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Physics 8.07: Electromagnetism II November 15, 2012
Prof. Alan Guth
QUIZ 2
Reformatted to Remove Blank Pages∗
1 25
2 35
3 20
Your Name Recitation
4 10
5 10
TOTAL 100
∗
A few clarifications that were posted on the blackboard during the quiz are incorpo-
rated here into the text.
8.07 QUIZ 2, FALL 2012 p. 2
d ln
∂V
∇2 V + =0 (2.2)
dr ∂r
for all r , as a consequence of the laws of electrostatics.
(b) (4 points) Explain why the solution can be written as
∞
V (r, θ) = V (r){ ẑi1 . . . ẑi } r̂i1 . . . r̂i , (2.3a)
=0
8.07 QUIZ 2, FALL 2012 p. 3
where { . . . } denotes the traceless symmetric part of . . . , and P (cos θ) is the Leg-
endre polynomial. (Your answer here should depend only on general mathematical
principles, and should not rely on the explicit solution that you will find in parts (c)
and (d).)
(c) (9 points) Derive the ordinary differential equation obeyed by V (r) (separately for
r < R and r > R) and give its two independent solutions in each region. Hint: they
are powers of r. You may want to know that
d dP (cos θ)
sin θ = −( + 1) sin θP (cos θ) . (2.4)
dθ dθ
The relevant formulas for the traceless symmetric tensor formalism are in the formula
sheets.
(d) (9 points) Using appropriate boundary conditions on V (r, θ) at r = 0, r = R, and
r → ∞, determine V (r, θ) for r < R and r > R.
(e) (4 points) What is the net dipole moment of the polarized sphere?
Consider a uniformly magnetized infinite circular cylinder, of radius R, with its axis
coinciding with the z axis. The magnetization inside the cylinder is M = M0 ẑ.
r ) everywhere in space.
(a) (5 points) Find H(
r ) everywhere in space.
(b) (5 points) Find B(
Compare the electric field of a uniformly polarized sphere with the magnetic field of
a uniformly magnetized sphere; in each case the dipole moment per unit volume points
along ẑ. Multiple choice: which of the following is true?
(a) The E and B
field lines point in the same direction both inside and outside the
spheres.
(b) The E and B field lines point in the same direction inside the spheres but in opposite
directions outside.
and B
(c) The E field lines point in opposite directions inside the spheres but in the
same direction outside.
(d) The E and B
field lines point in opposite directions both inside and outside the
spheres.
No justification needed. (But if you give a justification, there is a chance that you might
get partial credit for an incorrect answer.)
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012 p. 5
Index Notation:
·B
A = Ai Bi , ×B
A i =
ijk Aj Bk ,
ijk
pqk = δip δjq − δiq δjp
det A =
i1 i2 ···in A1,i1 A2,i2 · · · An,in
Rotation of a Vector:
Ai = Rij Aj , Orthogonality: Rij Rik = δjk (RT T = I)
j=1 j=2 j=3
i=1 cos φ − sin φ 0
Rotation about z-axis by φ: Rz (φ)ij = i=2
sin φ cos φ 0
i=3 0 0 1
Rotation about axis n̂ by φ:∗∗∗
R(n̂, φ)ij = δij cos φ + n̂i n̂j (1 − cos φ) −
ijk n̂k sin φ .
Vector Calculus:
ϕ)i = ∂i ϕ , ∂
Gradient: (∇ ∂i ≡
∂xi
Divergence: ∇ · A ≡ ∂i A i
Curl: × A)
(∇ i =
ijk ∂j Ak
∂ 2ϕ
Laplacian: ∇ ϕ=∇
· (∇
2 ϕ) =
∂xi ∂xi
Fundamental Theorems of Vector Calculus:
b
Gradient: ϕ · d = ϕ(b)
∇ − ϕ(a)
a
Divergence: ∇
·A
d x=
3 · da
A
V S
where S is the boundary of V
Curl: (∇ × A) · da =
· d
A
S P
where P is the boundary of S
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012 p. 6
Delta Functions:
ϕ(x)δ(x − x ) dx = ϕ(x ) , ϕ(r )δ 3 (r − r ) d3 x = ϕ(r )
d dϕ
ϕ(x) δ(x − x ) dx = −
dx dx
x=x
δ(x − xi )
δ(g(x)) = , g(xi ) = 0
i
|g (xi )|
r −
r 1
∇
·
= −∇2 = 4πδ 3 (r − r )
|r − r | 3 |r − r |
x
r̂j j 1 δij − 3r̂i r̂j 4π
∂i 2
≡ ∂i 3 = −∂i ∂j = 3
+ δij δ 3 (r)
r r r r 3
ˆ − d
· 3(d · r)r̂
∇ = −
8π 3
(d · ∇)δ (r )
r3 3
× 3(d · r̂)r̂ − d = − 4π d × ∇
∇ δ 3 (r )
r 3 3
Electrostatics:
F = qE , where
1 (r − r ) qi 1 (r − r )
E(r ) = = r ) d3 x
3 ρ(
4π
0 i |r − r |3 4π
0
|r − r |
0 =permittivity of free space = 8.854 × 10−12 C2 /(N·m2 )
1
= 8.988 × 109 N·m2 /C2
4π
0
r
1 ρ(r ) 3
V (r ) = V (r 0 ) − E(r ) · d =
d x
r0 4π
0 |r − r |
∇
·E = ρ , ∇
×E = 0, = −∇
E V
0
ρ
∇2 V = − (Poisson’s Eq.) , ρ = 0 =⇒ ∇2 V = 0 (Laplace’s Eq.)
0
Laplacian Mean Value Theorem (no generally accepted name): If ∇2 V = 0, then
the average value of V on a spherical surface equals its value at the center.
Energy:
1 1 qi qj 1 1 ρ(r )ρ(r )
W = = d3 x d3 x
2 4π
0 rij 2 4π
0 |r − r |
ij
i=j
1 1
2 3
W = 3
d xρ(r )V (r ) =
0
E
d x
2 2
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012 p. 7
Conductors:
= σ n̂
Just outside, E
0
2 σ |E|outside
1
Pressure on surface:
Two-conductor system with charges Q and −Q: Q = CV , W = 12 CV 2
N isolated conductors:
Vi = Pij Qj , Pij = elastance matrix, or reciprocal capacitance matrix
j
Qi = Cij Vj , Cij = capacitance matrix
j
a a2
Image charge in sphere of radius a: Image of Q at R is q = − Q, r =
R R
Azimuthal Symmetry:
∞
B
V (r ) = A r + +1 { ẑi1 . . . ẑi } r̂i1 . . . rˆi
r
=0
where { . . . } denotes the traceless symmetric part of . . . .
Special cases:
{1} = 1
{ ẑi } = ẑi
{ ẑi ẑj } = ẑi ẑj − 13 δij
{ ẑi ẑj ẑk } = ẑi ẑj ẑk − 1
ẑi δjk + ẑj δik + ẑk δij
5
{ ẑi ẑj ẑk ẑm } = ẑi ẑj ẑk ẑm − 17 ẑi ẑj δkm + ẑi zˆk δmj + ẑi ẑm δjk + ẑj ẑk δim
1
+ ẑj ẑm δik + ẑk ẑm δij + 35 δij δkm + δik δjm + δim δjk
2π π
Orthonormality: dφ sin θ dθ Y∗ m (θ, φ) Ym (θ, φ) = δ δm m
0 0
Azimuthal Symmetry:
∞
B
V (r ) = A r + +1 P (cos θ)
r
=0
dip (r ) = − 1 ∇ p · r̂ 1 3(p · r̂)r̂ − p 1
E = − pi δ 3 (r )
4π
0 r2 4π
0 r 3 3
0
×E
∇ dip (r ) = 0 , dip (r ) = 1 ρdip (r ) = − 1 p · ∇
·E
∇ δ 3 (r )
0
0
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012 p. 9
where
() (2 − 1)!!
Ci1 ...i = ρ(r ) { xi1 . . . xi } d3 x (r ≡ rrˆ ≡ xi eˆi )
!
∞
(2 − 1)!! r
1
= { r̂i1 . . . r̂i } r̂i1 . . . r̂i , for r < r
|r − r | ! r +1
=0
(2)!
(2 − 1)!! ≡ (2 − 1)(2 − 3)(2 − 5) . . . 1 = , with (−1)!! ≡ 1 .
2 !
Reminder: { . . . } denotes the traceless symmetric part of . . . .
Griffiths version:
∞
1 1
r ρ(r )P (cos θ ) d3 x
V (r ) = +1
4π
0 r
=0
where θ = angle between r and r .
∞
r ∞
1 1
= <
P (cos θ ) ,
+1
√ = λ P (x)
|r − r | r> 1 − 2λx + λ2
=0 =0
1 d
P (x) = (x2 − 1) , (Rodrigues’ formula)
2 ! dx
1
2
P (1) = 1 P (−x) = (−1) P (x) dx P (x)P (x) = δ
−1 2 + 1
∞
1 4π r ∗
= Y (θ , φ )Ym (θ, φ) , for r < r
|r − r | 2 + 1 r +1 m
=0 m=−
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012 p. 10
Electric Dipoles:
p = d3 x ρ(r ) r
r δ 3 (r − r d ) , where r d = position of dipole
ρdip (r ) = −p · ∇
= (p · ∇)E
F = ∇(p · E) (force on a dipole)
= p × E (torque on a dipole)
U = −p · E
Magnetostatics:
Magnetic Force:
F = dp ,
+ v × B)
= q (E where p = γm0v , γ=
1
dt 1− v2
c2
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012 p. 11
=
F Id × B
= J × B
d3 x
Current Density:
Current through a surface S: IS = J · da
S
∂ρ
Charge conservation: = −∇
· J
∂t
Moving density of charge: J = ρv
Biot-Savart Law:
µ0 d × (r − r ) µ0 K(r ) × (r − r )
B(r ) = I = da
4π |r − r |3 4π |r − r |3
µ0 J(r ) × (r − r ) 3
= d x
4π |r − r |3
where µ0 = permeability of free space ≡ 4π × 10−7 N/A2
Examples:
= µ0 I φ̂
Infinitely long straight wire: B
2πr
Infintely long tightly wound solenoid: B = µ0 nI0 ẑ , where n = turns per
unit length
0, z) = µ0 IR2
Loop of current on axis: B(0, ẑ
2(z 2 + R2 )3/2
r ) = 1 µ0 K
Infinite current sheet: B( × n̂ , n̂ = unit normal toward r
2
Vector Potential:
r )
r )coul = µ0
A(
J(
d3 x , =∇
B ×A
, ∇
·A
coul = 0
4π |r − r |
∇
·B
= 0 (Subject to modification if magnetic monopoles are discovered)
(r ) = A(
Gauge Transformations: A r ) + ∇Λ(
r ) for any Λ(r ). B
=∇
×A
is
unchanged.
Ampère’s Law:
∇
×B
= µ0 J , or equivalently · d = µ0 Ienc
B
P
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012 p. 12
r ) = µ0 m × r̂
Leading term (dipole): A( ,
4π r 2
where
1 (1)
mi = −
ijk Mj;k
2
1 1
m
= I r × d = d3 x r × J = Ia ,
2 P 2
where a = da for any surface S spanning P
S
Magnetic Monopoles:
r ) = µ0 qm r̂ ;
B( Force on a static monopole: F = qm B
4π r 2
Angular momentum of monopole/charge system: L = µ0 qe qm r̂ , where r̂ points
4π
from qe to qm
µ0 qe qm 1
Dirac quantization condition: = h̄ × integer
4π 2
Connection Between Traceless Symmetric Tensors and Legendre Polynomials
or Spherical Harmonics:
(2)!
P (cos θ) = { ẑi1 . . . ẑi } n̂i1 . . . n̂i
2 (!)2
For m ≥ 0,
(,m)
Ym (θ, φ) = Ci1 ...i n̂i1 . . . n̂i ,
(,m)
where Ci1 i2 ...i = dm { û+ +
ˆim+1 . . . ẑi } ,
i1 . . . ûim z
(−1)m (2)! 2m (2 + 1)
with dm = ,
2 ! 4π ( + m)! ( − m)!
1
and û+ = √ (êx + iêy )
2
∗
Form m < 0, Y,−m (θ, φ) = (−1)m Ym (θ, φ)
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012 p. 14
Legendre Polynomials:
1
l=0 Y00 =
4π
3
Y11 = - sin θeiφ
8π
l=1
3
Y10 = cos θ
4π
1 15
Y22 = sin2 θe2iφ
4 2π
15
l=2 Y21 = - sin θ cosθeiφ
8π
5
Y20 = ( 32 cos2θ 1
2
)
4π
1 35
Y33 = - sin3 θe3iφ
4 4π
1 105
Y32 = sin2 θ cos θe2iφ
4 2π
l=3
1 21
Y31 = - sinθ (5cos2θ -1)eiφ
4 4π
Y30 = 7
( 5 cos3θ 3
cos θ)
4π 2 2
8.07 Electromagnetism II
Fall 2012
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