRY2, QUARTERS. WEEK2 MODULE. HERNASOL,JOSA MAE. EEPhase Diagram of Water and Carbon Dioxide \ he stale of wiven sample of matter is determined by the sample's identity, temperature, a pressure hase diagrant isa visual representation ofa sustance’s physical state ws a Funetion of temperature and pressure tn aclosed system A typteal phase diagram is made up of diserete regions tha represent the different phases that 4 substance exhibits, Each region represents the temperature and pressure combinations over which that phase vs stable TANS ERE ‘Two Versions of the Phase Diagram of Water. (a) In this geaph with linear temperature and pressure axes, the boundary between ice and liquid water is almost vertical. (b) This graph with an expanded seale illustrates the | decrease in melting point with increasing pressure. (The leters refer to points discussed in | Example 12.4.112.4.1) The water phase diagram shows that the triple point of water oceurs at 0.01°C and 0.00604 atm (439 mmHg). The triple point (273.16 K) is used t0 define the absolute (Kelvin) temperature scale because itis far ‘more reproducible than the melting point of ice, which depends on the amount of dissolved air and atmospheric pressure. The triple point also denotes the lowest pressure at which a liquid phase will eocxist with a solid or a Vapor. As a result, ie does not melt toa liquid asthe temperature rises at pressures less than 0,00604 atm, instead, the solid sublimes directly to water vapor. Foods and drinks can be “freeze-dried” by sublimating water ata low temperature and pressure. The food or beverage is frozen to subzero temperatures before being put ina jar with a pressure of less than 0.00604 atm, The water then sublimes as the temperature rises, leaving dehydrated food (such as that used by backpackers or astronauts) or powdered beverage (as with freeze-dried colle). On an extended scale, the phase diagram for water in diagram b depicts the boundary between ice and \water lce's melting curve slopes up and slightly to the left, indicating that the melting point of ie decreases with rising pressure, ice melts at 9°C at 100 MPa (987 atm). Since water is one of the few known substances in which the crystalline solid is less dense than the liquid, it behaves in this way. As the pressure of iee that isin equilibrium with water at 0°C and 1 atm is increased, some of the molecules are pushed closer together, reducing the sample's volume. For a solid ofa liquid, the decrease in volume (and subsequent increase in density) is les than for a gas, but it is enough to melt some of the ic. Point A in diagram b is in the solid (ice) region of the phase diagram, with P= 1 atmand T= 10°C. The line from point A crosses the ice/water boundary to point B, which is inthe liquid water region, asthe pressure rises to 150 atm while the temperature remains constant, As a result, applying a pressure of 150 atm to ie at 10°C would melt it We've already mentioned how important it is for the melting point of water to be pressure GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2, QUARTER 3, WEEK 2, MODULE 2. BERNASOL, JONA MAEFpendent. Ice would be denser than water, ice cubes would sink, water pipes would not burst as they froze, and antifreeze in vehicle engines would be unnecessary ifthe solidliquid boundary in the phase diagram of water slant up and to the right rather than tothe left IE PHASE DIAGRAM OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO3 140 120 Oy) co, loo Cre point Pressure (atm) 40 20 . og) -80 -60 -40 -20 0 2 40 Temperature (C) ‘The Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide. Note the critical point, the triple point, and the normal sublimation temperature inthis diagram. ‘The combination of high pressure and low temperature causes gases to liquefy, as seen in the phase diagrams, As the temperature of a gas rises, liquefaction becomes more difficult because higher and higher pressures are required to counteract the molecules increased kinetic energy. Infact, regardless of pressure, there is a temperature above which a gas can no longer be liquefied for any material, Ths i the critical temperature 41a, which is the maximum temperature at which material will remain asa liquid. ‘The molecules have too ‘much kinetic energy above the critical temperature for intermolecular attractive forces to keep them together in a separate liquid phase. Instead, the material condenses into a single phase that fully fills the containers capacity. Strong intermolecular forces cause substances to form a liquid phase over a wide temperature spectrum, resulting in high critical temperatures. Substances with weak intermolecular interactions, on the other hand, have low critical temperatures. A critical pressure (P.) is the minimum pressure needed to liquefy a material at its critical temperature, The critical point is described as the intersection of critical temperature and critical pressure. Below are the critical temperatures and pressures fora variety of different substances. ‘Citical Temperatures and Pressures of Some Simple Substances Substance TeCO) Pe (atm) Nib 1324 1135 31.0 BS (CHSCH:OH (ethanol) 240.9 614 He =267.96 237 Hg 1477 1387 CHe =82.6 460 Ne 146.9 33.9 HO 3740 2177 High-boiling-point, non-volatile liquids have high critical temperatures and vice versa GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2. QUARTERS. WEEKC2, MODULE. ERNASOL,JONAMAET. [EdWhat I Have Learned! 4 solution is made up of two parts. the solute (the the solute is dissolved). The concentration is the quantity of solute im a given amount o} What is a phase diagram? Explain based on your own understanding solved material) and the solvent (the liguid in which i solution or solvent. Percent by mass, percent by volume, mole fraction, ppm, molarity, molality are the ways of expressing concentration LORTSAT A pertcenta © may be used to express the concentration ofa solution ina variety of ways ‘The mass/mass percent (percent m/m) is calculated by multiplying the mass of a solute byt mass of a solution by 100. ‘Sample Problem No. 1: Suppose that a solution was prepared by dissolving 35 grams of sugar into 110 grams of water What is the ‘mass/mass percent concentration of the solution? Sohttion: The given are mass of sugar = 35 the solution. Mass of the solution = 35 + 110 g Mass of the solution = 145 g inatofaalite (994 rass of solution (g) ee mim = SE x 100% mim = 0.2414 x 100% % mlm = 24.14 % Sample Problem No. 2 ums and mass of water 110 grams. Required is the mim concentration of Marco needs to make 3200 grams of a 3.5 % solution of sodium chloride (NaCI), What is the mass of solute that needs to be dissolved? Solution: ‘The given are the mass of NaCl solution = 3200 g and percent by mass = 3.5 % NaC solution, Required 1s the ‘mass of solute. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2, QUARTER 3 WEEK 2, MODULE BERNASOLJONA NAET. [LE‘Other known quantities rams NaCl is to 100 grams Na Mass of solution to mass of NaCl 3.5 gNacl 100 g NaCl solution Fo solve for the mass of NaCl, the given mass of solution is multiplied by the conversion factor Nass oF NACL=3200g NaCl solion x BEEN Mass of NaCl 100 x NaCl solution x 0.035 y NaCl/ y NaCl solution Problem Solving 1: Finding the Percent by Mass Concentration and Mass of Solute Direction: Soive for the given problems below. Write your systematic solutions. 1. Find the pereent by mass concentration of the following: a ‘grams of sugar into 95 grams of water >. 15 wratns of sodium bicarbonate NaHCOs into 500 grams vinegar Find the mass of solute of the following solutions 750 grams of 5 % saline solution b 1345 grams of 8 2% of sugar solution ian The volume percent ofa solution is defined asthe proportion of the volume of solute present in a solution to he total volume ofthe solution. This proportion must also be multiplied by 100 since this form of concentration, ‘which is normally measured for liquid- and gas-phase solutions, is expressed asa percentage Percent by volume = x 100% volume of solute (a) ‘Volume of solate (= volume of solvent (a) Percent by volum« x 100% Since a solution contains both a solute and a solvent, the volume of the solution as a whole equals the total of the solute and solvent volumes. As a result, the volume percent of a solution can also be calculated using the ‘equation All ofthe volumes inthe equations above must be expressed in millilitres (mL, and each component's ‘chemical formula must be written as the secondary unit on its corresponding numerical quantity Sample Problem No.3 Calculate the volume percent ofa solution that is prepared by mixing 515 mL of helium (He) and 164 mL of molecular chlorine (C), GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2,QUARTER3, WEEK. MODULE2, BERNASOL,JONA MAET.Solution: the aiven are the volume of helium (He) = 515 mL and volume of molecular chlorine (Cy ~ yo Required is the percent by volume concentration of a solution. a solution, each substance that is referenced in the problem must first be classified as a solute ora solvent, Because neither the indicator word “in® nor a solubility Linu is present inthe piven statement, the relative amounts of helium (Hle)and molecular chlorine (Cis) must be compared to determine which chemical isthe solvent and which substance isthe solute in this solution. Helium (He) isthe solvent in this solution, as itis the chemical that is present in the greatest amount of S15 mL. and molecular ctilorine (Cl) 1s the solute, as its present in a lesser quantity of 164 mL. Alternatively, because @ solution car only contain one solvent, afer identifying helium, He, as the solvent in this solution molecular chlorine (Cl) car bbe classified asthe solute "by default tn order to calevlate the volume percent of the second equation presented above should be used to calculate the volume percent of tis solution since the amount of helium (He) is defined in the given problem. The validity of the units associated with the given ‘numerical values must be checked before thi equation can be used. As previously stated all volumes incorporated snto the equations shown above must be reported in milliliters, As a result, the given quantities are expressed in ‘he correet unt and ean be directly incorporated into the indicated equation. To simplify this equation, the order of operations requires that the solute and solvent volumes be added first. Because “mL.” appeers in both the stumerator and denominator ofthe proportion being simplified, the volume unit is cancelled during the subsequent muluplication and division, Because the cancelation eliminates all volume-based units, the unit ia which the resultant volume pertent concentration is reported is "percent viv Cl” in order to distinguish a volume percent calculated by simplifying a volumeto-volume ratio from the other percent-based concentrations The solute's chemical formula is writen as the secondary unit onthe caleulated quantity, and applying the correct number of significant figures to this value yields the final answer shown below volume oFslute (et) Percent by volume = 3 voll ~ 22282 ‘Molarity = 1.57 mol/L or 1.57 M Problem Solving 4: Direction: ‘nding the Molarity Solve for molarity ofthe following chemical solutions. Write your systematic solutions. 1.3.1 moles of ammonium carbonate (NH.)sCO; are dissolved to make 1850 mL of solution, 2. 126 grams of lead (IV) nitrate Pb(NO3)sare dissolved to make 0.94 liters of solution ‘The molality ofa solution is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The unit of ‘molality is motes per kilogram (mol/kg). (GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2, QUARTER. WEEK2, MODULE 2, BERNASOL, JONA azT. [Ed |Molality = Sample Problem No. 8 Calculate the molality of 30 grams of potassiuin bromide (KBr) dissoyed in 1.4 liters of water Solution: the piven are mass of potassium bromide (KBr) ~ 30 grams and volume of water ~ 141, Required isthe ‘molality of the solution, 4. Convert the volume of water from liter to kilogram, 14x ts te Lt bind the molar mass of the potassium bromide (KB4), Ks 1X 39.1 gimol =39.1 gimol Br: 1X 79.9 gimol = 79.9 wimol 39.1 gimol + 79.9 wimol = 119 g/mol ©. Find the amount of potassium bromide (KBr) in moles 30 e KBr x 72 = 0.25 mn ERBEX To gxar O28 mol 4 Determine the molality of the solution, Molality = 0.18 mol/kg or 0.18 m Molatity Sample Problem No. 9 What s the molality of sodium chloride (NaC!) in an aqueous solution which is 38 molar? The denstty of the solution is 1050 wi. Solution: The given are molarity ofthe solution = 3.8 M and the densi molality, of the solution = 1050 w/L., Required is the 4 Molarity is equal to the amount of the solute per I liter of solution, Therefore, 3 mot wact 38M TT olution b. ‘The density of sodium chloride (NaCI) and water solution is 1050 g/L. Thus, LL solution = 1050 g solution ©. Find the molar mass of sodium chloride (NaCI) fa: 1 X 22.99 g/mol = 22.99 gimol Ck 1X 35.45 g/mol « 35.45 gimol GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2, QUARTERS. WEEK2 MODULE2, BERNASOL, SONA MAE. [El22.99 gimol © 35.45 yimol ~ S844 g/mol Find the mass of the saclium chloride (NaCl), sh. pact 3.8 mol NaCl x S24ea = 222,072 g NaCl fe Find the mass of water (H:0) Mass of 10 > 1050 g solution ~ 2 Mass of H:0 = 827.928 ¢ 20 072 g NaCl £ Convert the mass of water (Hs0) 0 kilogram §27928 gtx EME = 083 ig Solve the molality ofthe solution Molality [3% = 4.88 mol kg or 458 m Problem Solving 5: Finding the Molality Direction: Solve for molality of the following chemical solutions. Write your systematic solutions =| 1. 165 g of dissolved naphthalene (CwHs) in $4.3 g benzene (CoH) 2.5.58 molar aqueous rubidium chloride solution with a density of 1120 git. RAN Part per million (pmim) is a way of expressing very dilute concentrations of substances, Just as per cent ‘means out ofa hundred, so parts per million or ppm means out of a milion. Usually describes the concentration of something in water or soil. One ppm is equivalent to 1 milligram of something per liter of water (me) or 1 milligram of something per kilogram soil (mg/kg). Parts per million (ppm) = SS2Ls555= x 1,000,000 Sample Problem No. 10 A780 grams sample of sea water is found to contain 0,0067 gram Zine (2). Express this concentration in ppm Solution: The given are the mass of sea water (Solvent) = 780 grams and mass of Zine (Zn) = 0.0067 grams. Required is the concentration of the solution in parts per million. on = fan X 1,000 000 none PPM Feo p+ 000679 2 j-po0 000 00067 @ ppm = S20822 1,000,000 ‘GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2, QUARTER 3, WEEK 2, MODULE, BERNASOL, JONA MAET.fn ~ 0.0000086 X 1,000,000 [seo problem Solving 6: Finding the Concentration i Par per Million Direction: Solve for the concentration af the given chomen Solutions below in parts per million (ppm) Waite vour systematie solutions, —t } 280 grams of sodium chloride (NaC) is dissolved in 120 grams of soltion 2 29 grams of sucrose is dissolved in 215 grams of water Chemical Stoichiometry Stoichiometry ts the stay and caeulaton of quanitaive (measurable) rltonshis of the reactants and owes in chemical reactions chemical equations). Soichiomety deals withthe relative quantities of eacens Ua broducts in chemical reactions. Kt canbe used to ind the quantities ofthe products hon aves escans ns ‘balanced chemical reaction, as well as percent yield {0 calculate the quantity ofa product, calculate the numberof moles for each reactant Moles of a product Ak eGual fo the moles ofa limiting reactant in one-to-one reaction strchiometry To find product mass, oles ‘must be multiplied by the product’s molecular weight. {n stoichiometric calculations involving solutions, a given solution's concentration is often used es a conversion factor, Sample Problem No. 11 Sulfur dloside (SOs) reacts with oxygen ges (0s) to sulphur trioxide ($0) The chemical equation is $0:+0: — > $05 ‘A. 1645 moles of sulfur dioxide reacts with excess oxygen gas, how many moles of sulfur trioxide wil form? B. How many moles of oxygen gas will react completely with 5.2 moles of sulfur dioxide? Solution: ‘A, The given is the amount of SO:~ 4.5 moles. Required isthe amount of sulfur trioxide in moles a Balance the equation, 28Q+0, ——> 280; Using the mole ratio, calculate the moles of the wanted substance, Soy x 2204 4Smol SO x FRE 4.5 mol SOs B The given is the amount of SOs Balance the equation, .2 moles. Required isthe amount of oxygen gas in moles, 280:+ 0: —> 205 GENERAL CIEMMISTRY 2, QUARTER 3, WEEK, MODULE 2, BERNASON, JONA MAE TUsing the mole ratio, calculate: he moles of the wanted substance 52 mol SOs x 28% = 2,6 mol Or { Tinot 505 Sample Problem No.12 Propane (Cis) reacts with oxygen gas (Qs) to form earbon dioxide (COs) and water (HO). The chemical equation is CsHe +O: COs. 140, A. If34 moles of propane reacts with excess oxygen gas, how many grams of carbon dioxide will form? B. How many grams of oxygen gas will completely react with 4.5 moles of Propane? C. 1135 grams of propane reacts with excess O2, how many moles of water will form? D_1f43 grams of water are produced m the reaction, how many moles of carbon dioxide were produce? Solution: A. The given is the amount of CsHy= 3.4 moles. Required is the mass of carbon dioxide & Balanee the equation, Gls +50: ——> 300; . ho Using the mole ratio, calculate the moles of wanted substance, 3Amol Cala x ZE 10.2 mole COs © Find the molar mass ofthe of the wanted substance 12 01/mol 32 ylmol = 44.01 g/mol 4d. Convert moles of wanted substance to desired unit. $401 900, Trial Co, M62 5 Oe B, ‘The given is the amount of CsHHn=4.5 moles, Requiced is the mass of oxygen gas, 10.2 mol CO2 x a Balance the equation. Gils +502 ——> — 3C0) . 410 Using the mole ratio, calculate the moles of wanted substance. 4S mol Coty x SBeiSe- = 22.5 moles Or © Find the molar mass of the of the wanted substance, : 2X 16 wmol ~ 32 g/mol 4. Convert moles of wanted substance to desired unit, > ye 3202 225 mol Ox 2ErL= [72080 (GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2, QUARTERS. WEEK MODULE? BERNASOL,JONAMAET. [EE— ©. Given is the mass =3 sHemass oF CH= 35 grams. Requiedis th amount of HO in moles @ Bolance the equation Gls ~30: —> 300; . so Find the molar m 8 ofthe of the given substance, C:3X 1201 ymol = 3603 8 13 ghmol M:8X 1.01 gimol= 8 08 eimol 363 gimol + 8.08 yimol = 44.38 gimol Convert the mass of the iven substance to desired unit 35g Cs x 2mm Teispaany 0.79 mol CoB @ Us he mole ratio, calculate the mole of the wanted substance Omens xe” [36 metho | D. The given isthe mass of HO = 43 grams. Required isthe amount of CO: in moles a. Balance the equation Gis +50: ——> 30s, gH:0 b Find the molar mass of the of the given substance, H.2X 1.01g/mol = 2.02 gimot 0: 1X 16 g/mol = 16 wmol 2.02/mol + 16 gimol = 18.02 g/mol © Convert the mass of the given substance to desired unit. SEERES, = 2.39 mal 10 4. Using the mole ratio, calculate the mole of the wanted substance 2.39 mol HO ~ 22462 = [1.79 mol CO: Problem Solving ing the Amount and Mass of Substance in a Chemical Reaction Direction; Solve for the given problems below. Write your systematic solutions, 48 g HO x 1. Ifyou dissotve lead (I) nitrate (Pb (NOs):) and potassium iodide (KI) in water (HO) they will eact to form lead (Il) iodide (Pbl:) and potassium nitrate (KNOS). The chemical equation is Pb(NOs):+ KI ——> Pbl+ KNOs A. Calculate the grams of lead({!) iodide that can be produced from 8 moles of potassium iodide B. Caleulate the grams of lead(Ll iodide that can be produced from 95 grams of potassium iodide GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2. QUARTER 3. WEEK 2, MODULE 2. BERNASOL, JONA MAEColligative Properties « concentration of solute moles: ase that ane affected by the concentss ; i essure, increased botling point Colligative properties of solutions ae tl " : ropertes include reduced vapor Pr tons but not by the solute's identity, Colligative p decreased freezing point, and increased osmotic pres ssure. rents, This makes s¢ tions, on the other hand, al to the peties of ther pure solv the properties of solut 's The differences are proportion: Solutions have properties that are very close to the proj because the solvent makes up the majority of the solution, Some of vary from thase of pure solvents in observable and predictable ways ‘of the solution that the solute particles occupy. pereent ‘vapour pressure, the partial In equilibrium with the liquid phase, all pure liquids have a characteristic x: vapor pressure than pure pressure of which varies with temperature, Solutions, on the other hand, have a lowe! pl Solvents, and the sum depends en the fraction of solute particles present, as long as the solute a low apour presure ihe tem non-voatif is sed to describe such solutes) This clligatve property is called vapor pressure depression (or fowering). The actual vapour pressure ofthe solution can be calculated as Follows Prom = Lore? cow sis the ‘where Pain the vapour pressure ofthe solution, zai isthe mole fraction ofthe solvent particles, and Pas ‘vapour pressure of the pure solvent at that temperature, This equation is known as Ruoult’s law. Vapor pressure depression is explained by the assumption that solute particles take the place of solvent particles atthe surface, resulting ma reduction in the numberof solvent particles that ean evaporate, Sample Problem 13 A solution is made by mixing 12.0 grams naphthalene (Cicls) in 38 prams of benzene (CoH). If the vapor pressure of pure CGH is 75.6 torr, what i the vapor pressure ofthe solution? Solution: 1. Pind the molar mass of the substances in the solution. For Cuts C10 X 12.0) gimol = 120.1 g/mol Hi: 8X 1.01 g/mol = 8.08 gmol 120.1 gimol + 8.08 g/mol ~ 128.18 g/mol For Coty €: 6X 1201 g/mol = 72.06 g/mol Hi: 6 X 1.01 g/mol ~ 6.06 gimol 72.06 y/mool + 6.06 mol = 78.12 g/mol Find the amount of the substances in the solution e089 Cats 12g Cute x = 0.094 mol Cols Coble x 0.45 mol Cole (GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2. QUARTER’: WEEK 2, MODULE2, BERNASOL, JONA MAE.en for the tt numberof moles 9.094 mol ~ 0.45 mot = 0.544 mol Calculate the mote fraction of CHL, sin = 85m a 9544 mol Xess = 0,83 Compute forthe vapor pressure ofthe Solution = Hort Paty ~ (0 83) (75.6 torr) Since the vapour pressure lution's vapour pressure mu Point is desentbed as the tem, solution’ property show of solution containing a non-volatile solutes the sa st be increased to exce perature ai Which the liqui "is higher than that of the p lower than that ofa pure s 1.00 atm (760 tre. Remember thatthe normal bi Ws vapour pressure equals 1.00 atm As a re ure solvent. Boiling point elevation isthe name fort ' normal boiling point ‘The chenge in boiling point (47%) is easly calculated AT = mk, | ae where m is the molality of the solution and Ky is charactenstic ofthe solvent Several boiling point elev listed betow Called the boiling point elevation constant, which 1s a ‘ation constants (as well as boing point temperatures) are Boiling Point Data for ious Liguicls Liquid | Boiling Point (°C) | Kb(°Cim)_ Acetic Acid (HCHO2) | 473 | 307 Benzene (CeHe) | 80.1 | 253 “carton Tetrachlonde (CCL) —_| 168 | 498 | Water (11:0) 100 | 0512 r ature, not the current boiling point NOTE: It ts umportant to remember that the change in boiling point temperature, rt boling pin temperature, is whats being measured. To get the boiling point of the solution, calculate the change in boiling point temperature by the boiling point of the pure solvent (boiling point are often elevated). Sample Problem No, 14 ‘What is the boiling point ofthe dichlorobenzene (Ce #sCh) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl) with a3.5 molality (). ‘Assume that dichlorobenzene is not volatile. VA MAE T. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2, QUARTER 3. WEEK 2. MODULE 2. BERNASOL, JONA MAESolutio ea isthe motabty of Ul solution = 3.5 m a Using the equation for t bovling port elevation, Moo mk AT) 3.8m) (4 95°C Im) = 17.328°C NOTE: How the molalty units have cancelled. You have calculated the change in the boiling point temperature, not the final bosling point > Adal this to the normal boiling point of CCl to get the new boiling point ofthe solution Thy = Normal Bosking Point of the solvent+ ATs Tin = 76.8°C + 17.328 °C Tar = 94.128 °C a) The boiling point ofa solution is higher than that of the pure solvent, but the freezing point is the complete opposite A solution's freezing point 1 lower than the pure solvents freezing point Consider the following ‘Scenario: Solute particles interact with solvent particles coming together to form a solid, requiring a lower ‘emperature to solidify the solvent particles. This is referred to asa freezing point depression ‘ihe equation to calculate the change in the freezing point for a solution is similar to the equation for the boiling point elevation f [ ATe= mike where mrs the molality of the solution and Ais called the enistic of the solvent, S eezing point depression constant, which 1s also a ral freezing point depression constants (as well as freezing point temperatures) NOTE: Keep in mind that this equation measures the freezing point change, not the new freezing point Since freezing points often go down, the measured value must be subtracted from the solvent’ usual freezing point Sample Problem No, 15 What isthe freezing point of 1.85 m solution of earbon tetrabromide (CBr) in benzene (Cos)? Solution: ‘he given isthe molality ofthe solution = 1.85 m. 4. We use the equation to calculate the change in the freezing point. lim mks | GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2, QUARTER 3. WEEK 2, MODULE 2. BERNASOL, JONA Mal I.‘Ali= (1.85 m) (4.9 Chm) ATi 9.065 °C Subtract this number from the normal fivezing point of Cela to get the freezing point of the solution Te Nonnal Freezing Point of the Solvent - 7; Tre=5.51°C~9.065 °¢ [hres] Consider the system in the illustration below: A semipermeable membrane separates two solutions having the different concentrations marked Curiously, this situation is nt stable; there isa tendency for water molecules to move from the dilute Side (on the left) to the concentrated side (on the right) until the concentrations are equalized, as iMustrated below. This tendency is called osmosis. In osmosis, the solute remains in its original side ofthe system, only solvent molecules move through the semipermeable membrane. In the end, the two sides of the system will have different volumes, Osmosis tb) (@) Two solutions of differing concentrations are placed on either side ofa semipermeable membrane. (b) When osmosis occurs, solvent molecules selectively pass through the membrane from the dilute solution to the concentrated solution, diluting it until the two concentrations are the same. The pressure exerted by the | eiTerent height ofthe solution onthe right is called the axmatie pressure. The osmotic pressure of a solution is easy to calculate: \where ITis the osmotic pressure of a solution, Mis the molarity ofthe solution, is the ideal gas law constant, and Tis the absolute temperature, This equation is reminiscent of the ideal gas law M=MRT Sample Problem No. 16 Find the osmotic pressure of a 0.45 M solution of glucose (CaHi0s) at 23 °C. Solution: ‘The given are the molarity ofthe CsHlzOs solution = 0.45 M and temperature ofthe solution = 23°C. 1. Convert the temperature to Kelvin. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2. QUARTER 3. WEEK 2, MODULE 2, BERNASOL, JONA MAE T.~ et} + 2 T=9C +273 TH23+27 T= 296K 2. Substitute the equation for osmotic pressure. Recall that the value for constant in Ideal Gas Lavy is 0.08205 L atmimoLK n= er T1= (0.45 M) (0.08205 L atm/mol K.296 K) The units may not make sense until we realize that molarity is defined as moles per Iter. 11= (0.45 mol/l.) (0.08205 L.atnvmol K (296 K) 11= 10.93 atm Problem Solving 7: Find of the Chemical Solu ig the Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point, Freezing Point and Osmotic Pressure ection: Solve forthe given problems below. Write your systematic solutions 1. A solution is made by mixing 35.2 grams glucose (CHO) in 64 gram of water (HO). What is the ‘Vapor pressure ofthe solution if the pressure of pute water 1s 28 torr? ‘ind the boiling point of 7.5 m solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water (H:0)? ‘What isthe freezing point ofa 4.08 m solution of Carbon tetrabromide (CBr) in water (11:0)? Compute for the osmotic pressure of a 0.064 M solution of sucrose (Ci:H:01,) at 60 °C? Points to Ponder A phase diagram is a visual representation of a substance’ physical state asa function of temperature and pressure in a closed system. A\ solution is made up of two parts: the solve (the dissolved material) and the solvent (the liquid in which the solute is dissolved). The concentration isthe quantity of solute ina given amount of solution or solvent ‘The mass/mass percent (percent m/m) is calculated by multiplying the mass ofa solute by the mass of «solution by 100, ‘The volume percent ofa solution is defined as the proportion of the volume of solute present ina solution to the total volume of the solution. ‘The mole fraction of a solute (Nuss) is the number of moles of solute X relative to the total number of moles ina mixture ‘The molarity or molar concentration (M) is expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (mol), Part per million (pmm) isa way of expressing very dilute concentrations of substances. ¥ Stoichiometry isthe study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships ofthe reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations) Colligative properties of solutions are those that are affected by the concentration of solute molecules or ions but not by the solute's identity a. Solutions have a lower vapor pressure than pure solvents, and the sum depends on the fraction of solute particles present, as long asthe solute itself has alow vapour pressure (the term non-volatile is used to describe such solutes) This colligative property is called vapor pressure depression. 'b. The solution's normal boiling point is higher than that of the pure solvent, Boiling point elevation is the name for this colligative property. v v /ENERAL CHEMISTRY 2. QUARTER 3, WEEK 2, MODULE 2, BERNASOL, JONA MAE ESolute particles interact with sotye ee femperature 16 solidi venta artes fy the son Th ung tog r [nosmoNs the solute remanent ties Thisisreteredaes {0,7 8 slid, requiring «lower Mesemiprmede mens ra ee eas eer gens me Incendiary OF the stem wil have different volumes, L A. Concentration of Solutions 1. Find the pereemt by mass of 12 water rams of iron (Il) sulphate (FeSO4) dissolved in 85 grams of 2. Find the percent by ML ot lume OF solution formed by mixing 250 mL of isopropanol ( | Minn Solution formed by mixing 280 mi of isopropanol (CHO) 5.6 grams of r 2 stains of sodium chloride (NaCl) are added to 3580 mL of water (H:0). What is the mole 44, qieton ofthe sodium chloride and of the water ithe solution? Find the molarity ofa solution made when s& rams of potassium sulfate (K2S0:) are diluted 10 a volume of 4250 mL? 5. A solution was made by disolving 800 grams of NaOH in 200 L of water Calculate the ‘molality, mole fraction, mass “% and ppm of NaOH in this solution. ‘The density of water is | gmL. B. Chemical Stoichiometry | Fermentation isa complex chemical process of making wine by converting glucose (Cetl04) {nto ethanol (C:HsOH) and carbon dioxide (COs) Calis ———> HOH + CO: a, Balance the equation - Caleulate the mass of ethanol produced i430 grams of glucose reacts completely © Caleulate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced at STP if 120 grams of tlacose reacts, 4. 1f12.5 moles of ethanol were produced, how many moles of lucose were there in the beginning? 2. Given the following reaction: Na:S:0; + AgBr: ———> NaBr+Nay[Ag(S:0,):) Balance the equation b. How many moles of Na;S:0s are needed to react completely with 42.5 grams of AgBr? ©. What is the mass of NaBr that will be produced from 42,5 grams of AgBr? CC igative Properties of Solution (Ci:H2201) is dissolved |. What isthe vapor pressure of the solution ifa 32 grams of sucrose (Ci ina 175 grams of water FO)? The vapor pressue ofthe water he elavon 81 tm, ¥ GENERAL CHEMIST QUANTFR 3 WEEKT NODULED BERNAGOIJONANAFind the boiling point ofthe carbon tetrabromide (CBra) in benzene (Cate) (m), Assume that carbon tetrabromide is not volatile, with a2.8 molaliys 3. What is the freezing point ofa 4.8 m solution of glucose (Cit t0s) in water (1120)? 4. Find the osmotie pressure ofa 0.54 M solution of sucrose (CisHla10n) at 45 °C? MW, Essay. A. Direction: Explain the phase diagrams below. a, Water Phase Diagram me OUD WATER a ie o%"uawowarer : $100 ja @ Oe : Ca} @ o-o ¢* m0 mm to wow 4 5 0 0 Teer Temmpeatvel ” . Carbon Dioxide Phase Diagram 130 120 = 100 é co,9 coyty = eo a. Compa 40 * Tike pont coxa) 0 BSC Nam o 8-60 -40 2 0 ww 4 Temperature (C) GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2. QUARTER 3. WEEK 2, MODULE 2, BERNASOL, JONA MAE, |= Su. 1 the Table. Direction: Fill in the table with the differen concentration on each property. olligative properties of solution. Desribe the effect of Colligative Property iss BOOKS ‘Apodaca Dahlia. (2017). Diwa Senior High School Series: General Chemistry 2. Makati City. Diwa Learning System Ine. WEBSITES Phase Diagrams, (2020). Retrieved from binsichem libretexts ore/BookshelvesiG all Solution Concentration ~ Mass Percent. (2018) Retrieved from Concentrations: Percent Volume. (2020). Retrieved from ups, ‘chem hibretests orw/Courses' Heartland Community College/CHEM 120%3A Fundamentals of EROTOTITy Molar Mass, Retrieved from htips:/‘co GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2. QUARTER 3. WEEK 2. MODULE 2, BERNASOL, JONA MAE E