Submitted by: Fatima Mehmood

Submitted to: Sir Tayyab Habib

Course Name: cognitive Psychology

Mid Term Paper

1. Define In attentional Blindness with 2 examples
Inattentional blindness also known as perceptual blindness. It is a
psychological lack of attention. Inattentional blindness is a failure
to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
Actually you are concentrating on one thing so your attention is
focused on one aspect. By paying attention to a particular stimulus
everything else around you might be lost on you. For example
 You are driving a car and you are just focusing on the roads
and signs boards which mean you have no idea what is
happening around you and you missed a lot of things.
 Even when you are using your mobile phones you have no
idea what is happening around you because might be you are
busy on texting or playing games.
Inattentional blindness can be dangerous for bikers, cyclists
because these distractions preoccupy people’s minds and they
mentally cannot present and they don’t know what they see.
2.What is difference between Hectic & Echoic Memory,
define with example
echoic memory is a sensory memory for sounds like 3 to 4 seconds. It is
ability to understand language because we need to keep sounds in our
memory. For example:
when your very busy at doing your work for your coming annual
meeting then your friends asks you a question, at that moment you may
feel like you did not get the question so you ask the person what do you
say, right after asking that question you may realize that you know what
the question is.
Haptic memory is also known as tactile memory. Haptic memory is the
branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch (memory that is
you can feel something by touching) the example is what a apple or any
object feels like.
3.How we learn through classical conditioning , define with example
It is discovered by Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov. He studied digestion
and accidently discovered learning through experience. Classical
conditioning is a process of learning through association. For example:
When you come home wearing a nimaz cap, you took your child to the
masjid for namaz. So, whenever your child sees you with that cap, he is
excited because he has associated your nimaz cap with a trip to masjid.
4.What is comparator & Dual-Factor Theory define in detail with
examples
Dual-factor theory of habituation suggest that there are underlying
neutral processes. Our brain decides for us what we don’t need to worry
about what banging noise because we have more things which to focus
our attention.
Studying in a room and someone is watching tv first face direction then
ignore the sound.
Comparator theory of habituation suggests that our brain creates a model
of the expected things. For example:
Hearing a sound again and again and start hating or ignoring it