How to make 250 to 5000 watts PWM DC/AC 220V

Power Inverter
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This is a heavy duty design of a Pulse Width Modulator DC/AC inverter using the
chip SG3524 .
I've been using it as a backup to power up all my house when outages occur
since aprox. 6 years non stop.

If you like the work and intend to build the circuit don't forget to click on the
"follow" button so I know how many people benefit from the design, Thanks.
Notes:

1> The schematic circuit design is for a 250 watt output, while the pics are of my
1500 watts inverter that i built, to increase the power of the circuit you have to
add more of the Q7 and Q8 transistors in parallel, each pair you add will increase
your power by 250 watts, ex: to get 750 watts of power from the inverter you
need to add in parallel 2 of Q7 and 2 of Q8 to the original design.

2> If you increase the power transistors you have to enlarge the T2 transformer
to match the new needs, the circuit's transformer is rated 25 amps to handle 250
watts of 220v, for every 1 additional amp you need on the 220v side you have to
increase 10 amps on the 12v side, of course there are limits to the thickness of
the winding so if you need more than 750 watts i recommend that you use a
24VDC supply instead of 12 volts:

DC voltage and Transformer "T2" winding recommendation:

Power     Supply     Winding
750w       12VDC     P:24V "12-0-12" / S:220V
1500w     24VDC     P:48V "24-0-24" / S:220V
2250w     36VDC     P:72V "36-0-36" / S:220V
3000w     48VDC     P:96V "48-0-48" / S:220V
3750w     60VDC     P:120V "60-0-60" / S:220V
4500w     72VDC     P:144V "72-0-72" / S:220V
5250w     84VDC     P:168V "84-0-84" / S:220V
*The transformer should be "center tapped" at the primary side.
**You can make the secondary 110v if needed.
***The transformer in the pic is a custom made (48V center tapped / 220v ) 2000
watts, weights like 10 kilos.

3> R1 is to set the PWM duty cycle to 220v. Connect voltmeter to the output of
your inverter and vary VR1 till the voltage reads 220V.

4> R2 is to set the frequency to 50 or 60 Hz (R2 range is between 40Hz to

75Hz), so guys that do not have a frequency meter are advised to blindly put this
variable resistor mid-way which should drop you in the range of 50~60 Hz.
If you want you can substitue the variable resistor with a fixed resistor using the
following formula: F = 1.3 / (RxC)
in our case to get a 50Hz output we remove both the 100K and the variable 100K
both from pin 6 and we put instead a 260K fixed resistor and we leave the 0.1uF
(the 104 cap) as it is, this change should give out a fixed 50Hz as per the formula
:
1.3 / (260,000 ohm x 0.0000001 farad) = 50Hz
But in reality it will not exactly give 50Hz because the 260K resistor has a
specific error value margin so does the capacitor, that's why i recommend a
variable resistor so that accurate calibration can be achieved.

5> Use either tantalum or polyester film "as in pic" for the 104 caps, ceramic disc
caps change value once hot and this in turn changes the frequency of the
inverter so they are not recommended.

6> Pin 10 of the SG3524 can be used to auto shut down the inverter, once
a positive voltage is given instead of negative to pin10, the SG3524 will stop
oscillating. This is useful for persons wanting to add some cosmetic makeup to
their inverters like overload cutoff, low battery cutoff or overheating cutoff.

7> Wiring connections on the power stage side should be thick enough to handle
the huge amps drain from the batteries. I marked them with dark black on the
schema also I included a pic so you see how thick those wires must be.

8> The design does not include a battery charger since each person will be
building a custom version of the inverter with specific power needs. If you are
ordering a custom made transformer you can ask them to take out for you an
additional output wire on the primary side to give 14v (between point 0 and this
new wire) and use it to charge a 12v battery, of course this needs a seperate
circuit to control charging auto cut-off. But anyway this is not advisable because it
will shorten the life of the transformer itself since using it as a charger will toast
the enamel coating layer of the copper wires over time. Anyway .. YES can be
done to reduce cost.

9> A cooling fan will be needed to reduce heat off the heat sinks and transformer,
i recommend getting a 220v fan and connecting it to the output T2 transformer,
when you power up the circuit the fan will start this will always give you a simple
way to know that 220v is present and everything is OK.. You can use a
computer's old power supply fan if you like.
Note that the fan must suck air out from the inverter case and NOT blow inside,
so install it the correct way or it will be useless.
Also note how I fixed both the heat sinks and where the fan is, in a way that the
fan sucks hot air from like a channel between the 2 heatsinks. 

10> 2 circuit breakers are recommended instead of fuses, one on the DC side
and one on the AC side, depending on your design
Ex: for a 24vDC ( 1500 watts design ) put a 60Amp breaker on the DC side and a
6Amp on the AC side.
For every 1amp of 220vAC you will be draining like 8 to 10 Amps from the 12v
battery, make your calculations !

11> The 2 Heat sinks should be big enough to cool the transistors, they are
separate and should NOT touch each other. "see the pics"

12> Important: If you're building a big design that uses more than 24VDC as
power source, make sure not to supply the driver circuit with more than 24v
maximum. (EX: If you have 4 batteries 4x12 = 48v , connect the v+ supply of the
driver circuit to the second battery's (+) terminal with a thin 1 mm wire which is
more than enough. this supplies the driver circuit with +24v while supplies the
power transformer with +48v) "see the batteries pic example"

13> "Optional" : Deep Cycle batteries are your best choice, consider them for
best results .. read more

14> Be cautious when building this circuit it involves high voltage which is lethal,
any part you touch when the circuit is ON could give you a nasty painful jolt,
specially the heat-sinks, never touch them when the circuit is on to see if the
transistors are hot !! I ate it several times :)

15> The optional "Low voltage warning" is already embedded in the PCB layout,
you can disregard it and not install it's components if you do not needed. It does
not affect the functionality of the main circuit.

16> The Motorola 2N6277 is a durable heavy duty power transistor, it is used in

many US tanks for it's reliability but unfortunately it is a very hard to find
part, instead you can substitute each 2N6277 with 2 x 2N3773 or any equivalent.

17> I've included an optional "Battery level indicator" circuit diagram that has 4

LEDs, you can see it installed on the front panel of my inverter pic, it is
functioning great and shows precisely how much juice the batteries still have. I
have included a small relay that is powered by the last LED to auto shutoff the
inverter once last LED is off.

18> Also included an optional "Overload circuit", it is very easy to build and can
be calibrated to the desired overload current threshold cutoff point through the
potentiometer VR1.
R1 is rated 5watts for inverters upto 1000 watts. For bigger versions of the
inverter like 1000 to 3000 watts inverters, replace R1 (1 ohm, 5watts) with (1
ohm, 17watts) which should handle loads upto 10 VA.
Make sure you install a proper relay to handle big current drains.

19> Please guys take your time to read and understand my notes, browse
and read the posts and questions asked by others because there are many
useful information listed in replies. The main reason for me not
answering your question is because it has already been asked before and
answered upon.

20> It would be nice and inspiring for others if you take some photos and
show us how you built your version, any additions to the circuit are mostly
welcomed to be listed here, we can all benefit from them.