Solution Manual 3rd 

Ed. Metal Forming: Mechanics and Metallurgy

Chapter 1

Determine the principal stresses for the stress state

10 −3 4

σ  ij = −3 5 2.

4 2 7

Solution: I1 = 1!"!#=3$% I$ = &'"!3"!#( !) !* !1+ = &1$+% I3 = 3" &*, &* &,
&+3 = 11)- σ   $$σ$ &1$+σ &11) = . / trial and error solution gi0es σ &= 13.*.
3

Factoring out 13.*% σ $ &,.)+σ ! ).1+ = . Sol0ing- σ1  = 13.*% σ2 = #.#,"% σ3 =
1.1#".

1&$ / "&cm. "&cm. diamet

diameterer solid
solid shaft is simul
simultane
taneousl
ouslyy su2ect
su2ected
ed to
to an aial
aial load
load of
of , 45
and a tor6ue of * 5m.
a. Determine the principal stresses at the surface assuming elastic eha0ior.
 . Find the
the largest shear
shear stress.
Solution: a. 7he shear stress% τ% at a radius% r% is τ  = τsr89 here τsis the shear stress
stress at the
surface 9 is the radius of the rod. 7he tor6ue% 7% is gi0en y 7 = ;$<tr  dr = '$<τs 89(;r 3dr =
$

<τs9 38$. Sol0ing for = τs% τs = $78'<9 3( = $'*5(8'<.$"3( = 1+ Ma

7he aial stress is .,M58'<.$"$( = *.# Ma
σ1%σ$ = *.#8$ > ?'*.#8$($ ! '1+8$($(@18$ = 1.$)% &.+$$ Ma
 . the largest
largest shear stress
stress is '1.$$) ! .+$$(8$ = .)$" MaMa

/ long thin&all tue% capped on oth ends is su2ected to internal pressure. During elastic
loading% does the tue length increase% decrease or remain constantA
Solution: Bet y = hoop direction%  = aial direction% and  = radial direction.  
e = e$ = '18E([σ - υ( σ3 + σ1(@ = '18E(?σ$ - υ'$σ$(@ = 'σ$8E('1&$υ)
Since u  18$ for metals% e  = e$ is positi0e and the tue lengthens.

* / sol
solid
id $&cm
$&cm.. dia
diame
mete
terr rod
rod is su2
su2ec
ecte
tedd to
to a tens
tensil
ilee for
force
ce of * 45.
45. /n
/n ide
ident
ntic
ical
al
rod is su2ected to a fluid pressure of 3" Ma and then to a tensile force of * 45. hich
rod eperiences the largest shear stressA
Solution: 7he shear stresses in oth are identical ecause a hydrostatic pressure has no
shear component.

1&" Consider
Consider a long
long thin&
thin&all
all%% " cm
cm in
in diame
diameter
ter tue%
tue% ith
ith a all
all thic4ne
thic4ness
ss of .$" mm
that is capped on oth ends.
ends. Find the three principal stresses hen it is loaded under a
tensile force of * 5 and an internal pressure of $ 4a.
Solution: σ = D8*t ! F8'<Dt( = 1$.$ Ma
σy = D8$t = $. Ma
σy = 

1
 1&+ 7hree strain gauges are mounted on the surface of a part. auge / is parallel to the
&ais and gauge C is parallel to the y&ais. 7he third gage% G% is at 3H to gauge /. hen
the part is loaded the gauges read
auge / 31&+
auge G 3" 1&+
auge C 1 1&+
a. Find the 0alue of γ  xy.
 . Find the principal strains in the plane of the surface.
c. S4etch the Mohrs circle diagram.
Solution: Bet the G gauge e on the  ais% the / gauge on the &ais and the C gauge on
l x % here l  x x = cose x = 3 = J38$ and l ′ = cos
2  2
the y&ais. e ′′
 x 
 x = e
 x l  x 
x  ′′
 x + e y
y l  xy+
′ γ 
 x
y l xx 
′ ′ ′  x y

+ = K. Sustituting the measured strains%

3" = 3'J$83($  1'18$($ ! γ y'J38$('18$(
γ y = '*8J38$(L3"&?3−'1'J38$( $!1'18$($@ = $%3) '1&+(
 . e1%e$ = 'e !ey(8$> ?'e&ey($ ! γ y$@18$8$ = '3!1(8$ > ?'3&1($ !
$3)$@18$8$ .e1 = 3"3'1&+(% e$ = *#'1&+(% e3 = .
c(
γ/2

εx

ε2 2θ=60° ε1 ε
εx’

εy

Find the principal stresses in the part of prolem 1&+ if the elastic modulus of the part is
$" a and oissonss ratio is .$).
Solution: e3 =  = '18E(? & ν  'σ1!σ$(@% σ1 = σ$
e1 = '18E('σ1 & ν σ1(- σ1 = Ee18'1&ν ( = $"1)'3"31&+(8'1&.$)$( = #) Ma

1
Sho that the true strain after elongation may e epressed as ε  ln(
= ) here r  is the
1 r 
−

1
reduction of area. ε  = ln( ).
1 r 
−

Solution: r = '/o&/1(8/o =1  /18/o = 1  Bo8B1. ε = ln?18'1&r(@

/ thin sheet of steel% 1&mm thic4% is ent as descried in Eample 1&11. /ssuming that E  =
is $" a and ν  = .$)% ρ = $. m and that the neutral ais doesnt shift.
a. Find the state of stress on most of the outer surface.
 . Find the state of stress at the edge of the outer surface.

$
  E
t 
Solution: a. Sustituting E = $"1)% t = .1% ρ = $. and ν  = .$) into σ  
 x  =
2
2 ρ (1 ν  )
−

 E
ν t 
and σ  
 y =
2 % σ = "+ Ma% % σy = 1+.$ Ma
2 ρ (1 ν  )
−

 Et 
ν 
 . 5o σy = % so σ  y =  = "1 Ma
2
 ρ 

1&1 For an aluminum sheet% under plane stress loading ε = .3 and ε  y = .1.
/ssuming that E  = is +, a and ν = .3% find ε.
2
Solution: ey = '18E('σy&ν σy(% e = '18E('σ  ν Εe  y  ν  σ(. Sol0ing for σ%
2 2
σ = ?E8'1&ν  (@ey ! ν ey(. Similarly% σy = ?E8'1&ν  (@'ey ! ν e(. Sustituting into
2 2
e = '18E('&ν σy&ν σy( = '&ν  8E('E8'1&ν  (?ey ! ν ey! ey ! ν e ( = ?&ν (1+ ν )/ 8'1&ν  (@'ey ! ey( =
.$)'&1.$)8.)1+('.*( = &.1+3

1&11 / piece of steel is elastically loaded under principal stresses% σ 1 = 3 Ma% σ$ =
$" Ma and σ 3 = &$ Ma. /ssuming that E  = is $" a and ν  = .$) find the stored
elastic energy per 0olume.
Solution:  = '18$('σ1e1 ! σ$e$ ! σ3e3(. Sustituting e1 = '18E(?σ1 & ν (σ$ ! σ3(@%
e$ = '18E(?σ$ & ν (σ3 ! σ1(@ and e3 = '18E(?σ3 & ν (σ1 ! σ$(@%
 = 18'$E(?σ1$ ! σ$$ ! σ3$ & $ν (σ$σ3!σ3σ1!σ1σ$(@ =
'18'$$"1)(?3$ !$"$ ! $$ '$.$)('&$$"  3$" ! $"!3(@11$ =
*N8m3

1.1$ / sla of metal is su2ected to plane&strain deformation 'e$=( such

that σ 1 = * 4si and σ 3 = . /ssume that the loading is elastic and
that E  = is $" a and ν  = .$) '5ote the mied units.( Find
a. the three normal strains.
 . the strain energy per 0olume.
Solution:  = '18$('σ1e1 ! σ$e$ ! σ3e3( = '18$('σ1e1 !  ! ( = σ1e18$
σ1 = *4si'+.,)Ma84si( = $#+ Ma
 = e$ = '18E(?σ$ &ν σ1@% σ$ =ν σ1 = .$)$#+ = , Ma
e1 = '18E('σ1 &ν σ$( ='18$"13(?$#+&.$)',(@ = .1$1
 = '$#+1+('.1$1(8$ = 1+# 4N8m3

Chapter $

a( If the principal stresses on a material ith a yield stress in shear of $ Ma are σ 2 =
1#" Ma and σ 1 = 3" Ma.% hat is the stress% σ3% at yielding according to the 7resca
criterionA
 ( If the stresses in 'a( ere compressi0e% hat tensile stress σ 3 must e applied to cause
yielding according to the 7resca criterionA

3
 Solution: a( σ1 & σ3 = $4% σ3 = $4  σ1 = * & 3" = " Ma.
 ( σ3 = $4  σ1 = *  '3"( = " Ma

Consider a +&cm diameter tue ith 1&mm thic4 all ith closed ends made from a metal
ith a tensile yield strength of $" Ma. /fter applying a compressi0e load of $ 5 to the
ends. hat internal pressure is re6uired to cause yielding according to a( the 7resca
criterion. ( the 0on Mises criterionA
Solution: a( 7he ratio of the tue diameter to all thic4ness is 0ery large% so it can e treated as a thin
all tue. 7he stress caused y the pressure can e found y & and y& direction force alances.
 From pressure% σ = d8'$t( = + and σy = d8'*t( = 3. 7he stress caused y the aial load is σy =
F8'dt( = &$58?<'.+('.1(@= &1.+ Ma% so the total stress% σy = 3 &1.+ Ma
a( σ = + = σma is the largest stress% σy = 3 &1.+ Ma and σz = . 7here are to
 possiilities hich must e chec4ed.
i. If  σ  σy% σ = σmin% yielding ill occur hen +& = O% or =O8+ =$"8+ = .*1+ Ma
ii. If  σy  σ% σy = σmin% and yielding ill occur hen
+&'3&1.+( = O% or 3 = O ! 1.+%  = 'O!1.+(83 = 3".+83 = 1.11,# Ma
Oielding ill occur hen the smaller of the to 0alues is reached% and therefore the smaller one is
appropriate.  = .*1" Ma
 ( Sustituting into e6. $&# 'in Ma(%
$'$"($ = ?+&'3 &1.+(@$ !?'3 &1.+(&@$ ! ?&+@$
1$" = "*$ ! $$*% p = .*3+ Ma

$&3 Consider a ." m&diameter cylindrical pressure 0essel ith hemispherical ends
made from a metal for hich k  = " Ma. If no section of the pressure 0essel is to yield
under an internal pressure of 3" Ma% hat is the minimum all thic4ness according to a(
the 7resca criterionA ( the 0on Mises criterionA
Solution: / force alance in the hemispherical ends gi0es σ ' =σy( = D8'*t(.
/ force alance in the cylindrical section gi0es σ  = D8'$t(. σy = D8'*t( so this section
has the greatest stress.
a. σma & σmin = $4% D8$t   = $4% t = D8'*4( = 3"'."(8'*"( = ,.#" mm
 . 'σ8$ & ($ ! ' & σ($! 'σ &σ8$($ = +4 $% '38$(σ$ = +4 $% σ = $4 = D8'$t(% t = D8'*4(
hich is identical to part a. t = ,.#" mm
2 2
=
ε  2
(ε 
 x  + y )/ 
ε 

$&* / thin&all tue is su2ected to comined tensile and torsional loading. Find the
relationship eteen the aial stress% σ % the shear stress% τ % and the tensile yield strength% Y %
to cause yielding according to a( the 7resca criterion% ( the 0on Mises criterion.
Solution: a( σ  ,
σ 
1 2
=
σ  /2 ±(  /
σ 2 ) + If σ 
2
 /2 −( σ   /2) +  P % σmin = % so the
2

7resca criterion predicts yielding hen σ   /2±( σ   /2

2
)+ τ 
2
= . If σ  /2 −( σ  /2)+ 
2

% σmin = − (σ   /2 ) +τ % so the 7resca criterion predicts yielding hen 2 (σ 
2 2
 /2
2
) +τ 
2

$ 2 $ 18$
 ( L$?σ  /2−( σ  /2) + @ !? 2 (σ 
2
 /2) +τ @   = J$O!
2

*
 Consider a plane&strain compression test ith a compressi0e load% F  y% a strip idth% w% an
indenter idth% b% and a strip thic4ness% t . Qsing the 0on Mises criterion% find:
a( ε as a function of ε  y.
 ( σ as a function of σ  y.
c( an epression for the or4 per 0olume in terms of ε  y and σ  y.
d( an epression in the form of σ  y = f(K,ε  y ,n) assuming σ  = K  .
2 2
Solution: a. If ε = % εy = & e ε 
= 2 (ε 
 x  +  y )/  = = 1.1"* εy
ε 

 . σ = % σ = &'18$(σy- σ 

=(1
/2)
[
(σ  −
 y σ 
 /
 y
2
2
)+ (σ 
 y
 /2 − 0
2
)+ (
0 −
σ ) = σy81.1"*
 y
2

c.  = ;σydεy
d. σ  )= '*83(n!18$ ey
n
 y=4 /3σ  =4 /3K 
ε =4/3 (4
K  /3)ε 
 y

$&+ 7he folloing yield criterion has een proposed: ROielding ill occur hen the sum of
the to largest shear stresses reaches a critical 0alue. R Stated mathematically
( σ1  - σ 3 ) + ( σ1  - σ $ ) = C  if ( σ1  - σ $ ) > ( σ$  - σ 3 ) or ( σ$  - σ 3 ) + ( σ1  - σ $ ) = C  if ( σ1  - σ $ ) ≤ ( σ$  -
σ 3 ) here σ 1 > σ $ > σ 3 , C = 2Y and Y = tensile yield strength.
a( Is this criterion satisfactory for an isotropic solid here O is insensiti0e to pressureA
Nustify your anser.
 ( lot the σ =  yield locus. S4etch the 7resca yield locus on the same plot
c( here σ  = % find the 0alues of σ  and σ y for
i. plane strain% ε  = % ith ε  > 
ii. aisymmetric flo ith ε y = ε  = ε 8$ and ε  > 
Solution: a( Yes. The value of the left hand sides are not affected if each principal stress is increased
the same amount.
b) First find the constant C. Consider an x-direction tension test. At yielding, σx = σ1 = Y,
σy = σz = σ2 = σ3 = 0. 7herefore (σ1 - σ2)> (σ2 - σ3) so criterion I applies% and C = (σ1 -
σ3) + (σ1 - σ2) = 2Y. 7herefore C = 2Y.
e can also thin4 aout an &direction compression test. /t yielding% σx = σ3 = -Y, σy = σz = σ2
= σ3 = 0 . 7herefore (σ2 - σ3)>(σ1 - σ2)> so criterion II applies% and C = (σ1 - σ3) + (σ2 -
σ3( = &'&$O( or again C = $O.
 5o consider se0eral loading paths:
In region A, σx = σ1, σy = σ2, σz= σ3 = 0 and σx >2σy so (σ1 - σ3) >(σ1 - σ2)
7herefore criterion I, (σx - 0) + (σx - σy) = $O, or σx = Y + σy/2
In region B, σx = σ1, σy = σ2, σz= σ3 = 0 ut σx <2σy so (σ1 - σ3)<(σ1 - σ2)
7herefore criterion II, (σx - 0) + (σy - 0) = 2Y, or σx = 2Y - σy
In region C, σy = σ1, σx= σ2, σz= σ3 = 0 ut σy <2σx so (σ1 - σ3)<(σ1 - σ2)
7herefore criterion II, (σy - 0) + (σx - 0) = 2Y, or σy = 2Y - σx

"
 In region D, σy = σ1, σx = σ2, σz= σ3 = 0 and σy >2σx so (σ1 - σ2) >(σ2 - σ3)
7herefore criterion I, (σy - 0) + (σy - σx) = 2Y, or σy = Y + σx/2
In region E, σx = σ1, σy = σ3, σz= σ2 = 0 and (σ1 - σ2) >(σ2 - σ3)
7herefore criterion I, (σx - 0) + (σx - σy) = 2Y, or σx = Y + σy/2
In region f, σx = σ1, σy = σ3, σz= σ2 = 0 so (σ1 - σ2) >(σ2 - σ3)
7herefore criterion I, (σx - 0) + (σx - σy) = 2Y, or σx = Y + σy/2
lotting these in the appropriate regions% and using symmetry to construct the left hand half 

!) i. For plane strain (εy = 0) and εx > 0, 7he normal to the locus is at the corner eteen  A
and B regions. Goth σx = Y + σy/2 and σx = 2Y - σy must e satisfied. Sol0ing
simultaneously% σx = ("/3)Y  ut σy = (2/3)Y
##. Axisymmetric flow with εy = εz = -(1/2)εx ith εx > 0, is satisfied e0eryhere in
9egion I, so σx = Y + σy/2, ith (2/3)Y $ σx $ ("/3)

$&# Consider the stress states

15 3 0 10 3 0

3 10 0  and 3 5 0.

0 0 5 0 0 0

a( Find σ m for each.

 ( Find the de0iatoric stress in the normal directions for each
c( hat is the sum of the de0iatoric stresses for eachA
Solution: a( '1" ! 1 ! "(83 = 1 and '1 ! " ! (83 = "
 ( 1"  1 = "% 1&1 =  "  1 = &" and 1&" = "% "&" = % &" = &"
c( 7he sum of the de0iatoric stresses oth = .

+
$&, / thin all tue ith closed ends is made from steel ith a yield strength of $"
Ma. 7he tue is $ m. long ith a all thic4ness of $ mm. and a diameter of , cm. In
ser0ice it ill eperience an aial load of , 45 and a tor6ue of $.# 5m. hat is the
maimum internal pressure it can ithstand ithout yielding according to a( the 7resca
criterion% ( the 0on Mises criterionA
Solution: D8t = * so this can e regarded as a thin&all tue. For this solution% stresses
ill e epressed in 4si.
F8/ = $8'<dt( = $8'<3."( = *.$** 4si
7 = τ'<dt('d8$(- τ = $78'<d$t( = $$.8'<3$."( = $.,$) 4si
σ = d8'$t(% σy = d8'*t( ! *.$** = σx8$ ! /% here / = *.$** 4si
a) For Mises, substituting σz = τ xy = τyz = τzx = 0 into the yield criterion, Eq. (2-12)

2Y2 = (σy - σz)2 + (σz - σx)2 + (σx - σy)2 + +ty$

2 Y2 = σ $ 2 2 2 2 2 2
y + σ x + (σ x − σ y) + 6τ xy = 2 [ σ y  − σ xσy+ σ x ] + 6τ xy
O2 = σ y2  − σ σy + σ x2 + 3τ y2
Sustituting σy = σ8$ ! /%
  σ8$ ! /T U$ & σ
 8$ ! /T Uσ !σ! 3τy$ & O$ = 
σ$'18* &18$ ! 1( ! σ'/ & /( ! '/$ ! 3τy$& O$( = 
'38*(σ$ ! '/$ ! 3τy$& O$( = 
σ$ ! G =  here G = '*83('/$ ! 3τy$& O$(
Substituting G = '*83('*.$**$ ! 3$.,$)T$& $$( = &$.),
σ$ = $.),% σ = *".,% σ = d8'$τ(%
 = '$τ8d(s = *".,'$."83( = 1."$, 4si
b) For Tresca, we must find the principal stresses.
σ1%$ = 'σ ! σy(8$ > '18$(?'σ & σy($ ! *τy$@18$
Sustituting σy = σ8$ !/%
σ1%$ = '38*(σ ! /8$ > '18$(?'σ8$ & /($ ! *τy$@18$ = '38*(σ ! /8$ > '18$(?σ$8* & /sσ ! /$ !
*τy$@18$
σ1 = '38*(σ ! /8$ ! '18$(?σ$8* & /σ ! /$ ! *τy$@18$
σ$ = '38*(σ ! /8$ & '18$(?σ$8* & /σ ! /$ ! *τy$@18$
7here are to possiilities: σ$ P % and σ$  .
1st assume that s$ P . 7hen σ1 &  = O%
'38*(σ ! /8$ ! '18$(?σ$8* & /σ ! /$ ! *τy$@18$ = O
'38*(σ ! /8$ ! '18$(?σ$8* & /σ ! /$ ! *τy$@18$ = O
'38*(σ ! *.$**8$ ! '18$(?σ$8* & *.$**σ ! *.$**$ ! *$.,$)T$@18$ = *

#
 '38$(σ ! *.$** ! ?σ$8* & *.$**σ ! *).,""@18$ = ,
?σ$8* & *.$**σ ! *).,""@18$ = #".#"+ &'38$(σ$
σ$8* & *.$**σ ! *).,""@ = ?#".#"+ &'38$(σ@$ = "#3,.) &$$#.$+σ !$.$"σ$
σ$?.$" & $.$"@ ! ?&*.$** !$$#.$+@s ! *).,"" & "#3,.) = 
$σ$ &$$3.3s ! "+,) = - σ = L$$3.3 > ?$$3.3$ &*$ "+,)@18$8'$$( =
"".," > 1+.*)%
σ = #$.3* or 3).3+% 7he smaller 0alue is correct
7hen  = '$t8d(σ = 3).3+'$."83( = 1.31$ 4si
 5o e must chec4 to see hether σ$ P . Sustituting / = *.$**% τ = $.,$) and σ = 3).3+ into
σ$ = '38*(σ ! /8$ & '18$(?σ$8* & /σ ! /$ ! *τy$@18$
σ$ = '38*(3).3+ ! *.$**8$ & '18$(?3).3+$8* & *.$**3).3+ ! *.$**$ !
*$.,$) $@18$ = 31.*,. 7herefore the solution for σ$ P  is appropriate.

$&) Calculate the ratio of σ 

 / τ   for a( pure shear. ( uniaial tension% and c( plane
m
a
x

strain tension. /ssume the 0on Mises criterion.

Solution:
a( σ1 = τ% σ$ = 0% σ3 = &τ% σ = L?τ$ ! '$τ) $ + τ$@8$18$% σ 8τ = J3
 ( σ 8τ = $
c( σ1 = τ% σ$ = τ8$% σ3 = % σ = L?'τ8$($ ! τ$ !'τ8$($@8$18$% σ 8τ = J'38$(

/ material yields under a iaial stress state% σ 3 = &'18$(σ 1% σ $ = .

a( /ssuming the 0on Mises criterion% find d ε 18 d ε $.
hat is the ratio of τ   /   at yieldingA
m
a
x

Solution: dε18dε$ = ?σ1 & 'σ$ ! σ3(8$@8?σ$ & 'σ3 ! σ1(8$@ =

?σ1 & '0&σ18$(8$@8? & '&σ18$ &σ1(8$@ = '"8*(8'38*( = "83

$&11 / material is su2ected to stresses in the ratio% σ 1 % σ $ = .3σ 1 and σ 3 = &."σ 1. Find
the ratio of σ 18Y  at yielding using the a( 7resca and ( 0on Mises criteria.
Solution: a( For 7resca% σ 1 –  '&."σ 1( = O% σ 1  O= $83
 ( For 0on Mises% L?'.3!."($ ! '&."  1($ ! '1&.3($@8$18$σ 1 = O% σ 1  O= .##

$&1$ / proposed yield criterion is that yielding ill occur hen the diameter of the
largest Mohrs circle plus half the diameter of the second largest Mohrs circle reaches a
critical 0alue. lot the yield locus in σ 1 0s. σ $ in σ 3 =  space.
Solution: Di0ide stress space into regions ith different conditions for yielding.
7o e0aluate C% consider an &direction tension test. /t yielding σ = O% σy = %
7he diameters of the to largest Mohrs circle are O. O = O8$ = C. C = 38$O

,
 σy + (1/2)(σy-σx) = (3/2)Y σy + (1/2)(σx) = (3/2)Y
σy - (1/3)σx =Y (2/3)σy + (1/3)(σx) = Y

σy

σx + (1/2)(σ y) = (3/2)Y

(2/3)σx + (1/3)(σy) = Y

σx + (1/2)(σ x-σy) = (3/2)Y

σx - (1/3)σy =Y

σx

(σx+σy)+(1/2) σx = (3/2)Y

σx + (2/3)σy =Y

(σx+σy)+(1/2)(-σy) = (3/2)Y
(2/3)σx + σy =Y

$.13 Ma4e plot of ε 1 0ersus ε $ for a constant le0el of ε = .1 according to
a. 0on Mises.
 . 7resca.
Solution: 7a4ing ε = [
(4
ε 
1 /3)
(1 + ρ  +
 ρ  )] /   so ε 
2 1
1= ε [
(4 /3)
(1 +
 ρ  +
 ρ  ]  and ε 
21
)
/  −
2
 ρ 
= 1

for 0on Mises and ε 

1
−ε 
2
= for 7resca%% ε  1
 /  and ε   /   can e calculated for 0arious
2 ε 

0alues of ρ. ε  / 
2 ε 
ε11 / ε
ε

10
1
Tresca
von Mises

ε2 / ε
-10
-1 0 1
10

CV/7E9 3
hen a rass tensile specimen% initially ."" in. in diameter% is tested% the maimum load
of 1"% ls as recorded at an elongation of *W. hat ould the load e on an
identical tensile specimen hen the elongation is $WA
Solution: n = εma load = ln'1!ema load( = ln'1.*( = .3+".
3
σma load = sma load '1!ema load( = '1$%(8.$('1.*( = ,*1 . Gut also σma load =
X'.3+"(.3+" = .+)3$X. E6uating and sol0ing for X% X = ,*1 38.+)3$ = 1$1%.
/t $W elongation% ε = ln'1.$( = .1,$3. σ = 1$1%'.1,$3(.3+" = +"%. s = +"%81.$
= "*%1,. F = "*%'.$( = 1.
, ls.

)
3&$ During a tension test the tensile strength as found to e 3* Ma. 7his as
recorded at an elongation of 3W. Determine n and K  if the approimation σ  = K 
applies.
Solution: n = εma load = ln'1!ema load( = ln'1.3( = .$+$.
σma load = sma load '1!ema load( = 3*'1.3( = **$ Ma. Gut also σma load = X'..$+$(.$+$ =
.#*X. X = **$8.#* = +$# Ma.
Y
3.3 Sho that the plastic or4 per 0olume is σ  1ε 
1 /
(n +  for a metal stretched in tension to
 if σ 
ε 1
=k ε  .
Solution:  = ;σ1dε1 = ;4 ε1ndε1 = 4 ε1n!18'n!1( = 4 ε1ε1n8'n!1( = σ 
1ε 
1 /
(n + 1

3.* For plane&strain compression 'Figure 3.11(

a. Epress the incremental or4 per 0olume% d% in terms of σ and d ε and
compare it ith d = σ1dε1 ! σ$dε$ ! σ3dε3.
 . If σ = k 
ε 
n
% epress the compressi0e stress% as a function of σ1% K  and n.
Solution: a. ith εy =  and σ = % d = σ3dε. σy = σ8$% σ =%
$ $ $ 18$
σ = L?'σy & σ(  !'σ  σ(  !'σ  σy( @8$  = L?'&σ8$($ !'&σ($ ! '&σ8$($@8$18$ = '38*(σ
} = '*83(18$dε
2 2 21 /2 2 2 1 / 
d e= [(2/ 3)
(d ε 
 x  + d 
 y +
ε   z)
d 
ε  ] = {
(2 /3)
[(− d 
ε )+
 x  0 +  z]
d 
ε 

18$
σ d  = '38*(σ'*83( dε  = 'σdε

= '*83('n!1(8$en.
1/2 1/2 n 1
/2 n /2
 . σ 
 z= (4 /3 ) σ  = ( 4/3 ) k ε  = (
4 /3 ) k ( 4 /3)

3." 7he folloing data ere otained from a tension test:

Boad Min. 5ec4 true true corrected
dia. radius strain stress true stress
'45( 'mm( 'mm( σ  (MPa) σ (MPa)

 ,.+) Z   
$#. ,.13 Z .133 "$ "$
3*." #.+$ Z
*.+ +.,+ Z
3,.3 "."" 1.3
$).$ 3.,1 1.,
a. Compute the missing 0alues
 . lot oth σ and σ 0s. ε  on a logarithmic scale and determine K  and n.
c. Calculate the strain energy per 0olume hen ε  = .3".

Solution: a(
Boad Min. 5ec4 true true a89 corrected
dia. radius strain stress true stress
'45( 'mm( 'mm( σ  (MPa) σ (MPa)
 ,.+) Z    
$#. ,.13 Z .133 "$  "$
3*." #.+$ Z .$+3 #"*  +"*
*.+ +.,+ Z .*#3 1))  1))

1
3,.3 "."" 1.3 .)#, 1#1# .$+ 1+31
$).$ 3.,1 1., 1.+" $"+1 1.+ $1

3.+ Consider a steel plate ith a yield strength of * 4si% Ooungs modulus of 31+ psi
and a oissons ratio of .3 loaded under alanced iaial tension. hat is the 0olume
change% ∆[8[% 2ust efore yieldingA
Solution: /t yielding σ1 = σ$ = *% psi% σ3 = . e1 = e$ = '18E(?σ1  υσ1@% e3 = '18E(?&
$υσ1@- ∆080 = e1 ! e$ ! e3 = 'σ1 8E(?$&* υ@ = .1#1&3.

3.# 7he strain&hardening of a certain alloy is etter approimated y

σ  = /?1&&ep'&Gε (@ than y σ  =k 
ε  . Determine the true strain at nec4ing in terms of /
and G.
Solution: σ  = /?1&&ep'&Gε (@ =dσ8dε = /Gep'&Gε (- / = /'G!1(ep'&Gε (- ε  =
ln'1!G(8G

3&, Epress the tensile strength% in terms of / and G for the material in rolem 3&#.
Solution:
σ ma load = /L1\ep?&G( ln'1!G(8G)] = /?1!'1!G(@ = /'$!G(-
7ensile strength = σ ma load ep'ε )  =/'$!G(ep?ln'1!G(8G@ = /'$!G('1!G(18G

3&) / metal sheet undergoing plane&strain tensile deformation is loaded to a tensile

stress of 3 Ma. hat is the ma2or strain if the effecti0e stress&strain relationship is
)  MaA
0
.
σ  = 6
50( 0.5+
0
1 ε 
Solution:
.$$ 18.$$
σ =J'*83( σ =+"'.1"! ε ( - ε =?J'38*('3(8+" &.1"@  = .1""- ε = J'*83( ε =
.1#)

11