Animal Tissues

Neural Tissue
LECTURE 1
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Dr. Sachin Kapur

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Animal Tissues
Neural Tissue
LECTURE 1
 Unit 2

Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals

Unit 2 : Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals

Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants

Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals

Katherine Esau

➔ Born in Ukraine in 1898.

➔ Studied agriculture in Russia and Germany and received her
doctorate in 1931 in United States.
➔ The Anatomy of Seed Plants by Katherine Esau was published in
1960. It was referred to as Webster’s of plant biology.
➔ In 1957 she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences,
becoming the sixth woman to receive that honour.
➔ She received the National Medal of Science from President
George Bush in 1989.
Structural Organisation in Animals

Animal Tissues

➔ In a complex multicellular organism, all functions like

digestion, respiration, reproduction, etc, are carried out by
different groups of cells arranged in a well organized
manner.
➔ Such a group of similar cells along with intercellular
substances performing a specific function, constitute tissue.
Structural Organisation in Animals

Animal Tissues

➔ The study of tissues is called histology (Mayer, 1819).

➔ Marcello Malpighi is known as the "founder of histology"
and Bichat is considered as "father of histology".
Structural Organisation in Animals

Origin of Tissues

➔ Early in development of an embryo, the cells become

specialized or differentiated into three fundamental germ
layers —

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Structural Organisation in Animals

Origin of Tissues

➔ These germ layers, in turn, differentiate into distinct cell types

and tissues that are characteristic of the vertebrate body.
Structural Organisation in Animals

Types of Tissues

➔ In adult vertebrates, there are four principal kinds of tissues:

Neural Tissue

Muscular Tissue

Connective Tissue

Epithelial Tissue
 Origin of Tissues

Name Origin Main functions

1 Epithelial tissue Ectoderm, mesoderm, Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion

endoderm and reproduction.

2 Muscular tissue Mesoderm Movement of body parts, and locomotion.

 Origin of Tissues

Name Origin Main functions

3 Connective tissue Mesoderm Attachment, support, protection, storage and

transport.

4 Nervous tissue Ectoderm Control and coordination by nerve impulse

conduction.
Animal Tissues

Neural Tissue

➔ It exerts the greatest control over the body's

responsiveness to changing conditions.
➔ It generally develops from ectoderm but microgliocytes
(glial cell type) arise from mesoderm of the embryo.
Animal Tissues

Neural Tissue

➔ The special properties of the cells of the nervous tissue are:

Excitability Conductivity
Neural Tissue

Excitability

➔ Excitability is the ability to initiate nerve impulses in

response to stimuli (changes outside and inside the body).
Neural Tissue

Conductivity

➔ Conductivity means the ability to transmit a nerve impulse

(potential change in membrane of a nerve cell).
Neural Tissue

Neural Tissue

Neuron Neuroglial Cells

➔ Carry nerve impulses. ➔ Support, protection, nutrition

➔ Do not divide. to neurons.
➔ Longest cells in body. ➔ Divide.
➔ 8 to 10 times more than
neurons.
Neural Tissue

Neurons

➔ These are structural and functional units of nervous tissue.

Neural Tissue

Neuron

Cell body / Cyton / Soma Cell processes/ Neurite

Dendrites Axon
Neural Tissue

Neurons

➔ A motor neuron has many processes (cytoplasmic

extensions), called dendrites, which enter a large, grey cell
body at one end.
➔ A single process, the axon, leaves at the other end,
extending towards the dendrites of the next neuron or to
form a motor endplate in a muscle.
Neural Tissue

Dendrites

➔ These are usually short and divided while the axons are very
long and does not branched freely.
➔ The impulses are transmitted through the motor neuron in
one direction, i.e. into the cell body by the dendrites and
away from the cell body by the axon.
Neural Tissue

Cell Body

➔ It is enclosed by a cell membrane and has a central nucleus.

➔ Granules, called Nissl’s granules or tigroid bodies are found
in the cytoplasm of the cell body.
➔ These are ribonucleoproteins which help in synthesis of
enzymes required for the formation of neurotransmitters.
Neural Tissue

Cell Body

➔ Within the cell body, extremely fine neurofibrils extend from

the dendrites into the axon.
➔ The axon is surrounded by the myelin sheath, which forms a
whitish, non-cellular, fatty layer around the axon.
Neural Tissue

Neurilemma

➔ Outside the myelin sheath is a cellular layer called the

neurilemma or sheath of Schwann cell.
➔ The myelin sheath together with the neurilemma is also
known as the medullary sheath.
Neural Tissue

Nodes of Ranvier

➔ The medullary sheath is interrupted at intervals by the

nodes of Ranvier.
➔ Synapse is the junctional region between two neurons or
between a neuron and a muscle cells.
Axon

Functions

➔ Impulse transmission.
➔ Transportation of substances.
➔ Anterograde- From cell body to axon endings. Eg. Proteins,
enzymes.
➔ Retrograde- From axon endings to cell body. Eg. Rabies virus.
Neural Tissue

Nerve fibres

➔ Axon or dendrite of a nerve cell covered with endoneurium

is called nerve fibre.
➔ Bundle of nerve fibres covered by perineurium is called
nerve fasciculus.
➔ May nerve fasiculi covered by epineurium from nerve.
Neural Tissue

Ganglion/Nuclei

➔ The term nerve is used in PNS.

➔ In CNS the term tract is used in place of nerve.
➔ Collection of cell bodies of neurons in PNS is called
Ganglion.
➔ In CNS the term nuclei is used in place of Ganglion.
Neural Tissue

Types of Neurons

On the basis of Structure

On the basis of Function

On the basis of Myelin Sheath

 Types of Neurons

Based on Structure

Non-polar neurons Pseudounipolar Bipolar neurons Multipolar neurons

neurons

Each neuron has several A single process arises Each bipolar neuron has one These neurons have
branched processes from the cyton and then axon and one dendrite. They several dendrites and
(projections). These divides into axon and are present in the retina of the an axon. They are
neurons are rare in dendrite. They are found eye. found in cerebral
vertebrates but occur in in dorsal root ganglia of cortex.
cnidarians spinal nerves.
(coelenterates) e.g.,
Hydra.
 Types of Neurons

On the basis of structure

 Types of Neurons

Based on Function

Afferent (sensory) neurons Efferent (motor) neurons Interneurons (relay/ association neurons)

They connect sense organs They connect the central They are present in the central nervous system
with the central nervous nervous system to the and occur between the sensory and motor
system (brain and spinal effectors (muscles and neurons for distant transmission of impulses.
cord). They bring sensory glands). They carry motor They are meant for integrating and analysing
impulse from sense organs impulses from the central the input of information and distributing it to
to the central nervous nervous system to the other parts of nervous system.
system. effectors.
Types of Neurons

On basis of function

1. Sensory or afferent neurons.

2. Motor or efferent neurons.
3. Interneurons or association neurons or relay neurons.
 Types of Neurons

Based on Myelin Sheath

Myelinated (medullated) neurons Non-myelinated (non-medullated) neurons

The myelinated sheath is composed of The non-myelinated fibres lack myelin sheath and
substance called myelin which contains lipid, are surrounded by neurilemma and connective
proteins and water. It serves as an insulating tissue. There are no nodes of Ranvier and neither
layer, preventing loss of energy during impulse collateral fibres. They form grey matter of the brain
transmission. In peripheral nervous system, it and spinal cord. These nerve fibres are found in
is absent at nodes of Ranvier. Collateral fibres autonomic nerves. Non-medullated fibres conduct
or lateral branches arise from it. They are nerve impulses much slower than medullated
found in white matter of the brain and spinal fibres.
cord.
Neural Tissue

Neuroglia or glial cells

➔ Neuroglia or neuroglial cells are specialised cells found in the

brain and spinal cord supporting the neurons and their
fibres.
Neural Tissue

Neuroglial cells

Peripheral Neuroglial Cells Central Neuroglial Cells

Schwann Cells Astrocytes

Satellite Cells Oligodendrocytes

Ependymal Cells

Microglial Cells
Neuroglia or Glial cells

Astrocytes / Macrocytes

➔ These are star shaped cells with a number of protoplasmic

processes.
➔ These are the maximum number of glial cells.
➔ These surround the capillaries supplying blood to brain.
➔ These help in repair of nerve tissue and form blood brain
barrier.
Neuroglia or Glial cells

Oligodendrocytes

➔ They are with few protoplasmic processes and form myelin

sheath in CNS.
➔ There is no neurilemma inside the central nervous system.
➔ In the absence of Schwann cells, myelin is formed there by
the spiral wrapping of the nerve fibre by processes of
Oligodendrocytes.
Neuroglia or Glial cells

Ependymal Cells

➔ These form lining of ventricles of brain and central canal of

spinal cord.
➔ Some of these cells are ciliated and maintain flow of
cerebrospinal fluid.
Neuroglia or Glial cells

Microglial cells

➔ These are smallest in size with few feathery processes and

help in phagocytosis.
➔ These are brain macrophages.
Neuroglia or Glial cells

Schwann Cells (Neurolemmocytes)

➔ These form myelin sheath around neurons of PNS.

➔ Myelin sheath is also called medullary sheath.
➔ It is made up of lipids and acts as insulator.
➔ Gap between adjacent schwann cells is called Node of
Ranvier.
Nervous Tissue

Myelin Sheath Formation

➔ Neurons having myelin sheath are called Myelinated

neurons.
➔ Nerve Impulse travels faster in myelinated neurons
(Saltatory conduction).
Neuroglia or Glial cells

Satellite cells

➔ These protect ganglia.

 DPP - 1

Daily Practice Paper

Example 1. The major function of neurons in neural tissue is

A. to provide a supporting framework

B. to regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid
C. to act as phagocytes that defend neural tissue
D. to transmit signals that take the form of changes in the
transmembrane potential
Example 2. Structurally, neurons are unique because they are the only cells in
the body that have

A. lacunae and canaliculi

B. axons and dendrites
C. satellite cells and neuroglia
D. soma and stroma
Example 3. The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the
sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cell is called the:

A. cross bridge
B. motor unit
C. neuromuscular junction
D. synaptic cleft
Example 4. Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective
tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer ?

A. perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium

B. epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
C. perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium
D. epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium
Example 5. Which of these cells are not a type of neuroglia found in the CNS ?

A. Schwann cells
B. ependymal cells
C. astrocytes
D. microglia
Example 6. A neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary
function is connecting other neurons is called a(n)

A. efferent neuron
B. afferent neuron
C. satellite cell
D. association neuron
Example 7. Which of the following are brain macrophages

A. Ependymal cells
B. Microglial cells
C. Astrocytes
D. Oligodendrocytes
Example 8. Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A. Information processing
B. Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
C. Isolation of neurons
D. Phagocytosis
Example 9. What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?

A. One has sensory functions, the other has motor

B. Nerves are found only in the central nervous system
C. They consist of different numbers of cells
D. Neurons are made of white matter, nerves of grey matter
Example 10. Bundles of axons in the spinal cord are called

A. Nerves
B. Tracts
C. Nuclei
D. Ganglia
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